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NEW 



GrRAMMAR ScHOOL HiSTORY 



United States, 

TO WHICH ARK ADDED 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH 

Notes, Questions, and Explanations. 



FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, AND VIEWS. 



JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D., 

AUTHOR OP A "roPULAU SCHOOL HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES," A NEW "MANUAL 

OP GENERAL HISTORY," A "HISTORY OP ENGLAND," A "HISTORY OP FRANCE." 

"the HISTORICAL READER," "THE UNITED STATES READER," 

ETC., ETC. 




NEW YORK : 

Effingham Maynard & Co., Publishers, 

Successors to Clark & Maynard, 

771 Broadway and 67 & 69 Ninth St. 

1889. 



n 



Anderson's Historical Series. 



A Junior Class History of the United States. Illustrated with 

hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 30(j i)ag-es. Itiino. 

A Ne^e Grammar School History of the United States. Sup- 
plemented by maps, enj^ravings, chronological summaries, tabulated analyses, 
^e^•iew questions, appendix, etc. 300 pages. ]2mo. 

A Grammar School History of the United States. Anno- 
tated ; and illustrated with numerous porti-aits and views, and with more than 
forty maps, many of which are colored. 34U i)aKes. 16mo. 

A Pictorial School History of the United States. Fully illus- 
trated with mails, portraits, vignettes, etc. 439 pages. 12mo. 

A Popular School History of the United States, in which are 
inserted, as ii part of the narrative, selections from the writings nf eminent 
American historians, and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated 
with maps, colored and plain; portraits, views, etc. 381 pages. 12mo. 

A Manual of General History. Illustrated with numerous en- 
gravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the 
political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 
500 pages. l:.'m(). 

A New Manual of General History, with particular attention to 
Ancient and Modern Civilization. With numerous engravings and colored 
maps. 68.5 pages. 12mo. Also, in two parts. Part I. Ancient History : 30ii 
pages. Part II. Modern History : 385 pages. 

A School History of Eng'land. Illustrated with numerous en- 
gravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the 
country at different periods. 378 pages. l~'mo. 

A Short Course in English History. With numerous engravings 
and maps. 315 pages. l~mo. 

A School History of France. Illustrated with numerous eu- 
gra^^ngs, colored and uiieolored maps. 373 pages. l~mo. 

A History of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and en- 
gra\ ings. 554 pages. By R. F. Leiohton, Ph.D. (Lips.). 

A School History of Greece. In preparation. 

Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History. Illustrated with engrav- 
ings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pages. 13mo. 

The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of 
DiflBcult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pages. 13mo. 

The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent 
American historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with exi>lanatory obser- 
vations, notes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States 
History, Illustrated with colored historical maps. 436 pages. 12mo. 

EFFINGHAM MAYNARD & CO., PUBLISHERS. 

771 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 

Co}iyri(iht, 1889, by John J. Anderson. 



» » 



PREFACE. 



Although the success of the Grammar School History of 
the United States during the last twenty years has been un- 
paralleled, the publishers, in order to meet the demands of 
the present tnne, have induced the author to prepare the book 
here offered to tlie public. 

In examining the plan of this work, it will be observed 
that so much of the history as belongs to the colonial period 
is presented in chronological order and as related to the dif- 
ferent English reigns. This departure from the usual ar- 
rangement seems to possess many advantages. Pupils study- 
ing the history of each colony without reference to contem- 
poraneous circumstances and events are apt to receive the 
impression that the narrative covers a greater length of time 
than is actually the case. The events, too, in tlieir various 
relations, are not clearly understood ; since their connection 
Avith other events as causes or consequences, though perhaps 
clearly observed by the pupil in the history of one colony, 
becomes obscure, or is lost sight of entirely, in the history of 
other colonies, owing to the different circumstances with 
which they are connected. Tlie general thread of the narra- 
tive is thus broken in the mind of the pupil. 

A fuller treatment has been given to the earlier than to 
the more recent history of our country, because, with but few 
exceptions, the events of the former are generally of greater 
interest and importance ; and, besides, having passed so far 
into histoiy, they may be more readily stu.died without 
prejudice, and with a better idea of their true value and re- 
lation. 



6 Preface. 

Ill the preparation of this book, three special objects have 
been constantly kept in view. 

The first and most important of these is accuracy of state- 
ment. The works of Bancroft, Hildreth, Palfrey, Prescott, 
Sparks, Parkman, and other trustworthy historians, have 
been thoroughly read, and their statements and conclusions 
carefully compared. Whenever their accounts have been 
found to be at variance, the author has carried his investiga- 
tions back to official reports, early letters and records, and 
other original sources. 

The second object has been to make the narrative, though 
brief, well connected, symmetrical, and attractive. The 
truth being ever the paramount object, it has been the con- 
stant aim of the author to present it as forcibly and con- 
spicuously as possible, and in language both simple and 
attractive. 

The third object has been to make a complete class-manual. 
It is believed that the many helps offered in the maps, illus- 
trations, topical questions, summaries, tabulated reviews, and 
appendix, will be greatly appreciated by practical teachers. 
History is now taught quite as widely as grammar or geog- 
raphy, though teachers differ considerably in their methods 
and requirements. While some secure the results which they 
require by teaching a mere outline in connection with the 
most important dates, others devote much time to what is 
understood as class-drill, believing that the subject cannot be 
taught definitely, thoroughly, and with permanent effect, in 
any other Avay. The latter make free use of chronological 
tables, maps, review outlines, and other expedients of the 
kind. A third class, discarding all such means, depend ex- 
clusively upon the narrative, their aim being not so much to 
jirepare pupils for a critical examination as to implant in 
their minds a taste for history, as well as to induce them to 
read the best historical literature. The author is convinced 
that teachers of each class, whatever methods they may 



Preface. 7 

prefer, will find this book adapted to their several views and 
preferences in every respect. 

One of the author's earlier works has been objected to 
because it contained no questions at the foot of the pages. 
Objections may be made by some to this book for the very 
opposite reason ; since, while some teachers find from ex- 
perience that questions prepared for them are helpful, others 
prefer to use only those of their own construction. Such 
being the case, the author thinks there can be no good reason 
for excluding the questions, inasmuch as they may be used 
or entirely ignored, at the pleasure of the instructor. 

Without any specification of other improvements in the 
work, which cannot fail to be obvious to the practical teacher 
in the use of it as a class-manual, the author submits it to the 
public, feeling confident that the more thorough and critical 
the examination given to it, the more assured and hearty will 
be the approval which it will receive. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

Aim of the Teacher,— A recitation or examination should have for its 
object, not merely to determine the amount of l^nowledge that has been 
acquired by the pupil, l)ut also to ascertain the degree of clearness and 
intelligence with which it is comprehended. Thus, in a measure, it be- 
comes an examination of the instructor as well as of the instructed. 
Facts, standing alone, Avithout reference to other facts, are comparatively 
of little value. To show their relation or connection with one another, 
and thus their full value, and to do this in such a manner as to interest 
the learner, and create in his mind a love for the subject, should be the 
principal aim of the teacher. Pupils so taught may with confidence be 
subjected to the most rigid examination. Their answers will not be of 
the parrot kind. They will be alive with intelligence. This is especially 
requisite in history. 

Assigning the Lesson. — Have the lesson read, care being taken that all 
the proper names are correctly pronounced. See that the location of all 
the places named is clearly known, and that the significance and rela- 
tive importance of every fact mentioned are well understood. To secure 



Suggestions to Teachers. 



these results, make I'lee use of large maps. When the lesson relates to 
early discoveries, or the war with Mexico, an outline map of North 
America should be kept before the class. In other cases the map of the 
United States sliould be used. Require the jJUpils to draw siuall sec- 
tional nuips, sliowing the location of the places mentioned in the lesson. 
Read, or liave read, extracts from the works of standard authors. 

The Becitation. — The small maps prepared by the pupils should bo 
carefully examined and criticised. In this duty the teacher may be 
aided by a system of examinations carried out by the pupils themselves, 
who will derive much benefit in many respects from the exercise. His- 
tory and geography should be constantly associated. Without such 
association the facts must be vague, and will, consequently, soon slip 
from the mind. Why is it very dillicult for some persons to remember 
the facts of history ? Simply, because tlioy do not locate them, or they 
place them so loosely as to impart no positiveness or distinctness to them. 
Let it be luiderstood that no lesson is thorougldy learned that does not 
include in the acquisition a clear knowledge of the location of every 
place mentioned. Do not depend entirely, if to any great extent, upon 
set questions, and encourage your scholars to ask questions. 

The Keview. — This should be by topics, or occasionally by epochs. 
Topich are made up of facts or events, and their consequences, names, 
dates, and locations. All these should have been well learned in previ- 
ous lessons. We then come to tlie time when the dates that occur in 
the lesson should liave special attention. Take one of these as a turning- 
point and see how many minor events can be made to lead to it as cause- 
events, and how many may be made to lead from it as effect-events. The 
chronological tables in this book contain all the important events in the 
history of our country that pupils in our schools should be required to 
learn. If the examinations conducted by our superintendents and com- 
mittees usually required fewer dates, these tables would contain a 
smaller number. 

The author has no hesitation in saying tliat teachers who use this 
book intelligently and persistently adli(>re to its liclp-forms ; its map ex- 
ercises ; review outlines ; clironologital summaries ; geographical, bio- 
grapliical, and historical review topics, and its tabulated reviews, will 
be tolerably sure to achieve complete success, in not only storing, but 
also in disciplining the minds of their pupils, as well as in imparting a 
permanent taste for historical study. 



CONTENTS. 



Section I. — Discoveries and Explorations. 

First Inhabitants of America (11); The Indians (13); First Discovery 
of America (IG); Discoveries and Explorations by the Northmen (10); 
by Columbus (20) ; by the Cabots (38) ; by De Leon (29) ; by Balboa 
(31); by Drake (33); by De Soto (35); by Marquette (39); by La 
Salle (42). 

Section II. — Colonial Period. 

First Attempts at Settlement (45); Florida (47); Acadia (51); Vir- 
ginia (52, 86); New Netherland (New York, New Jersey, and Dela- 
ware (60, 88); New England (65, 84, 97); Maryland (81); New York 
and New Jersey (88); North and South Carolina (91); Pennsylvania 
and Delaware) (93); Georgia (103); Claims to Territory (106); French 
and Indian War (106) ; What the Colonists said and did (119). 

Section III. — Revolutionary Period. 

Causes of the War (141-151); First Continental Congress (151); Lex- 
ington and Concord (152); Second Continental Congress (157); Decla- 
ration of Independence (161); Treason of Arnold (192); Surrender of 
Burgoyne (779); Surrender of Cornwallis (198); Adoption of the Con- 
stitution (205). 

Section IV. — Constitutional Period. Part I. 

Administrations of Washington (213), John Adams (225), Jefferson 
(231), Madison (240), Monroe (260), John Quincy Adams (265), Jack- 
son (268), Van Buren (271), Harrison (272), Tyler (273), Polk (275), 
Taylor (282), Fillmore (283), Pierce (285). 

Section V. — Constitutional Period. Part II. 

Administrations of Buchanan (295), Lincoln (300), Johnson (327), Grant 
(329), Hayes (336), Garfield (;:'.39), Arthur (340), Cleveland (340), Ben- 
jamin Harrison (343). 



APPENDIX. 
The Declaration of Independence (1) ; The Constitution of the United 
States (6) ; The States, the Origin of their Names, and their Pet 
Names (34) ; The Presidents and Vice-Presidents (38, 39) ; Acquisi- 
tion of Territory (40). 



LIST OF MAPS. 



PAOE 

1. Indian nations and discoveries Facing 11 

2. French and Indian War and the Revolution " 45 

3. Jamestown and Chesapeake Bay 53 

4. Massachusetts and Rhode Ishind 69 

5. Portsmouth, N. H., and its vicinity 72 

6. Connecticut and Long Island 75 

7. New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania 90 

8. North and South Carolina and Georgia 92 

9. Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia 112 

10. Territorial claims of the United States as based on royal grants. 

Facing 141 

11. Boston and its vicinity 156 

12. Sorel or Riciielieu River and Montreal 159 

13. New York Bay, New York, and Brooklyn 164 

14. Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth 166 

15. The Hudson River and Lake Cliamplain 174, 175 

16. The Mohawk River, Oriskany, and Fort Schuyler 176 

17. New London, Fort Trumbull, and Fort Griswold 198 

18. Original territory of the United States Facing 213 

19. Detroit and western part of Lake Erie 250 

20. Alabama and adjacent country 251 

21. Lake Ei'ie and Lake Ontario connected by Niagara River 252 

22. Region west of Chesapeake Bay 254 

23. Part of the Southern States Facing 263 

24. Mississippi and Alal)ama as ceded to them 263 

25. Taylor's campaign in Mexico 277 

26. Scott's campaign in Mexico 278 

27. San Francisco and its vicinity ,. 283 

28. Salt Lake City and its vicinity 285 

29. Formation of States from the acquired territory west of the Mis- 

sissippi River Facing 295 

30. Charleston, S. C, and its harbor 299 

31. Part of Maryland and Virginia Facing 311 

32. Chattanooga and its vicinity 318 

33. Mobile and Mobile Bay 323 

34. Savannah and Fort McAllister 324 

35. Part of Oregon and Washington Territory 330 

36. Territorial growth of the United States Facing 333 



Map No. 1. 



IXDIAK NATIONS 

AJS'D 

DISCOVERIES. 

■♦-•-♦ 




M E X I C 



^-v COKTES (U Tessets) 



A NEW 

Grammak School History 



OF THE 



UisriTED States. 



SECTION I. 

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

1. This grand division of land on which we live, known 
as the "Western Continent, has an extent of ten thousand 
miles. It stretches from the regions of the north, 
where snow and ice forever abound, to the 
rocky cape in the far south that lifts its head out 



First Inhabit 
ants of 
America. 



of the waters of the Antarctic Ocean. Millions of homes are 
now dotting its plains and valleys, and millions of busy men 
and women are living npon it, but there was a time in the 
remote past when not a house or a human being was on the 
face of all this great continent. When and how did the first 
man get here ? Did he come from China or Japan, from 
Europe or Africa ? Did he come of his own free will, or was 
his boat or raft driven or wafted hither by storms and winds ? 
These questions have been asked a great many times, but thus 
far nobody has been able to answer them. 

1, On what grand division of land do we live ? Wtiat is its extent ? Name its 
southern cape (see a map of South America). What is said of its remote condition as 
regards inhabitants? What questions are asked about that? 



12 Discoveries and Explorations. 

2. Very many years ago, just how many no one among all 
our learned men is able to tell, there was a people, or, to be 
more correct, there were several peoples that lived and pros- 
pered here. We know this from numerous remains of tem- 
ples, bridges, and aqueducts, built by men more skilful than 
the first inhabitants of the continent of whom we have any 
clear knowledge. Many of the ancient structures were of 
stone, immense blocks of which were used. One of the tem- 
ples in South America, a j)erfect circle in form, was of brick. 
Carved on some of the stones, particularly on those over 
door-ways, are figures of men and animals as well as of fanci- 
ful objects. On these stones are beautiful mouldings, cor- 
nices, and niches. High up on the mountain tops of Peru, 
where neither tree nor shrub can grow, are stone wall inclos- 
ures, thousands in number, which, according to the tra- 
dition among the Peruvians, are the remains of structures 
that were built "before the sun shone. '^ 

3. In our own country, the United States, the evidences 
of a former civilization seem almost as numerous, but they 
differ in kind from those of South America and Mexico. 
Instead of great ruins in which are beautiful blocks of cut 
stone, we have, as a rule, mounds of earth, or of earth 
and rough stone. These, found mostly in the valleys of 
the Ohio and Mississippi, are of various sizes and shapes. 
Some are round, some are square, others have the form of 
animals. We call the people who built them Mound Build- 
ers, but of tliis people we know nothing wliatever, except 
what we learn from the mounds themselves. Perhaps we 
may think that the mounds were made by the ancestors of 
the people whom we call Indians. Learned men who have 
carefully studied the subject, deny this. They tell us that 
the mounds Avere constructed by a people who occupied the 
coiintrv long before the Indians or their forefathers came 



2. What evidences of former civilization are there in Sonth America ? 

3. Wliat lire in our own country ? What i;^ i^aid of the Mound Builders J 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



13 



here ; and their decision seems to be supported by the char- 
acter and habits of the Indians, as well as by other facts.* 

4. As a rule the house of the Indian was a poor affair. 
It was not made to last long, for its owner never meant to 
live in one place long. It was not built of brick 
or stone, but commonly of young trees, bent and 



The Indians. 




SCENE IN A PUEBLO VILLAGE. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 1886.) 

twisted together at their tops, and covered with mats, or 
bark, or buffalo skins. These houses, or lodges, or wig- 

* We ought to receive the statements about the Mound Builders with con- 
siderable caution. Lewis Cass, one of America's venerated statesmen, speak- 
ing of the mounds, said : " They were no doubt erected by the forefathers of 
the present Indians." 

" To ascribe these remains to a mythical people of a different civilization, 
is to reject a simple and satisfactory explanation in favor of a conclusion that 
is far-fetched and incomplete, and that is neither science nor logic." — Cajt'.s 
Mounds of the Mississippi Valley. 



4- Describe the ordinary house of the Indian. The Pueblo house. Who was Coro- 
nado t What did he see of the Pueblos ? Describe the picture. 



14 Discoveries and Exjilorations. 

warns, whatever we choose to call them, had no chimneys. 
The fire was made on the ground in the center of tlie house, 
and the smoke escaped through an oiiening in the top. 
About the year 1530, four Spaniards, survivors of an ill- 
fated expedition that had Narvaez (nar-vah'-eth) for its 
leader (§ 42), wandered into the region now known as New 
Mexico, and found the Pueblo {piud-blo) Indians living in 
houses built of stone, or of sun-dried brick to which has been 
given the name adobe. Ten years later, Coronado, another 
Spaniard, at the head of an expedition of three hundred 
men, passed through the same region. The Pueblos were 
then raising grain and vegetables ; also cotton, which they 
spun, wove, and made into garments. Large remnants of 
the Pueblos, probably ten thousand in all, are at the present 
time occupying the houses built by their ancestors. The 
buildings are ranged in the form of a hollow square, or are 
on the brow of a high bluff or mountain terrace. Not one 
has a door-way or other opening in its first or lower story. 
Access can only be gained by means of a ladder. The vil- 
lage is called a puehlo. 

5. The fierce Iroquois {e-ro-quah). so named by the 
Trench, occupying what Ave now call Central New York, 
built quite large habitations, which they called "long 
houses." These were covered with the bark of the oak or 
of other trees.* From one of Francis Parkman's charm- 
ing books. The Discovery of the Great West, we get an excel- 
lent idea of an Indian house seen three hundred years ago 
among the southern tribes near the western bank of the 



*"The Indians east of the Mississippi may be divided into three great 
families. The Iroquois, the Algonquin (al-goti'-kin), and the Mobilian, each 
Bpeaking a hmguage of its own, varied by numerous dialectic forms. To 
these families must be added a few stragglers from the great western race ot 
the Dahcotah (Dakota), besides several distinct tribes of the south." — Hirk- 
maii's Conspirarij of ruiitiac. 

5. Who were the Iroquois ? What is said of their houses ? What is said of a cer- 
tain Indian house west of the Mississippi ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 15 



Mississippi. It was large enough to hold twenty families. 
Its construction was begun by planting in a circle a number 
of tall, straight trees, such as grow in swamps. Their tops 
were then bent inward, and lashed together. The wliole 
structure was then covered with thatch, a hole being left in 
the top for the escape of the smoke. Twenty apartments, 
like stalls for horses, separated one from another by mat 
partitions, but open in front, were ranged in regular order 
around the inside. In these the families slept. 

6. The Indian's weapons, beside the bow and arrow, were 
the wooden spear and tiie tomahawk. The latter was a stick 
two or three feet long, with a knob, or stone hatchet, or jiiece 
of deer's horn, fastened to its end. With these weapons 
the Indian went forth to fight. Hunting was his daily 
labor, but war, it may be said, was ever his master jjassion. 
In fact, the tribes were at strife with each other so much 
that it is a wonder there was a single Indian alive when the 
" pale faces " came to take possession of his country. In the 
colder region and near the ocean coast, the Indian was not 
quite so warlike. He hunted the deer, speared the salmon, 
captured the cod, and trapped the beaver. In some parts of 
the land, the obedient and ill-treated squaws cultivated small 
patclies of ground. ''^Working with hoes of wood and bone, 
among charred stumps, they raised corn, beans, and pump- 
kins.^' * 

7. If we are not able to say when and how this continent 
received its first inhabitants, we are quite certain that there 
was a time when the people of the eastern continent had no 

* " In 1696, the invading army of Count Frontenac, Governor of Canada, 
found the maize fields of the Iroquois extending a league from their villages. 
In 1779, the troops of General Sullivan were filled with amazement at their 
abundant stores of corn, beans, and squashes, and at the old apple orchards 
which grew around their settlements." — Parkmanh Conspiracy ofPoniiac. 

6. What is said of the Indian's weapons ? Of war among the Indians ? Of hunt- 
infc ? Of work done by the Indian women ? 

7- What theories have been advanced as to the first discovei-y of America ? 



16 Discoveries and Explorations. 



First Discovery 

of 

America. 



knowledge whatever of this our western world. They did 
not then even suspect, as fur as we kuow^ that there was a 
second continent. The question then occurs : 
Who, among their adventurers, was the first to 
learn the great fact ? Or, as we are in the habit 
of putting it. Who first discovered America ? Did some 
unlucky vessel, as has been surmised, sailing out of the Med- 
iterranean into the Atlantic, long before seamen had more 
than the sun and stars to tell them in what direction to 
steer their barks, encounter storms which drove it across the 
ocean to the strange shore ? Not many years ago a book was 
published to prove that in the fifth century a party of monks 
wandered from the southwestern part of Asia to Japan, then 
sailed to the northern islands of the Pacific and crossed to 
America. Shall we believe another story — it has been told by 
more than one — of a Welsh prince, who, about the year 1170, 
discovered this continent, and seeing the land to be fertile, 
left a number of his party and returned to his own country ? 
The tradition asserts that with ten ships, he sailed again for 
the new land, but was never afterward heard of. 

8. Shall we believe the stories told by the Sa'-ga-men ? 
The home of these story-tellers was in Norway, the people of 
which country, living so far north, were called 
Northmen, or Norsemen. A thousand years 
ago the Norsemen were a bold and hardv race. 



The 
Northmen's 
Discoveries. 



They built ships in which they made voyages to distant 
lands. They were the dread of all western Europe, for, be- 
ing strong and fearless sailors, and fierce and daring soldiers, 
they made many conquests. By accident they discovered 
Iceland, one of their famous sea-rovers having been driven 
upon its coast by a storm (861). By a like accident, fiftec-ii 
years later, they discovered Greenland. By a third accident, 
not unlike the others, they discovered the main land, the 

8- Who were the Sagamen i The Norseineu ? What is said of the discovery of 
Iceland f Greenland ? Where are these lands ? Where was Vinland enpposed to be ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



17 



continent itself (1001). Soon afterward they made voyages 
to the continent, so it is related in their sagas, or legends. 
At a place, supposed to be in Massachusetts, which they 
called Vinland, they made a settlement, but M^ere driven 
from it by the Indians. 

9. This name, Vinland, figures largely in the stories told 
by the Sagamen. Its origin is given thus : A captain by the 




MUKMAN SHIPS OF THE ELEVENTH CENTIRY. 

name of Leif {life), meaning the Fortunate, was in command 
of the settlement. One day he missed his servant, a little 
German. Fearing that he might be killed by Indians or by 

9. Relate Leif's advunturc with his German servant. 

3 



18 Discoveries and Explorations. 

wild animals, Leif went witli a few men to search for him. 
Toward evening the servant was met as he was coming back. 
" He was smacking liis lips and talking. For some time he 
would do nothing but laugh, and talk German. AVhen they 
got him to talk Norse, he explained that to his great joy he 
had found vines and grapes in great abundance.'"' He led 
them to the spot, and Leif tliereuj)on named the country 
Vinland.* 

10. Iceland, called Suowland by its discoverers, soon 
gained quite a number of inhabitants, for the rule of Nor- 
way's king was so hard and oppressive that many of his 
chiefs, with their families, fled to it, Greeidand, when first 
seen by the Norsemen, contained not a single human being. 
In the course of two centuries, so many Norwegians and 
Danes went to it that more than a hundred villages were 
formed within its borders. Strange to say, all these have 
disappeared. Not one of those old houses remains. Did an 
enemy, as has been asserted, sail to Greenland, and with fire 
and sword lay waste the country ? Or was the destruction 
begun by the dreadful plague, known as the "black death," 
and completed by fierce winds, terrible colds, and deep 
snows ? 

11. This story is strange, the more so when we learn that 
it slumbered hundreds of years after its alleged events took 
place. All knowledge of Greenland and of the Norsemen's 



* An " old stone mill," used by the early English settlers of Rhode Island 
as a grist mill, and probably built by them for that purpose, was long a puzzle. 
Danish writers claimed that it was erected by Northmen. Its walls, still 
standing,and covered with moss and ivy, present a picturesque object. New- 
port's summer visitors look upon it, wonder, and speculate. " Tlie tirst notice 
of it known to exist is in the will of Governor Arnold, of Newport, dated 
December 20, IfJTT. He therein directs his body to be buried at a certain s]iot 
' being and lying in my land near the path from my dwelling house leading 
to my etone-built windmill ! ' " — Palfrey'' s History of New England. 

10. Give the former history of Greenland. The condition of affairs there now. 

11. What was Cohiinbus's theory about getting to India? 



Discoveries mid Explorations. 



19 



discoveries south of it was entirely forgotten. When Colum- 
bus, iu 1492, launched boldly upon the Atlantic, he did not 
know that there was any continent other than the one on 
which he lived. He had never heard of another. 
What grand idea did he cherish ? He believed 
that the earth was round — not a common belief 



Theory 

of 

Columbus. 



in his day — and on this opinion he built the theory that by 
sailing westward he would 
get to India. In other 
words, he believed that 
the shortest way from Eu- 
rope to India was across 
the Atlantic. 

12. AVhen the people 
of Europe spoke of India 
in those days they had no 
clear idea of what they 
were talking about. They 
had heard the marvelous 
story told by Marco Polo, 
a Venetian, who had been 
in the service of the Khan 
of Tartary, and had visited many of the cities in eastern 
Asia. They had also heard the stories of travelers who had 
been in southern Asia. All these stories repre- 
sented the far-off regions to be rich in gold, sil- 




CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 



India. 



ver, precious stones, sj^ices, and other choice objects of com- 
merce. It may be said that India in the fifteenth century, 
included the southeastern part of Asia, with the islands in 
its vicinity. 

13. Only two cities of Europe, Genoa [jen'-o-ah) and 
Venice, had thus far carried on any commerce with India. 



12. State what yoa can of Marco Polo. What constituted India ? 

13. Where is Genoa ? (Sue school map.) Venice ? What trade did the Venetians 
have with India 't Uow was the trade carried on t How, between Genoa and India ? 



20 Discoveries and Explorations. 

Merchants of Venice sent mirrors, and other things made of 
glass for wliicli that city was celebrated. They also sent 
brass and iron articles in great variety. These were shipped 
across the Mediterranean to Egypt, thence were carried on 
the backs of camels to the Red Sea, and thence were taken by 
ships to India. Merchants of Genoa sent their goods to east- 
ern ports of the Mediterranean, thence overland to the Cas- 
pian Sea, and thence by sea and land to their destination, 

14. Colnmbns, as Ave have stated, proposed to reach India 
by going in exactly the opposite direction.* The route 
around the southern point of Africa was not yet 
known. Columbus was poor, too poor to fit out 
ships for the great voyage he had projected. He 



Colnmbus 
and his 
Theory. 



asked the people of his native city, Genoa, to help him. 
They would not. His next application was to King John, of 
Portugal. John listened to all Columbus said, and then re- 
ferred the matter to a body of learned men. They rej)orted 
that the project was foolish. Then, in an evil hour, the 
king, influenced by bad men, consented to do a dishonorable 
thing. He secretly sent out a ship, with directions to its 
captain to sail westward according to the plan laid down by 
Columbus. After sailing several days and seeing nothing 
but water on every side, the captain lost courage and put 
back. The king had expected to reap glory. He was sadly 
disappointed. So aifected was Columbus by this treachery, 
that, refusing to have any further dealing with the tricky 

* lie had made himself familiar witli all that was then known of the 
science of geography, and had been on several voj-ages, the first when he was 
only fourteen years of age (Note, p. 27). Two hundred years before, voyages 
were guided by a magnetic needle balanced upon a piece of floating cork. 
Afterward an improved form of this contrivance, under the name of mariner's 
compass, came into use. With this and the astrolabe, Columbus could now 
venture upon the unknown ocean and lose sight of laud (Note, next page). 

14. Why did not Columbus go to India by sailiiisr round the southern cape of 
Africa ? What was done to give greater scope and certainty to navigation (Note, next 
page) ? What helj) did that instrument render ? To whom did Columbus apply for 
aid? What aid did he need ? Of what dishonesty was King John guilty ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 21 

monarch, he speedily shook the dust of Portugal from his 
feet.* To Henry VII., England's king, he sent his brother 
for aid ; but the brother fell among thieves who stripped him 
of his raiment, in consequence of which he did not get quick 
access to Henry, and nothing came of the appeal. 

15. It is recorded that "Columbus had to beg his way 
from court to court to offer to princes the discovery of a 
world."' Genoa was appealed to again, then the appeal was 
made to Venice. Not a word of encouragement came from 
either. Columbus next tried Spain. His theory was exam- 
ined by a council of men who were supposed to be very wise 
about geography and navigation. The theory and its author 
were ridiculed. Said one of the wise men : " Is there any 
one so foolish as to believe that there are people living on the 
other side of the earth with their feet opposite to ours, 
people who walk with their heels upward and their heads 
hanging down ? " His idea was that the earth was flat like a 
plate. 

16. Can we wonder that Columbus for a long time met 
with no success ? During seven long years, while his theory 
and petition were before the Spanish court, he implored and 
waited until, at last, when all hope had fled, and he was in 
the very act of leaving the country to try his fortune in 
France, Isabella, the queen, sent a message desiring him to 

* "Impatient of the slowness with which his discoveries advanced alona; 
the coast of Africa, the king, John II., called in the aid of science to devise 
some means by which greater scope and certainty nught be given to naviga- 
tion (1486). The result was the application of the astrolabe to navigation, 
enabling the seaman, \iy the altitude of the sun, to ascertain his distance from 
the equator. It is impossible to describe tlie effect produced upon navigation 
by this invention. The mariner, now, instead of coasting the shore like the 
ancient navigators, and, if driven from the land, groping his way back in 
doubt and apprehension by the uncertain guidance of the stars, might venture 
boldly into unknown seas, confident of being able to trace his course by means 
of the compass and the astrolabe, "—//•wm^r's Life of Columbus. 

15. Relate the trials of Columbus before the Spanish court. 
16- What tuni took place iu his fortunes ? Who was Isabella ? 



22 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



return to her. She gave liira a cordial reception, and becom- 
ing interested in what he said, exchiimed : '' I undertake the 
enterprise, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary 
funds ! " 

17. The sacrifice was not required. Most of the money 
needed was advanced from tlie public treasury. The balance 
was furnislied by a family of wealthy navigators. 
It was agreed, on the part of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella, king and queen of Sj)ain, that Columbus 
should bave the title of Admiral and be viceroy over all 

the lands discovered by 



ColambQs''s 

First Voyage 

to America. 




him. With three small 
vessels he set sail from 
the port of Palos [paW- 
los), Spain (Aug. o, 1492). 
We wonder at his temer- 
ity. With craft so small, 
not one of them larger 
than the ordinary rirer 
sloop of our day, and only 
one having a complete 
deck, he fearlessly put 
out upon the unknown 
ocean. Men t h o ug h t 
him crazy. So confident, 
however, was he of suc- 
cess, and Just as lie had 
planned it, that he took 
with him, from his royal 
patrons, letters for the 
potent ruler of the East, 
the Grand Khan of Tartary. The great objects before him 

17 What agreement was made with Spain's king and queen ? With how many 
vessels (lid Co1nmbn:< start ? From what port ? Wlieii ? What did men think of hin. ,' 
TVtat evidence is given of his confidence ? What were his three objects ? 



COLUMBUS WITH AN ASTRO LABK IN HIS HANU. 
(KROM AN OLD ENGRAVING.) 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



23 



were glory and gold, but he was zealous to carry the Gospel 
to the heathen of distant lands. 

18. In six days the three vessels reached the Canary Isl- 
ands, where, one of them needing a new rudder, they were de- 
tained a month. Again they put to sea. Soon a mutinous 
spirit broke out among the sailors. They fully believed 




CROUCHED AT HIS FEET BEGGING PAKDON.* (NOTE NliXT I'AliE.) 

that they were sailing to destruction. " We must go back,"" 
they said. Not seeing any sign of compliance with their de- 
mand, they talked of throwing the admiral into the sea. He 
pacified them at times with gentle words and promises of re- 

18. Relate what occurred on board the ships. Where are the Canary Islands ? 



24 Discoveries and Explorations. 

ward. At other times lie was compelled to use the stern lan- 
guage of authority. 

19. At length his perseverance was happily rewarded. 
As he looked out into the darkness of night, he saw a moving 
light. Next morning at dawn, Friday, October 12th, 1492, 
land was discovered.* It was an island, one of the group we 
now call the Bahamas. Its inhabitants were seen running 
about and flocking to the shore. The vessels were anchored, 
and Columbus, clad in a rich dress of scarlet cloth and hold- 
ing a royal standard in his hand, was ready to land. In 
small boats the admiral and most of his officers were rowed 
to the shore. Immediately all fell upon their knees, kissed 
the earth, and returned thanks to God. Rising, and drawing 
his sword, Columbus took formal possession of the island in 
the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, 
which means Holy Saviour. 

20. The natives had fled in terror, and hid themselves in 
the woods. Now, seeing that no attempt was made to pur- 
sue them, their terror abated. With awe they gradually ap- 
proached their strange visitors, believing that they had come 
from the sky in the ships, which, they thought, were great 
birds, the sails being wings. They touched the beards of the 
Spaniards, and examined their hands and faces. Columbus 
gave them glass beads, bells, and other trinkets, with which 
they were greatly pleased. The sound of the bells was a 
wonder to them. They had nothing to offer in return except 
balls of cotton yarn, and a kind of thin cake, or bread, made 
of roots. A few had ornaments of gold hanging from their 

* " The feelings of the Spaniards burst forth in the most extravagant 
transports. They thronged around the admiral, some embracing him, others 
kissing his hands. Those who had been the most mutinous and turbulent 
during the voyage now crouched at his feet, begging pardon for all the 
trouble they had caused him, and promising the blindest obedience for the 
future. ' ' — Irving. 

19. When was America discovered by Cohimbus ? State the events of that day. 

20. (jive an account of the natives found on the island, and what they did. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 25 

noses. These they gladly exchanged for beads and bells ; 
and pointing southward, indicated to the delighted gold- 
seekers that in that direction was the land from which the 
precious metal came. 

21. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus discovered other 
islands, the largest being Cuba. Another large island he 
named Hispaniola, meaning Little Spain. It is the same 
island afterward known as San Domingo. Its present name 
is Hayti (Jid'-te). Near it one of the vessels was wrecked, 
and from the broken parts a fort was built. Many of the 
men desiring to remain on the island, about forty were left ; 
and early in January, 1493, Columbus dej^arted for Spain. 
Great was the joy of Palos on the 15th of March, as the ad- 
miral's well-known vessel was seen to enter its harbor. All 
business was suspended, and the church bells sent forth 
gladsome peals. 

22. Columbus did not tarry long at Palos. He was 
anxious to present himself before the king and queen. 
Everywhere, as he passed through the country, he was joy- 
fully greeted as a conqueror. At court he was received with 
distinguished lienors. In the presence of a brilliant assem- 
blage of ladies and gentlemen, he related the story of his 
adventures, showed several of the copper-colored men whom 
he had brought with him, and, giving a glowing description 
of the lands he had visited, declared that they were rich in 
gold. 

23. Ferdinand at once laid claim to all the newly discov- 
ered lands, and this act was sanctioned by the 
Pope, Alexander VI. Columbus made three 
more voyages, discovered other islands, and suc- 



Why the 

Indians were 

so called. 



ceeded in reaching the main land of South America ; but 

21. What other discoveries did Columbus make ? State how Cuba and Hayti are 
situated. (St-e map of the West India Islands). 

22. How was Columbus treated on his return to Spain ? 

23- How many voyages did he afterward make, and how was he deoeivpd ? How 
did the Indians get their name ? What else is stated about names ? 



26 Discoveries and Explorations. 

never for a moment did he have the least suspicion that these 
hinds belonged to a New World. He believed that they were 
islands of India, and, so believing, he called the natives Indi- 
ans. When, in after years, the mistake became known, these 
islands were called the West Indies, and those of Asia were 
known as the East Indies.* 

24. It is not pleasant to be told that Columbus was not 
always treated with the consideration due to his rank and 
merit. His success created enemies, and these 
while he was on his third voyage, influenced the 
king and queen to believe that he was treating 



Injustice 

to 
Columbus. 



the Hpanisli settlers in the new lands with great injustice. 
A person was consequently sent to inquire into the facts. 
This official, moved by bad motives, went beyond the in- 
structions given to him. He made a prisoner of Columbus, 
and sent his captive home in irons. When the admiral 
arrived in Spain, and the people saw him with iron chains 
fastened to his arms, they were filled with indignation. The 
queen was no less indignant. She ordered the chains to be 
removed, and to the ill-treated man who had done so much 
for Spain, she extended a generous reception. 

25. Isabella, in fact, was Columbus's best friend. Her 
death, which occurred a few days after the completion of his 
fourth voyage, Avas a fatal blow to his fortunes. The selfish 
and ungrateful Ferdinand turned a deaf ear to the appeals of 
the sick, needy, and aged man who had laid a new empire at 



* The first voyage around the southern Cape of Africa to India w as made 
by Portugal's great sea-captain, Vasco da Gama (gah'-mah), in 1497-8, after 
his king had long urged many navigators to the task. "The mariners 
regarded the cape with terror. As they approached it," said fiction, " a cloud 
rose, darkened the air, and then disclosed a monstrous giant. Vexed by 
the C{uestion, ' Who art thou ? ' the stupendous body harshly and mournfully 
replied: 'I am that great Stormy Cape hitherto hidden from mankind.' "— 
Helpx\i Spanish Conquest. 

24. Wliat indi^'iiity befell Columbus ? What is said of Isabella's conduct ? 
25- Uive the further history ol Columbus. Of the disposition of his body. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 27 

his feet. Thus neglected^ Columbus died in a town of Spain 
(150G). His body was placed in a convent, whence, after 
seven years, it was removed to a monastery in another town. 
Twenty-three years later it was taken across the Atlantic to 
Hispaniola. Here, surely, it will be permitted to rest for- 
ever ! Not so. In 1796, nearly three hundred years after 
his death, it was conveyed with imposing ceremonies to the 
island. of Cuba; and there, in the Cathedral of Havana, it 
still reposes. "A world is his monument."* 

26. We see that great lionors were paid to the memory of 
Columbus, but do we not realize that in one respect great 
injustice has been done to it ? Are we not ready to say that 
our continent should be called Columbus or Columbia ? 
Poets and song-writers echo our answer. Witness our 
national song with its opening words : "Hail, Columbia ! 
happy land!" Another song says: "Columbia, Columbia, 
to glory arise, the queen of the world, and child of the 
skies." Still another says : 

" And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, 
A¥hile the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves." 

27. How then does it happen that the New World is 
called America instead of Columbia ? After the death of 
Isabella, Columbus employed certain persons to aid him in 
recovering his rights as viceroy over the lands discovered by 
him. One of these persons was an Italian, Amerigo Ves- 
])ucci {ah-md-re'-go ves- poof -die). This man was among the 
many, who, incited by the glowing stories of the riches of 



* We do not know when Columbus was born. Irving thinks it was " about 
the year 1435." The same uncertainty existed for a time respecting the exact 
place of liis birth. He was born in Italy. Of so much we are certain ; but 
after his fame began to spread, as many as half a dozen places in the sunnv 
peninsula claimed him as a native. A committee, appointed by an Italian 
" Academy of Science and Letters," reported in favor of Genoa. 

26- What injustice has been done to his memory ? 

27- State fully how this continent came to be called America. 



28 Discoveries and Explorations. 

the New World, liad hastened across the ocean for a share 
of the treasure. More than once he went to the southern 
jjart of the continent ; and more than once did he write of 
what he had seen and heard. One of his letters misled a 
German geographer to believe that its writer was entitled to 
more credit than belonged to him. So thinking, the (ler- 
man published a book, in which he proposed that the new 
land should be called America.* Though printed books 
were in the hands of but few persons in those days, the sug- 
gestion soon met with general favor. The name America 
was used in conversation and letters, was put u])on maps and 
into books, and so came to be the only one applied to the 
New World. 

28. Taken in connection with its far-reaching conse- 
quences, the first voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic 
was the most important in the history of the 
world. What an excitement the news of it did 
produce in all parts of Europe ! At once a 



Discoveries 

by 
the Cabots. 



spirit of adventure was aroused, f From England went John 
Cab'ot and his son Sebastian, who were fortunate in reaching 
the main land of North America, in 1497. This was the 
year before Columbus set foot upon South America. The 
Cabots explored the shores of Labrador, thinking that they 



* "The book was printed in 1507. It appeared under an assumed name, 
but Humboldt proved that its author was IMartin Waldseemuller. The Span- 
iards carefully avoided the use of the name America in their historical and 
oflicial documents, in not one of which, anterior to the middle of the last cen- 
tury, can the word be found." — Grccnhow^s Orcr/on and CaUforxia. 

+ " The eagerness to explore the wonderful secrets of the new hemisphere 
became so active that the principal cities of Sjyain were, in a manner, depopu^ 
lated, as emig-rants thronged to take their chances upon the deep. They lis-, 
tened with attentive ears to tales of Amazons ; to stories of Patagonian giants ; 
to flaming pictures of the El Dorado where the sands sparkled with gems, and 
golden pebbles, as large as birds' eggs, were dragged in nets out of the 
rivers." — PrescoWs Conquest of Peru. 

28. What is said of the first voyage of Cohimbus and its effects ? Of the two voy 
ages made by ibc Cabots ? How were both deceived ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 29 

were on the coast of China. Next year Sebastian Cabot 
crossed the ocean again, and this time sailed along the coast 
from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay.* 

29. From Spain went a valiant soldier named Ponce de 
Leon {pon'-tha da Id-oan'). Charmed with the beauty of 
Porto Rico, particularly with the opportunities 
tlie place afforded for gain, he asked to be ap- 
pointed governor of the island. Ferdinand 



De Leon 

and his 

Discoveries. 



granted the request. Soon De Leon was involved in trouble 
with the natives, many of whom he reduced to slavery, just 
as Columbus had done, and just as the Spaniards continued 
to do many years longer. At length the king, wishing to 
make a show of justice to the family of Columbus, removed 
De Leon from office (§ 17). 

30. Still the old soldier clung to his island home. One 
day a romantic story was whispered into his ear. An Indian 
told him that there was a remarkable land at the northwest, 
where gold could be found in great quantities, and where a 
wonderful fountain existed. Of the .fountain, he said that 
every old person who bathed in it immediately became 
young again. This story was afterward told to De Leon by 
other Indians, for the simple people, one and all, believed it 
to be true. It was told so often, and with so much sincerity, 
that De Leon at last had faith in it. A¥e wonder how a sane 
man of ordinary intelligence could give credence to a story 
so silly. Our wonder is greatly increased when we learn that 



* The Italians were very fond of boasting of the achievements of the 
Cabots, who, they claimed, were their countrymen, Italians like themselves. 
One of them being in England shortly after the return of the Cabots from 
America, wrote thu.s to his brother in Venice : '* John Cabot is now here with 
his sons and his wife, who is also a Venetian. He is called the Great Admiral. 
Great honor is paid him. He dresses in silk, and these English run after him 
like insane people, so that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a 
number of our own rogues beside." — August 23, 1497. 

29 What office was given to De Leon, and why was he deprived of it ? 
30- What romantic story did Be Leon believe ? Who else believed it ? 



30 Discoveries and Explorations. 

it sped to Europe, and there found hundreds of believers 
among the learned as well as the ignorant. 

31. The story promised gold, youth, and glory to De 
Leon. He resolved to go in search of them. With three 
ships he left Porto Eico. This was about twenty years after 
Columbus had discovered that island. De Leon visited 
many islands, at every one inquiring for the fountain of 
youth. We can readily believe that he drank at numy 
springs and bathed in many. One Sunday morning he came 
to an extensive country, which he thought was a large island 
(1513). Its trees were full of blossoms, and flowers of every 
hue covered the ground. As the grateful breeze wafted the 
fragrance of blossoms and flowers to the happy voyagers, 
they believed that they had surely found the fairy island. 

32. This discovery hajjpening on the day known among 
Spaniards as Pascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah jio-re'-dah), the 
new-found land was named Florida. Pascua Florida is our 
Easter Sunday. The word Florida means flowery : hence, it 
may be said, there were two reasons for giving the country 
its pretty name. De Leon made diligent search in every 
direction for the magic pool. He sailed along the coast and 
around the southern point of the peninsula. At last, weary 
and disheartened, he returned to Porto Eico, an older if not 
a wiser man. There, in quietness, he lived until news came 
to him of what had been done by his countryman, Hernando 
Cor'tes. That daring leader had marched into the heart of 
Mexico, fought and conquered its inhabitants, and, by ter- 
rible deeds of violence, had enriched himself with gold 
(1521). In the war Montezuma, the famous emperor of the 
conquered people, met a tragic death (1520). (App., p. 41.) 

33. De Leon longed to be a second Cortes. Convinced 

31. Give an account of his efforts to find the fountain. 

32. Uis discovery and explorations of Florida. Florida's name. What was done 
by Cortes ? What is said of Montezuma ? (See notes 1, 2, Appendix, p. 41.) 

33- How did the deeds of Cortes affect De Leon ? Give an account of De Leon's 
second expedition to Florida. Ilis death and tomb. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 31 

by reports of explorations that Florida was a part of the 
main land, he asked the Spanish king for permission to con- 
quer and occupy it. The request was granted. Two ships 
were fitted out. Florida was reached, and a landing ef- 
fected ; but the natives, not friendly as before, gathered in 
large numbers to oppose the invaders. A fierce battle was 
fought, and this time Indian arrows were more than a match 
for Spanish guns. De Leon, mortally wounded, was taken 
to his ship. In Cuba he died. The epitaph on his tomb is a 
becoming tribute to the heroic qualities of his character. As 
translated it reads : " Hei'e rest the bones of a man who was 
a lion by name and still more so by nature." 

34. We have been told that Columbus believed that the 
lands discovered by him were outlying islands of India. He 
fancied, as he steered his ship across the Carib- 
bean seas, that he was inhaling the rich odors of 
the Spice Islands in the Indian Ocean. All his 



Discovery 

of 
the Pacific. 



followers, for more than twenty years, were in like manner 
deceived. The person who first made known the truth was 
Balboa {hal-ho'-ah), governor of a Spanish colony at Darieu.* 
One day, when he was weighing some gold, an Indian struck 
the scales with his fist, scattering the glittering pieces in 
every direction. '^ If that is what you prize so much," said 
he, " I can tell you of a land where there is plenty of it. On 
the other side of those mountains," pointing to the south, ''is 
a great sea. All the streams that flow down the mountains 
into that sea abound in gold. The kings of the country 
drink out of golden cups, and gold is as common among the 
people there as iron is among the Sj)aniards here." 

35. This speech gave Balboa a fresh impulse. At once 
he made preparations to cross the mountains, though they 

34. What error still prevailed, with whom, and how long ? Who first learned the 
truth ? Tell the story that influenced him. * On the land formerly called the Isthmus 
of Darien, now the Isthmus of Panama, connecting Norih and South America. 

35. Give an account of Balboa's expedition to the mountain-top, and the cere- 
monies there. When did that liappen ? 



32 Discoveries and Explorations. 

were many miles away. At the head of a party of his coun- 
trymen and a few Indians, he set out. Difficulties beset him 
at every step. He fought Indians wb.o were not willing to 
have him pass through their country ; and so hot was the 
weather that some of his men were prostrated and could go 
no further. Still he persevered. Through forests and up 
the mountain side he trudged, till, gaining the summit, he 
was rewarded with the sight of the promised water — the 
South Sea, as he called it, now called the Pacific Ocean. 
Falling upon his knees, he jooured out his thanks to God. 
A large cross was constructed, and erected with solemn 
ceremony. This was to indicate that all that part of the 
world thenceforth belonged to Spain (1513). 

36. To descend the mountains and reach the ocean took 
several days. With a banner in one hand and a sword in 
the other, Balboa waded into the water until it reached 
above his knees. Then, waving the banner, he proclaimed 
in a loud voice, that he took possession of the sea and all 
that it contained for the king of Spain. After numerous 
perilous adventures, during which much gold and many 
pearls were procured, the gold-seekers returned to Darien. 
Their fearless leader had many enemies. These sent false 
reports concerning him to Spain. He was deprived of his 
office. Being accused of setting up a government of his 
own, he was unfairly tried, unjustly pronounced guilty, and 
cruelly beheaded. Thus perished, in the prime and vigor of 
his life, one of the most worthy of the Spanish discoverers. 

37. Balboa proved that the lands discovered by Columbus 
were no part of India. Further proof followed seven years 
later. Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, sailing in the ser- 
vice of Spain, crossed the Atlantic, sailed through the strait 
which ever since has borne his name, and entered the ocean 

36- What iiext did Balboa do ? Take your map of Central America and trace his 
wanderings on it. 

37- When was the fir!«t voyage made around the world ? Give an account of it. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 33 



First Voyage 

around 

the World. 



which Balboa was the first to discover. Finding the water 
calm, or, as he described it, pacific, he called it the Pacific 
Ocean. Steering boldly for India, he came to 
groups of islands. While on one of the islands, 
accompanied by. about fifty of liis men, he was 
attacked by the natives and killed. With difficulty the sur- 
vivors reached their ship. Its worthy captain, Cano (Jcali- 
no), Magellan's successor, sailed away, and, continuing on the 
western course, passed around the southern end of Africa to 
the Atlantic, and thence to Spain. This was the first voyage 
around the world (1522), 

38. The second was made by an Englishman named Fran- 
cis Drake. He reached the Pacific by the same route Magel- 
lan had taken more than fifty years before. Then 
he began a career of j)lnnder which, for boldness 
and success, has never been surpassed. Spanish 



Drake and his 

Voyage around 

the World. 



ships and Spanish settlements on the west coast of America 
were pillaged in the most heartless manner. Then, fearing 
that a force of the enraged people whom he had robbed was 
waiting at the Strait of Magellan to capture him on his re- 
turn, Drake steered northward. He hoped to find an un- 
known passage to the Atlantic. 

39. After sailing several weeks, cold winds and violent 
rains so discouraged him that he put back ; and in San 
Francisco Bay, or near it, cast anchor.* Landing, he was 



* Spaniards had been in that vicinity before. In 1542, Cabrillo {kab- 
red'-yo) explored a long stretch of the coast, but, dying, his pilot continued 
the exploration to the 43d degree of latitude. Later, other Spaniards went 
still further north. Russian navigators explored the entire Alaska coast be- 
tween the years 1740 and 1770. 

38- Who made the second voj'age around the world ? Give an account of Drake's 
career of plunder. Take your map and trace his voyage on it. 

39- Where, on land now belonging to our country, did he land ? What ceremony 
took place there ? What name was given to the region ? What explorations had Span- 
iards made there before (note) ? Russians ? Where is San Francisco Bay (Map 8) ? 
Describe the picture on page 34. How long had Drake been absent from England f 
Ans. Nearly three years. 

3 



84 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



greeted with joy by the natives, who looked upon him as a 
god. With them he tarried five weeks, and when he was 
about to depart, they begged him to remain and be their 
king. They desired to crown him. Permitting the childish 
ceremony, lie accepted the region, with its buried treasures, 
for her majesty. Queen Elizabeth, of England, bestowing on 
it the name New Albion. The ancient name of England, be 
it known, was Albion. Leaving his strange subjects, very 




DRAKE CROWNED KING OP NEW ALBION. 



much to their regret, Drake sailed across the Pacific, and 
thence through the Indian seas and around Africa, getting 
back to England in November, 1580. 

40. His return was greeted with a "shout of admiration 
that rose over the whole country."' He was a hero. Eliza- 
beth welcomed him with gracious attention, and did not hesi- 
tate to accept a generous share of the silver, gold, and 
precious pearls which he had stolen. She partook of a ban- 



40. GiT« an account of Drake's reception in England. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 36 

quet on board his ship, using the occasion to confer upon 
him the honor of knighthood. Henceforth he was Sir Fran- 
cis Drake. His name does not come to us with pleasant 
memories ; but, it may be said, he was not much worse, 
though more daring and successful, than other sea-rovers of 
his time. 

41. Gold was the great object of the Spanish adventurers. 
For it they left their country, homes, wives, and children ; 
crossed oceans, penetrated forests, swam riv- 
ers, climbed mountains, and fought Indians. 
Among the most noted of these gold hunters 



Pizarro 

in 
Pern. 



was Pizarro. He crossed the Isthmus of Darien, and reach- 
ing Peru, by means most cruel conquered its people, put to 
death its king, and gained possession of immense treasures of 
gold, silver, and pearls. 

42. His most able co-worker was Ferdinand de Soto. 
With the large share of the ill-gotten gains that fell to his 
lot, De Soto returned to Spain, where, making a 
grand display of rich dresses, spirited horses, 
and numerous lackeys, he won the hand of a 



De Soto's 

Search for 

Gold. 



lady of rank, to whom he was soon married. He had gold 
in abundance, yet he craved more. His passion was fanned 
by a story told by a man who had been to Florida in the 
unfortunate Narvaez expedition (§4). The story, though 
mostly a wild romance, found ready believers. Its assertion 
that Florida was the richest country in the world duped no- 
body more completely than De Soto.* 

* With three hundred men, Narvaez landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, his 
object being to explore the country and bring it linder Spanish rule, all for 
gold (1528). Hardships, fevers, and encounters with Indians made terrible 
havoc with the adventurers. In five rude boats they tried to reach Mexico. 
One night they anchored in an outlet of the Mississippi. Storms sank three 
of the boats, and drove the others upon sand banks. Only four men of the 
party, after years of wandering, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico (1536). 

41. Given an account of Pizarro's expediilon, conquest, and gain. 

42. Who w:is De Soto ? By what story was he deceived ? Give an account of the 
Narvaez expedition (note), Taku your map and trace it. 



36 Discoveries and Explorations. 

43. This credulous Spaniard asked his king, Charles V., 
for permission to conquer Florida. Coupled with the re- 
quest was the offer to bring the entire region under the rule 
of Spain without a dollar of help from the royal treasury. 
Charles was further tempted by the promise of one-fifth of 
all the gold procured. He readily consented ; and, to give 
his consent special force, he appointed Do Soto governor of 
Florida and Cuba. By Florida, lie meant all the southern 
part of North America from the Atlantic to Mexico. His 
ideas about its northern limits were not clear. (App., j). 42.) 

44. When it became known that the gay and rich cavalier, 
De Soto, was fitting out an expedition for conquest and gold, 
thousands of young men besought him to let them join it. 
These men were not from the ranks of the poor and the 
outcast : they were sons of noblemen, or were soldiers who 
had achieved renown in war. Six hundred were selected. 
These, with their servants and horses, were taken on board 
the fleet. On the largest ship went De Soto and his wife. 

45. The passage to Cuba was pleasant, and there a year 
was spent in feasting and rejoicing. Leaving his wife to 
govern the island, De Soto departed, and in a few days 
dropped anchor in a bay on the west side of the Florida 
peninsula (1539). The Indians, remembering the wrong that 
had been done by the cruel Narvaez, o^iposed his landing, 
but what could arrows of wood and stone avail against coats 
of brass and steel ? De Soto counted himself fortunate Avhen 
a Spaniard of the unfortunate Narvaez party, who had been 
held a captive by the Indians, succeeded in escaping to him. 
The man had learned the Indian language, and could conse- 
quently act as interj)reter, but, to the disappointment of 

43. What proposition did De Soto make to his king ? What response did the king 
make ? How large was Florida then ? 

44. M'hal preparations were made for De Soto's expedition? How was it enlarged? 
Ann. About four hundred volunteers joined it in Cuba. 

45. When and where did the Spaniards begin their march in Florida ? What is 
said of the man who escaped to them from I lie Narvaez expedition ? 



Discoveries mid Explorations. 



37 



De Soto, he knew nothing of any land of gold. He had 
never seen nor heard of any. 

46. Lured by false stories, this roving expedition of free- 
booters marched several hundred miles in a northerly direc- 
tion. They had brought for their support about six hundred 
hogs, which were driven along with them. Everywhere the 
Indians were hostile. They wanted De Soto to leave their 
country, for his men ate their corn and beans, ill-treated 
their wives and daughters, and compelled their young men 
to carry heavy burdens. Those who Avould not do his bid- 
ding and tried to escape, he hunted down with fierce dogs, 




DE SOTO CROSSING THE MISSISSIPPI. 



called blood-hounds, and either put them to death, or, what 
was worse, cut off their hands. 

47. The second winter was spent by the unlucky Span- 
iards in the upper part of what is now the State of Missis- 
sippi. One dark night they were suddenly aroused from 

46- How far and in what direction did they march ? How did they treat the In- 
dians ? What noted provision had the Spaniards made for their own support ? 

47- Where did the Spaniards spend the second winter? What befell them there? 
What discovery did they make y How did they cross it ? Deecribe the picture. 



38 Discoveries and Explorations. 

their slumbers by yells and whoops. They rushed out, to 
fiud their homes on fire, and themselves surrounded by 
thousands of savage foes. They were victorious, as usual, 
but at a terrible cost. Forty of their number lay dead in the 
smoking ashes. "When the spring came, they resumed their 
march, and soon reached a great river, '" The Father of 
Waters," the Mississippi, the Long Eiver of the Indians 
(1541). Its waters rushed along rapidly, carrying with them 
immense trees. How could the Spaniards get across ? The 
canoes of the Indians were large enough for men, but not for 
horses. Four barges were built, in which the entire party 
was conveyed to the west side of the river. 

48. All the third summer and winter the gold-hunters 
(tontinued their wanderings. Descending the Red Eiver, 
they again came to the Mississippi. But what a change had 
taken jilace in their condition and j^rospects ! Fevers and 
Indian arrows had been busy, and were still doing their 
deadly work. At length, the great leader, De Soto himself, 
began to despair. Sickness prostrated him and he died. 
His followers, sorely grieved, were careful to keep the knowl- 
edge of their loss from the Indians, who, it was known, were 
in the habit of digging up the bodies of fallen enemies, and 
hanging them in pieces to tall trees. It was feared, too, that 
the Indians, who thought that De Soto's power came from 
the Great Spirit, might be tempted to make a concerted at- 
tack upon the weakened force. So, secretly and with hushed 
ceremony, the sorrowing Spaniards buried the body of their 
chief, destroying, as far as possible, all trace of the grave. 
In some way, however, the secret, it was thought, became 
known, for, '^ whenever an Indian approached the spot, he 
would stop, look about on all sides, and make signs with his 



48- Give an account of their further wandering!?. Describe the Red River (map 8). 
State what is i^aid of De Soto's deaih and burial. What effects did he leave, and what 
was done with them ? Anf. He left two slaves, three horses, and a great many hogs, all 
of which were sold to his men by auction. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 39 

chin and eyes." It was therefore determined to give the 
body a more secure burial. Silently, and in the darkness of 
night, it was taken out of the ground, conveyed in a canoe to 
the deepest part of the Mississippi, and sunk to the bottom 
of the stream (1542). 

49. Now, ull the Spaniards were anxious to get back to 
Spain. Thinking that Mexico was not far away, they re- 
solved to go to that country. They remembered that Cortes 
had conquered it about twenty yeai's before (§ 32). They 
crossed rivers and prairies, lived upon herbs and roots, and 
fought Indians, until, getting in sight of high mountains, 
they lost courage, turned back, and were again on the banks 
of the Mississippi. They built large boats, and in these 
floated down the river to the Gulf of Mexico. By following 
the coast westward, after many days they reached a Spanish 
settlement, where the poor wanderers at last found rest 
(1543). 

50. De Soto, we have seen, did not find the El Dorado, 
meaning the land of gold, but he discovered the Mississippi, 
and thus gave to Spain the first claim to the i Z H 

° \ Marquette 

country through which that river flows. To oathe 
France, however, belongs the credit of explor- I Mississippi. 
ing the river and planting settlements along its course. 
Frenchmen discovered the St. Lawrence, peopled Nova 
Scotia, and founded Quebec (§ 32, p. 60). With zeal, cour- 
age, and devotion that command our highest admiration, 
their missionaries pushed through the forests into regions 
never before entered by Europeans, and established mis- 
sions for the conversion of the Indians to the Catholic 
faith. 

49- Give an account of the final wanderings of the expedition. 

50- What credit as explorers, settlers, and misf^ioiiaries belongs to Frenclimen ? 
When and by whom was the St. Lawrence discovered ? Aiu. In 1534, by James Cartier. 
When and when' was Nova Scotia settled ? Anx. In 1605, at Port Royal. Port Royal 
is the oldest town settled by the French in all America. What is its present name 
(map 2) ? When and by whom was Quebec founded ? Ans. In 1608, by Champlain. 



40 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



51. Among those devoted men, there was no one of a 
more loving and heroic spirit than Marquette {mar-kef). 
For five years he labored in the cold region near the outlet 




MARQUETTE DESCENDIKG THE MISSISSIPPI. 



of Lake Michigan, during which time he learned to speak 

51. Who was Marquette ? What did he say of himself and Joliet f Give an ac- 
count of his expedition as far as the Mississippi. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



41 




with ease five Indian languages.* Then, accompanied by a 
few Frenchmen and Indians, the most noted of his country- 
men being Joliet, he departed on a long expedition. Said 
he : '^ My companion, Joliet, 
is an envoy of France to dis- 
cover new countries, and I am 
an embassador from God to 
enlighten them with the Gos- 
pel.'" In two canoes the 
party paddled out of the 
Straits of Mackinaw, along 
the northern and western 
shores of Lake Michigan, and 
up a river to an Indian vil- 
lage. Then they dragged 
their canoes up rapids, car- 
ried them over prairie and 
marsh, and launched them on 

the Wisconsin. Down that tranquil stream they glided till 
they entered the Great Eiver, the Mississippi, " with a joy," 
wrote Marquette, "that could not be expressed" (1G73). 

52. AVith sails raised, they floated down the Great River 
into which De Soto's body had been sunk a hundred and 
thirty years before. At various places they stopped long 
enough to confer with Indian tribes. After sailing about 
seven hundred miles, and satisfying themselves that *'The 
Father of Rivers " went not to the ocean on the east nor to 
the ocean on the west, they turned about to seek their start- 

* " Mackinaw, where they now rested, was indeed a bleak spot. It was a 
point of land almost encompassed by wind-tossed lakes, icy as Siberian 
waters. Father Marquette's first care was to raise a chapel. Rude and un- 
shapely was this first sylvan shrine raised by Catliolicity. Its sides of logs, 
its roof of bark, had nothing to win by a dazzling exterior the wayward child 
of the forest. All was as simple as the faith the devoted father taught." — 
Shea's Discovery and Exjiloratioji of the llississippi Valley. 



IjA SALLE. 



52' Give an account of the rest of his expedition, his death and burial. 



42 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



ing place. Only a few months more remained to Marquette. 

Worn out by disease and care, he gently passed away, and, 

on the bank of tlie little stream that bears his name, the 

canoe men dug his grave. 

53. A worthy successor of Marquette, also a Frenchman, 

though not a missionary, was the Cavalier de la Salle {sal). 
He was a man of many projects, by which he 
hoped to gain fame and fortune. He wanted 
France to occupy the lands of North America 

before Spain or any other power could do so. With a party 



La Salle 

and 

what he did. 



of about fifty persons. Frenchmen and Indians, he descended 




LA SALLE TAKING POSSESSION OP LOUISIANA. 

the Mississippi, and, on a spot of dry ground near its mouth, 
erected a cross and a column. Then, amid joyous shouts and 
musket volleys, he claimed for France all the valley of the 



53. Who was La Salle V What explorations did he make ? How did Louisiana get 
Its name? When was that V Into what water does the Misi'issippi flow ? 
64- Give an account of La Salle's further efforis, and Ms death. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 43 

Great Eiver, bestowing upon it the name of Louisiana, in 
honor of his king, Louis XIV. (1682). 

54. Eeturning to France, he was welcomed with high 
honors. To the king he submitted a project for a fort and 
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi, which met with 
hearty favor. In a fleet of four ships, about three hundred 
persons departed. La Salle being of the number. The com- 
mander, conceited and obstinate, would not do as La Salle 
advised. By mistake he passed the mouth of the Mississippi, 
and refusing to go back, compelled his passengers to land in 
Texas. The resolute La Salle undertook to find the river 
by going through the wilderness, but, while engaged in this 
heroic task, was treacherously shot by the individual in his 
party to whom he had shown the most favors (1087). 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 

65. The discovery of America by Columbus started all western Eu- 
rope into a blaze of excitement. The new lands, it was believed, were 
outlying islands of the rich region of India. Men and governments cov- 
eted the vast treasures of gold that were supposed to be hidden in their 
soil. Everybody wanted to go to the mystic region. In expeditions to 
discover, explore, and conquer the new lands, Spain took the lead, 
though English ships, commanded by the Cabots, were quick to follow 
Columbus, and to be the first to reach the main land of North America, 
and to explore a long stretch of its eastern coast (1497-8). 

56. The first European to reach South America was Columbus (1498): 
the second was Amerigo Vespucci (1499), from whom the continent de- 
rives its name. The fountain-seeker, De Leon, was the first after the 
Cabots to reach North America (1513), the same year in which the gold- 
seeker, Balboa, looked upon the Pacific Ocean, and seven years before the 
first European ship sailed upon those waters. Spain and Portugal were 
meanwhile taking possession of the eastern part of South America and of 
Central America. Pizarro, Spain's most cruel conqueror, who could 
neither read nor write, made his way to the western part of South Amer- 
ica, and there, in Peru, robbed the natives of their country and their gold 
(1524-38). Also, meanwhile, Spain's one-eyed conqueror, Cortes, reduced 



u 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



the Mexicans to submission, eoiupelled them to give up their gold, and 
made liis king the richest monarcli in Europe (1521-35). 

57. From Mexico, Cortes sent expeditions by sea and by land. In an 
expedition led by himself, the peninsula of California was reached (1535). 
Other Spaniards, Coronado and Cabrillo among them, penetrated the 
region as far north as Kansas, and explored the Paciiic coast to Oregon 
(1537-43). Wliile these explorations were in progress, De Soto and his 
band of Spaniards were pei-forming their celebrated march in search of 
gold. The region through which they wandered, north of the Gulf of 
Mexico, was then known as Florida. Before Drake started on his plun- 
dering expedition (1577), Spanish ships had been along the coast to the 
northern limits of Oregon. 

68. During the reign of Queen Elizabetli (1558-1603), English ships, 
known as freebooters, plundered Spanish ships and Spanish towns. The 
fii'st of these lawless rovers to sail to the Pacific was commanded by that 
greatest naval captain of the age, Francis Drake (1578). England and 
Spain were then at peace with each other, but that fact did not have a 
feather's weight of influence with Drake. In 1579 he landed on the 
California shore, and called the country New Albion. 

59. Meanwhile the Huguenots were ti-ying to get a foothold in Caro- 
lina and Florida, and other Frenchmen were taking possession of the 
Nova Scotia and St. Lawrence regions. England was tardy about send- 
ing colonies to the New World. The French displayed more activity in 
their inland explorations than in their ocean ventures. Their distin- 
guished missionary, Marquette, sailed many miles on the Mississippi 
(1073) ; and their lieroic La Salle made an extensive exploration of the 
river, and near its mouth planted the standard of France (1G82). 



1492. 
14d7. 



1513. 
1513. 



1541. 
1609. 



America was discovei'ed by Columbus. 

The Cabofs, for England, discovered 
North America, and, next year, Se- 
bastian Cabot explored a large part 
of its eastern coast. 

De Leon, for Spain, discovered Florida. 

Balboa, for Spain, discovered the Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

De Soto, for Spain, discovered the Mis- 
sissippi River. 

Hudson, for the Dutch, discovered the 
Hudson River (see page 60). 



Ehgiish Kingif. 
lienrv YII. 



Henrv VIII. 



James I. 



French Kingg. 
Charles VIII. 

<< 
Louis XII. 

Francis I. 
Henry IV. 



tFor Tabulated Review see end of the History.) 



Map No. 2. 




SECTION II. 

COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1. Now let us go back a little and see how the people 
from Europe began to make homes for themselves in our 
part of the Xew World. 

The discoveries of the Cabots, as we have 
seen, gave to England a title, as land titles were 



First 
Settlements. 



acquired by European powers in those days, to a large part of 
North America ; but, during the most of the century that 
followed, she seemed to be blind to the importance of this 
title.* '"Before the British flag floated over so much as a 
log fort on the continent, Spain was in jjossession of all Cen- 
tral America," and of the adjacent regions on both sides. 

2. Many Protestants of France, known by the name of 
Huguenots, desired to remove their homes to the New World. 
Their first step toward that end was taken in 
1562, when they began a settlement at Port 
Royal entrance, South Carolina. They built a 



French Efforts 

at 

Settlement. 



fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles IX., they called 



* " It was held among the Christian states of Europe, and is still received 
as a principle of the law of nations, that newly-discovered countries belong 
to the discoverers. This title by discovery might be liable, iudeed, to some 
exception in favor of the native inhabitants ; but, in case those inhabitants 
were not Christians, they were looked upon as fair subjects for plunder and 
conquest."— i??7(7re/A's United States. 



1. How did England get her flrst title to territorj' in North America ? 

2. Who were the Huguenots ? Who was their leader in France ? Ans. Gaspard 
de Coligny, by whom attempts were made to pl;int Huguenot colonies in America. 
When and where did they begin a settlement at the south ? Who was at the head of 
that attempt ? Ans. John Ribault (re-bo'). What is said of the name Carolina 'r 



46 



Colonial Period. 



Fort Carolus, or, as we would say. Fort Charles. Carolus is 
the Latin for Charles. The country came to be known by 
this name, Carolus, and, a hundred years later, in honor of 
King Charles of England, as Carolina. 

3. The Carolus settlers numbered less than thirty. Be- 
ing soldiers and sailors who had not the knack of cultivating 
the soil, want soon stared them in the face. Homesickness 
followed. With such aid as tlie Indians could give, they built 
a brigantine "worthy of Robinson Crusoe," and in it put to 




S-ORT SAN MABCO, NOW FOBT MAKION, ST. AUGUSTINE (notC next page). 

sea. Many days on the ocean brought famine. In their suf- 
ferings they cast lot to decide which one by his death should 
give the others a chance to live. Their choice was made, the 
unfortunate man submitted, and his flesh was portioned out. 
At last, an English vessel hove in sight. The most feeble of 
tlie rescued sufferers were landed on the coast of France ; the 
rest were taken prisoners to England. 



8. Give an account of the settlement and fate of the Carolus settlers. 



Florida. 47 

4. The Huguenots tried again. On the banks of the 
river May, now the St. John's, Florida, they constructed a 
fort, and, under its protection, built homes (15G4). Spain 
said that these settlers were intruders. Consequently a force 
was sent against them. The angry Spaniards entered a har- 
bor of Florida, laid the foundation of the town of St. Augus- 
tine, and then proceeding against the feeble Huguenot settle- 
ment, cruelly destroyed it (15G5). The growth of the new 
town, St. Augustine, Avas slow and uncertain. Attacks from 
French, Indian, and English foes were outlived, and now 
it enjoys the distinction of being the oldest town in the 
United States (§ 88).* Santa Fe, New Mexico, claims to be 
older. When visited by Coronado in 1540, it was a populous 
Indian pueblo (§ 4, p. 14). 

5. Twenty years more must pass before England's spell 
of inactivity can be broken. Then the enter- 
prising Sir Humphrey Gilbert appears. Aided 
by his step-brother, Walter Raleigh {raw'-le), 



Gilberfs Attempt 

at 

Settlement. 



and encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, he crossed the Atlantic 



* Its principal object of interest at the present time is its old Spanish fort 
with ditch, drawbridge, glacis, tower, and rampart, like the Old World fort 
of feudal times. It is a large mass of conglomerate sea shells, called coquina 
(ko-ke'-na), which was procured from quarries in a neighboring island. Its 
construction covered a period of a hundred jears, during which time not less 
than a thousand Indian slaves were employed upon it. In a letter from St. 
Augustine, April, 1843, the author of TJianatopsis wrote : " The old fort of 
San Marco, now called Fort Marion, a foolish change of name, is a noble 
work. The shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where 
it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, 
became imbedded and clogged among the shells." — Win. C. Bryant. 

4- When and where did the Huguenots try again ? Who led them in this second 
attempt ? Ans. Laudonniere (lo-duh-nyaii). W'hat was the fate of the settlement ? 
Who commandi-d the Spaniards ? Ans. Melendez. What act of revenge followed ? 
Ans. Two j'ears after, ;i French leader named Di; Gonrgues {goorg) surprised St. Angus- 
tine and hui g two hundred of its captives upon the trees. What distinction does St. 
Augustine enjoy ? How is it located (map) ? What is said of its fort (note) ? What else 
can you state of thi^ fort ? Ans. It was captured bv Sir Francis Drake in 1586 (§ 8). 

5. Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert f State what you can of him and his project. 
Where is Newfoundland ? 



48 



Colonial Period. 



to plant a colony in the New World. On Newfoundland 
he began to build, but ill-fortuuo attending his efforts, he 
determined to return to England. Of the five vessels with 
which he left England, only two renuiined to him. He 
went on board the smaller. The Squirrel, of only ten tons 
burden. He Avas advised to go by the larger vessel, but re- 
fusing, replied : "Be of good cheer, my friends ; it is as near 
to heaven by sea as by land."' One night. The Squirrel's 
lights disappeared, and notliing was ever again seen of her or 
her crew (1583). 

6. Though Gilbert's sad fate was lamented by Raleigh, it 
did not discourage him. He thought that it would be easy 
to plant a colony in the warm latitude far south 
of Newfoundland. With authority from the 
queen, he sent out two shi2:)s. The voyagers 



Raleigh's 

Attempt at 
Settlement. 



reached the coast of North Cai'olina, and sailed among the 

islands, ou one of which, Ro- 
anoke, they were generously 
feasted by the natives, who 
were found to be '' gentle, lov- 
ing, and faithful, void of all 
guile and treason, and such 
as lived after the manner of 
the golden age" (1584). So 
glowing were the accounts 
which the returned English- 
men gave of the country 
visited by them, that Eliza- 
beth said it was the "Virgin 

Land,'' and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, she 

named it Virginia. 




SIR TirAX.TBR B A LEIGH. 



6. Give an account of the first expedition sent by Raleigh. Of what did it consist f 
Ans. Two vessels commanded by Amidas and Barlow. What report was taken back to 
England of the Indians / What report was made of the country ? What did the queen 
8ay and do ? 



North Carolina. 49 



7. Some of the authors of Raleigh's time, in admiration 
of the " Great Englishman/' wrote of him as the " Shepherd 
of the Ocean." The queen bestowed upon him another title, 
when, as a reward for his valor, she made a knight of him. 
We remember that she had previously conferred tlie like 
honor upon Francis Drake (§ 40, p. 35). Our new hero, 
be it understood, is now Sir Walter Raleigh. 

8. Raleigh was now ready to carry out his plan of coloni- 
zation. He sent a hundred persons to Roanoke Island 
(1585). These, after a year of distress, were taken back to 
England by Drake, who, fresh from another expedition of 
pillage, had made the island a stopping place. Raleigh's 
second attempt, two years later, ended in great misfortune. 
A large colony, with John White as its governor, was planted 
on Roanoke, and hopeful plans for its future were formed. 
White Avent to England for supplies. It was at this time that 
Spain's hundred and fifty ships, known in history as the 
''Invincible Armada," were getting ready to make an attack 
upon the British isle. Every man in England was expected 
to aid in some way to defend his country from the threatened 
danger. Three years j^assed, and then, when White returned 
to Roanoke, not one of the persons he had left tliere could be 
found. What had become of them ? Nobody knows. The 
mystery is as much a mystery to-day as it was then. 

9. We have seen that when Queen Isabella died, Colum- 
bus lost his best friend. When Queen Elizabeth died, Raleigh 
lost his best friend. A false charge of treason was brought 
against this " warrior, courtier, and seaman," and an unjust 
verdict left him to languish for years in prison. Being re- 
leased to find a gold mine in South America, and failing to 

7. By what names was Raleigh known ? W^hat title did the queen confer upon 
him ? What is said of Sir Francis Drake ? 

8. Give an account of Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony in America. His 
second attempt. Where is the Island of Roanoke (map 1) ? 

9. When did Queen Elizabeth die ? Ans. In 1603. How did her death affect 
Raleigh ? Give his further history, and an account of his death. 

4 



50 Colonial Period. 



do so, he returned to England. The unjust sentence that 
had slumbered so many years was revived, and King James, 
influenced by the demands of Spain, whose ships and colonies 
had suffered from Raleigh's warfare, ordered him to be be- 
headed. As the doomed man was about to lay his head upon 
the block, he felt the edge of the axe, and said with a smile 
upon his face, that it was "a sharp medicine, but would cure 
the worst disease." So died the last of Elizabeth's heroes 
(1618). In memory of his name and fame, we have North 
Carolina's caj)ital, the city of Raleigh (§ 1-il). 

10. During the hundred years preceding this sad event, 
the waters about Newfoundland were found to be the best in 
the world for fishing. In them abound cod, 
mackerel, and herring. The French were the first 
to derive benefit from the discovery, but the 



The 

Fisheries. 



English Government passed laws having for their object the 
driving away of all French fishing vessels from American 
waters. Then began the contest between the two nations for 
the ownership of the "fishing grounds." So active were the 
French, that in a few years their fishing fleet numbered not 
far from six hundred vessels (§ 145). 

11. It is a little curious that while this contest was going 
on, a brave sea captain, Bartholomew Gosnold by name, made 
a direct voyage from England across the Atlantic, 
discovered the large peninsula that puts out from 
Massachusetts, and, because of the great num- 



Discovery 

of 
Cape Cod. 



ber of cod-fish which he caught off its shores, he named " the 
mightly headland " Cape Cod {lii(i'Z). He was the first Eng- 
lishman to tread the soil of New England (§ 17). 

12. " The wisest fool in Christendom," as a distinguished 

10- state what you cau of the fishing value of the waters about Newfoundland. Of 
the struggle for the possession of those waters. 

11. VV'ho was Baitholommv Gosnold . State what you can of his voyage to Massa- 
chusetts. In what direction from Boston is Cape Coil (map, p. 60) ? 

12. Who siicC' eded Queen Elizabeth on the English throne ? Describe James's 
character. What was his motive for granting land ? 



Acadia. 51 

Frenchman aptly described James I., of England, was the 
successor of Elizabeth, the Queen Bess of History. No king 
of the time was more vain than James. He be- i 'Z. ' 

King James 

lieved himself to be a master of all learning. He the 

also believed that he was the real owner of all I ^"^^' 
North America. Consequently, when a number of rich men 
asked him for permission to plant colonies in it, he readily 
gave his consent. Why ? He thought he saw in the move- 
ment that he would make his ownership in the distant lands 
more secure, hence he reckoned upon large gains of money 
from trade with them. 

13. Two companies were formed, the London and the 
Plymouth (1606.) The former, it was decided, might occupy 
the four degrees of land on the south of lati- 
tude thirty-eight. The latter, the four degrees 
on the north of latitude forty-one. The north- 



London and 

Plymouth 
Companies. 



ern limit was near Halifax, the southern at Cape Fear. We 
observe that a belt of three degrees was left between these two 
grants. This was done that the rival companies might not 
quarrel with each other, but it gave the Dutch a chance to 
slip in between the two possessions (§ 36). It cannot be said 
that the king had been generous, for experience proved that 
the companies had few rights beyond the one of sending peo- 
ple to the new lands. 

14. The French were already in possession of Nova Scotia. 
There, to a collection of rude huts they had given the name 
of Port Eoyal (1605 i, and, in the safe harbor of 
the young town, their fishing vessels found shelter 
(§ 102). Port Royal, which grew to be the 



The French 

in 
Nova Scotia. 



capital of the French province of Acadia, was a year old be- 

13- What grants did he make, to whom, and when ? 

14. Whiit c.m you say of Port Royal, its situation, age, importance, and first settlers ? 
WTien was Port Royal settled ? Ans. In 1605. What is its present name ? Ans. An- 
napolis. What lands did Acadia embrace ? Ans. Nova Sotia, New Brunswick, and 
adjacent islands. What was called New France ? Ans. Canada, and so much of New 
York and New Englaml as was claimed by the French. 



52 Colonial Period. 



fore James's two companies were ready to begin the work of 

colonization. 

15. The London Company was the first to move, but its 

competitor was only three months behind. Selecting a site 
on the Kennebec Eiver, Maine, the settlers of the 
Plymouth Company went to work (160T). Win- 
ter overtook them while they were putting^ up 



First Effort 

to 
Settle Maine. 



their dwellings, church, and fort. They suffered from the 
cold, a fire destroyed their store-house with all its contents of 
food, and their president died. Utterly discouraged, they 
returned to England, and neither they nor others of their 
company made another attempt to people their domain. 

Virginia. 

16. The accounts given by Raleigh's voyagers of the 
beauty and fertility of Eoanoke decided the London Company 

Settlement I ^^ establish their first colony on that island, but 
of a furious storm drove their ships into Chesapeake 

Jamestown. | ^.^^y ^ river was entered whose "shores were 
covered with flowers of divers colors." To this stream 
the delighted party gave the name of their king. A low 
peninsula was chosen as a site for the colony, the emigrants 
landed, and the king was again honored. The place was 
called Jamestown (1G07). The beginning was unfortunate. 
At every high tide the water covered half the peninsula. 

17. The colonists numbered about one hundred, all men; 
and they were as unfit to lay the foundation of a new State 
as could be imagined. More than half called themselves 
'' gentlemen,'' a gentleman in those days being an individual 
who could not do any work with his hands. The first duty 



16. What is said of the effort and failure of the Plymouth Companj- ? 

16. Where is Jamestown (map p. 53) ? Why was it so named ? By whom and 
when was the first settlement made there ? 

17- Describe the characters of its first settlers. What two notable exceptions wer« 
there t What had Gosnold already done ? 



Virginia. 



m 



of these hundred men was to build houses, and yet, strange 
to say, there were only four carpenters of their number. 
Some were jewelers, others were gold refiners, one was a 
"perfumer." Why had they come? Many had visions of 
gold before their eyes, a few desired to extend the domain of 
their king, fewer hoped to convert the Indians to Chris- 
tianity. To make matters worse, their leaders were incom- 
petent, the only 
exceptions being 
the Captain Gos- 
nold who had 
discovered Cape 
Cod (§11), 
and a John 
Smith, who 
was to become 
famous. G o s - 
nold's death, 
which soon oc- 
c u r red, left 
Smith as the 
only man able 
to cope with the 
difficulties o f 
the situation. 

18. Smith, 
however, was 

not permitted to take the lead. The king had appointed 
two councils to carry out his instructions for the government 
of the colony. One of these had its head-quarters in Eng- 
land. The other, the subordinate one, consisting of seven 
men, held its meetings at Jamestown. The foolish king had 
put the names of the seven men into a tin box. Then hand- 
ing the box to Captain Newport, the commander of the 




18- Of what foolish measure was the king the doer f 



54 



Colonial Period. 



company's ships, he said : '*' This must not be opened till 
after your arrival in Virginia." 

19. The folly bore its fruit. When the box was opened, 
it was discovered that Smith was a member of the council. 
The other members, excited by feelings of jealousy, tried to 
keep him out. They charged him with an intention of kill- 
ing them and making himself 
king of Virginia. He was 
tried, but as no evidence could 
be produced against him, he 
was allowed to take his seat at 
the council board. 

20. While the " gentlemen " 
colonists were searching for 
gold or spending their time in 
idleness, the others were felling 
trees, planting corn, and build- 
ing houses. A fort and church, 
both rude affairs, were built. 
Fevers began to prostrate the 
colonists, the provisions ran out. 
Before the end of the summer, 
more than half the men who had landed from Newport's 
ships were in their graves. The president of the council, a 
dishonest man, did nothing for those under his care. He 
was deprived of his office, and another man was chosen in his 
place. This second president proving to be no better than 
the first. Smith, supported by the demands of the settlers, 
assumed control of affairs, and soon was regularly elected 
president. 

21. The scene of misery was soon changed. Order was 




JOHN SMITH. 



the Indians were hostile. 



19- WTiat fruit did the king's folly bear ? State the seqael. 

20. Give an account of the doings and misdoings of the colonists during their flrrt 
summer in Jamestown. 

21. Repeat the story that is told of the saving of Smith's life by Pocobontas. 



Virginia. 55 

established, the Indians were awed, and supplies of corn were 
procured. Smith made boat excursions up bays and rivers, 
sometimes for corn, at other times for exploration. 
He hoped to find a passage to the Pacific. In 
a book written by him, he tells a very interesting 



Smith 

and 

Pocahontas. 



story of his capture by the Indians while he was on one of 
his expeditions. The savages took him to their chief, Pow- 
ha-tan', who ordered him to be killed. His head was placed 
upon a stone, and an Indian raised a club to strike it, when 
Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of the chief, not more than thir- 
teen years of age, rushed to the prostrate man, put her arms 
about his neck, and by tears and entreaties so softened the 
heart of her father as to induce him to set his captive free. 

22. Whether this story is true or not, it is certain that 
Pocahontas was friendly to the colonists. She more than 
once carried baskets of corn to them when they were sorely in 
need of food ; and once, stealing through the woods at 
night, she warned them of an attack which her people had 
planned against them. The colonists called her '' The dear 
and blessed Pocahontas.'' 

23. In the spring of the next year (1608) Newport arrived 
with more settlers ; but these brought no joy to Virginia, for 
they were '^chiefly vagabond gentlemen and 
goldsmiths." Near Jamestown they found a yel- 
low sand, which, they said, was gold. At once 



The 
Gold Fever. 



a gold fever broke out, and attacked every man except Smith. 
He reasoned and remonstrated, but in vain. '^ There was no 
talk, no hope, no work, but to dig gold, wash gold, load 
gold." The deluded Newport carried to London a full cargo 
of the gilded sand, which, to his mortification, he was in- 
formed was nothing but worthless dirt. 

24. The London Company were disappointed. They had 

22- What other servicR did Pocahontas render to the colonists ? 
23. Give an account of the gold fever in Jamestown. 
24- What change of charter and ruler was made in 1609 ? 



56 Colonial Period. 



spent much money, but had received nothing of value in re- 
turn. The king gave them another charter, which extended 
the limits of their territory, "northward and 
southward and from sea to sea/' meaning from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific. It empowered them 



Virginia 

and the 

Second Charter. 



to appoint a governor for their colony, and Lord Delaware 
was accordingly chosen (1609). 

25. Before Delaware reached Virginia a serious accident 
occurred to Smith, While sailing down the James River, a 
bag of gunpowder exploded in his boat, "tearing the flesh 
from his body in a most pitiful manner." As there was no 
one in the colony skilful enough to treat his wounds, he 
decided to return to England for treatment. He was carried 
on board a ship, and, though he never saw Virginia again, his 
enterprising spirit was not quenched (IGIO). Four years 
later he crossed the ocean to the region belonging to the 
Plymouth Company, examined its shores, and made a map of 
his explorations (§ 49). To him we are indebted for the 
name, New England, by which the region is known. One 
of his admirers exclaims : 

" I never knew a warrior like thee 
From wine, debts, and oaths so free." * 



* The story of Smith's life, as told by himself, seems like a romance. He 
fought against Spaniards and Turks, slew three champions in single combat, 
was taken prisoner, sold as a "beast in a market place," and sent to Con- 
stantinople. There he gained the affection of his mistress, who, to secure his 
safety, sent him to her brother. This man, a proud pasha, suspecting his 
sister's feelings and intentions, determined to baffle her. He put Smith to 
work among half-savage serfs, and treated him cruelly in other ways. Mad- 
dened by the treatment. Smith turned upon his master, beat out his brains 
with a flail, put on the dead man's clothes, mounted the dead man's horse, and 
fled from the country. After his adventures in Virginia and his explorations 
of the New England coast, he was captured at sea by a French war ship, but 

25. Give the further history of Smith while he was In the colonj-. Who gave to New 
England its name ? How was that brought about f Tell the story of Smith's life as yoti 
find it in the note. 



Virginia. 57 

26. Under Virginia's first governor, from whom Delaware 
Bay takes its name, the colony prospered. The people worked 
m common, that is, whatever was done was for the benefit of 
all. There Avere no small farms or little plots of cultivated 
land. There was one large farm, and all the corn and other 
things raised on it were carried to a warehouse, from which 
each settler drew his share. The plan was a poor one as 
events proved, still the governor's good management made it 
at first a success. Rules were laid down for each day, and 
these were carefully observed. 

27. At the ringing of the church l^ell in the early morn- 
ing of each work day, the j)eople assembled in the little 
church. The governor, attended by the members of his 
council, and by a guard of fifty men in red cloaks, set an ex- 
ample of punctuality. After the service, the congregation 
went to the store-house, where each person received his day's 
allowance of food. Breakfast over, all were ready for work. 
The church service was after the manner established by law 
in England. King James was an Episcopalian, and he 
tried to compel his subjects in Virginia to be of the same 
faith. 

28. Unfortunately for the colony. Lord Delaware did not 
remain long in it. A lingering sickness so discouraged him 
that he returned to England (1611). Fresh arrivals having in- 
creased the population of Jamestown to seven hundred men, 
women, and children, it was decided that some should settle 
elsewhere. Two ''cities" were accordingly founded, one of 
which, says its historian, '"'had three streets, a church, and 



made his escape. In England he spent the last years of his life writing a His- 
tory of Virginia, and a narrative of his travels and adventures. He died in 
1631. 



26- What system of work did Lord Delaware plan for the coloi)ists ? 

27- Relate how the sj'stem, with the church observance, was carried out. 

28. What further can you state of Lord Delaware ? Of increase in the colony's 
population ? Of change in the system of work ? 



58 



Colonial Period. 



watch houses." They had only a brief existence. At this 
time a great change was effected, for which the new gov- 
ernor. Sir Thomas Dale, deserA^ed thanks. Under the old 
system of labor, the industrious settlers practically supported 
the idlers. Now the working bees no longer fed the drones. 
Every man was put in possession of a plot of ground to culti- 
vate for his own use. The result was seen when the next 




POCAHONTA? rUKSENTKl) TO QUEEN ANNE, Wlt'E UF JAMES 1. 



crops were gathered. Instead of a ''Starving Time '' which 
had nearly destroyed the colony (IGIO), there was now plenty 
and to spare. 

29. In one direction there was prosperity, in another 
there was trouble. The Indians were not friendly. Captain 



29- Relate the story of Argall's cauttire of Pocahontas. 



Virginia. 59 

Argall, "half pirate, half sailor," hit upon a plan to bring 
them to terms. This was to get Pocahontas on board his 
sloop, and take her to Jamestown as a prisoner. 
His idea was, that her father so loved her that 



Pocahontas. 



lie would not injure the settlers while she was in their cus- 
tody. To an Indian chief and his wife Argall offered a cop- 
per kettle if they Avould bring the little maid to him. They 
consented. The unsuspecting girl, curious to see the inside 
of a great ship, went willingly. She no sooner reached the 
cabin than she was informed of her captivity. Her tears 
were of no avail. She was taken to Jamestown. 

30. How often the unexpected hapj^ens ! The pious 
minister in the colony at once saw his golden opportunity, 
and soon had the joy of receiving the Indian girl into his 
church. She was baptized, and a new name, Eebecca, given 
to her. Meanwhile, John Rolfe {mlf), who, we are told, was 
an ''honest and discreet young Englishman," winning the 
love of the Indian captive, desired her in marriage. The gov- 
ernor's consent was given, and in the little church, surrounded 
by colonists, and the bride's dusky relatives, the lovers were 
married (1613). Rolfe and his wife lived in contentment on 
his plantation, and there was peace between her people and 
the colonists. 

31. In a few months, the governor, Sir Thomas Dale, 
resolved to return to his native land, and it was decided that 
the young couple should go with him. In England the 
Indian wife was welcomed as the daughter of a king. She 
was presented at court and styled the Lady Rebecca. Her 
old friend, John Smith, was among the happy greeters. But 
her days were not many. She was getting ready to return to 
the land of her fathers, when she suddenly died (1617). She 
left one child, a son, who was educated in England. In 
Virginia he married and became a person of note. 

30. Give an account of the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. 

81. Relate the further hlBtory of Pocahontas. Describe the picture on page 58. 



60 Colonial Period. 



New Xetherland. 

{Keiv York, Keio Jersey, and Delaware.) 

32. Tlie voyage from England to India, around the 
southern cape of Africa, was long. It took more than a year 
to go and return. Tlie way around the south- 
ern end of South America was even longer 
§ 37, p. 32). Was there not a shorter way 



Henry Hudson 

and 
his Discoveries. 



Attempts were made hy Dutch as well as English navigators 
to find one, among these bold seekers being an Englishman 
named Henry Hudson. Commanding a Dutch ship, the 
Half-Moon, and in the employ of a Dutch company, he made 
his third attempt, lleaehing tlio American coast, he entered 
the harbor of New York, and ascended the beautiful river 
(the Hudson) that flows into it (1009). This was about 
three months after the Frenchman, Samuel Champlain, had 
sailed up the St. Lawrence, and in an expedition southward, 
found the lake which bears his name (note to § 11(3, p. 108). 
33. The natives in canoes crowded about the Half-Moon, 
bringing oysters, beans, grapes, tobacco, and beaver-skins, 
which they disposed of in trade for beads, knives, and 
hatchets. Some of the natives smoked tobacco through 
copper pipes. Some wore ornaments of copper arouiul their 
necks. All were clad in garments made of feathers or fur. 
At a point about a hundred miles from the mouth of the 
river, Hudson went ashore, and Avas conducted by the Indi- 
ans to a large house covered with oak bark, in which was 
stored their last harvest of corn and beans. A mat was 
spread for him to sit upon, and he was invited to partake of 
food from a wooden bowl. A fat dog was also killed and 
cooked for his repast. 

32- What is said of the two water routes from England to India ? What is said 
about a shorter route ? Who made three attempts to find a shorter route * What dis- 
covery did he make the third time? When was that ? Give the particulars. What is 
«iid of Champlain ? (See also p. 39.) 

33- Relate the incidents of Hudson's intercourse with the Indians. 



New Netherland. 



61 



34. Further ascending the river, the Half-Moon was 
brought to a stop by the shallow channel. Still hoping that 
he had found the passage to India's seas, Hudson sent a 
party in a small boat to continue the search. The report 
brought back left the disappointed navigator no choice. 




THp; HALF-M 



THE HUDSON. 



Turning about, he descended the " Silent Eiver of the Moun- 
tains,'' and steered for Europe. He stopped at England. 
It was a mistake. King James detained both him and his 
vessel, saying that the lands he had visited belonged to the 
English crown. Hudson contrived to send a report of his 
discoveries to his employers, but the Half-Moon was not 
permitted to leave England for several months.* 

* It has been stated that Verrazzani (also Verrazano), an Italian navi- 
gator, while commanding a French sliip in 1524, entered the harbor of New 
York, thus anticipating Hudson more than eighty years. The statement 
is now believed to be untrue. Bancroft, in the last edition of his History 
of the United States does not allude to Verrazzani in any way. 

34- How far did he explore the river ''. Why did he go so far 't WTiat befell him 
and his vessel in England ? 



62 Colonial Period. 



35. Would we know more of Henry Hudson ? In the 
employ of English merchants, once more he sailed to find a 
northern passage to India (IGIO). He passed through the 
strait, and into the bay that now bears his name. A 
mutiny broke out among his crew, and lie, with his son and 
seven others who had remained faitliful to him, was put 
into a boat and abandoned. Those of the mutineers who 
lived to get back to England were hanged, or punished ac- 
cording to their deserts. The king sent ships to find Hud- 
son. All efforts were fruitless. Was not the great bay the 
tomb of its discoverer ? 

36. Hudson, in the Half-Moon, had sailed along the coast 
from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. On the river discovered 

by him, near the present city of Albany, the 
Dutch built a small house, protecting it with two 



First Settlement 

in 
Hew Netherland. 



J big guns (§ 38). At the mouth of the river, on 
the island whicli the Indians called Manliattan, they put up 
huts to shelter the crew of one of their ships that had been 
destroyed by fire ; and, building another vessel, a yacht of 
sixteen tons burden, launched her in the spring of 1614 
(§ 137). They explored the shores along which Hudson had 
sailed, extending their excursions to many bays and rivers. 
They said that the country belonged to them, and that its 
name should be New Netherland. 

37. Most of the early settlers from Holland came in fami- 
lies. Many were Walloons, Protestants who had escaped to 
Holland from the Spanish rule in Flanders, now Belgium. 
On Manhattan (New York) Island a log fort was built, and 
around this center, called Fort Amsterdam, were erected 
huts of bark with straw roofs and wooden chimneys (1623). 

35. Tell all you know of the further history of Hudson. 

36. What eteps did tlie Dutch take to get and hold possession of the country that 
Hudson had discovered for them ? What is siiid of their ship-building? What name 
did they givt- to their country * Can you tell why they so named it » 

37- Who were the Wiilloons '; What can you say of their movements ? Of the first 
attempt to occupy Manhattan Island ? How did the Dutch get to own the island ? 



New Nether land. 63 



For a time this settlement was little more than a station for 
collecting hides and furs. Wishing to live in peace with 
their neighbors, the Indians, the settlers bought the island, 
giving for it a few glittering trinkets valued at less than 
twenty-five dollars. The Indians were perfectly satisfied. 
They had sold twenty thousand acres of land, now the most 
valuable in all America, for a few beads, buttons, and other 
trifles. The settlement was called New Amsterdam (§ 85). 

38. A number of families went up the Hudson, and built 
a fort and homes, calling the former Fort Orange, in honor of 
the Prince of Orange, the President of Holland. This was 
the beginning of the city of Albany (1623). As early as 1625 
a ship sailed from this fort, carying to Holland many hun- 
dred beaver and other skins. Several families, under the 
guidance of Captain May, who had left his name on the 
southern cape of New Jersey, made homes for themselves in 
the western part of New Jersey. There, also, on a creek that 
flows into the Delaware Eiver, they built a fort (1623). 

39. West of Delaware Bay a colony of Swedes found a good 
place for a settlement. Their first comers had been favored 
by their child-queen of Sweden, the little Christina {kris-te'- 
nah). They bought land of the Indians, and, on a promon- 
tory within the present city of Wilmington, built dwellings 
and a fort (1638). This was their town of Christina. At 
the end of seventeen years, the town, with its surrounding 
plantations, contained six hundred industrious Swedes and 
Finns. The country was called New Sweden. In time, 
after it passed into other hands, it came to be known as 
Delaware (§ 85, 92). (Read note 5, Appendix, p. 43.) 

38. How did Albany have its beginning ? Where did it get its name ? How is it 
situated (map 2) ? What took place in 1625 ? \Vhat did Captain May accomplish ? 
Where is Cape May (map 2) ? 

39. State all you can of the Swedish settlement. In what year was it begun ? 
Where is Wilmington ? Where wa-i New Sweden ? Why was it so named ? WTio was 
the father of Christina ? Ans. Gustavus Anolphus. Who were the Finns ? Ans. Peo- 
ple who came from Finland, a country in the western part of Russia, then under the 
rule of Sweden. 



64 



Colonial Period. 



40. A governor was appointed for New Netherland, and lib- 
eral offers were held out in Holland to induce persons to emi- 
~ ~ 1 grate to the colony. To every man who formed 

a settlement of as many as lifty persons a large 
tract of land was given. These great land own- 
ers were called Patroons. Still the irrowth of the colonv was 



QcTemor 
BU j fva sa nt. 




slow, and not until the arrival of its fourth governor. Peter 

Stuyvesant (sti'-ve-sant), "the 
governor with the silver leg/' 
did a change begin. He was a 
soldier, had lost a leg in battle, 
and was now wearing a wooilen 
leg bound with silver bands. He 
came when the Indians were 
hostile, when the English were 
accusing the Dutch of intrud- 
ing upon territory belonging to 
the Britisli crown, when a com- 
pany of Swedes, without the 
consent of Holland, were occupy- 
ing lands within the limits of 
Xew Xetherland (1047). 
41. He treated the Indians with kindness, and they were 
turned into friends. He met the English in the disputed 
territory of Connecticut, and they consented to a boundary 
line. He went against the Swedes on the Delaware (Itioo), 
and brought them under the rule of the Dutch (§ S4r\* 

* '• With a squadron of seven armed ships, Stuyvesant set sail from New 
Anistervlam. The vessels arrived in Delaware Bay. sailed to a Swedish fort, 
and anchoreil for the night. The fort had l»eeu abandoned two or three years 
l>efore, and now preseuteti no object of hostility. The next day Stuvvesant 
sailed to another fort, landeii, and began to thrv^w up a breastwork. The 
Swedish commander, knowing his inability to maintain the post against the 
l>owerful force Ivfore it, agreed to capitulate." — Ftrriji's IMnK\irt 6ettli!ments. 

40. Who, in successiou, weiv the sroveruors of Xew Xetherland ? Am- Peter 
Miuuits. Wouter V-sn Twiller. Sir William Kieft. and Peter Stuyvesant. 

41. What is said of Stujresaut and what he did for the colony J 



PETEK STl"Y>"ESA>T. 



New England. 65 



Chnroh 
Liberty. 



New England. 

42. In our country, the United States, there are niau}^ 
churches. If a person desires to be a Methodist, or a Baptist, 
or a Catholic, or an Episcopalian, or a member 
of any other church, lie is at liberty to do so. 
Indeed, he may go to any church or nuiy keep 
away from all churches, just as he pleases. This we call re- 
ligious toleration. But toleration like this was not the state 
of things in England during the reign of James I. He be- 
longed to what was, and is still, the Church of England. 
The laws of England were largely based upon the assumption 
that every Englishman belonged to the one Church in which 
it was declared '"was the only true worship." Unlike the 
churches of our day and country, the Church of England was 
supported by taxes, very much as the army was supported, 
No other church received any such aid. In fact, no other 
church had any legal existence. If any body of persons 
wanted to build a church of another denomination, the laws 
said they must not. 

43. At that time there was a large number uf persons in 
England who were called Puritans. They were very strict in 
their religious notions and nu^de of living. The 
most of them attended church as King James 
and the law comnumded, but they were in favor 
of a more simple form of worship, such a form as by its very 
simplicity would purify the church from, what they re- 
garded, its follies and abuses. Hence their name, Puritans. 

44. Some Puritans went furtLsr. Believing that it was 
impossible to effect any change in the church, supported as 
it was by law, king, and a multitude of interests, they sepa- 
rated themselves entirely from it and set up another church. 



The 

Puritans. 



42. What was England's condition as to church affairs in the reign of James I. i 
What is said of Enirland's church laws ? 

43. Who were the Puritans ? What did they desire ? 

44. Who were the Separatists ? WTiat move did they resolve to make ? 

5 



6(y 



Colonial Period. 



an independent church. Hence they called themselves Sepa- 
ratists or Independents. Unfortunately, they lived at a time 
when church persecutions were common. They could not 
meet, excejjt in secret. They Avere looked upon as rebels. 
One of their congregations, consisting of about three hundred 
persons, having been cruelly driven from place to place, rc' 




solved to go to Holland, where, they heard, ''was freedom of 
religion for all men." 

45. liut resolutions are sometimes more easily made than 
executed. When the resolvers began to leave, 
they were seized and cast into prison. Even wo- 
men and children were arrested as if they were 
Two years passed. AVhat years of misery ! At last. 



The 
Pilgrim 
Fathers. 

thieves. 



46. What is nald of the persecutions to which the Separatists were subjected t Of 
their movement to and in Holland i Describe the picture. 



New England. 67 



having escaped in small parties^ these poor exiles were united 
at Amsterdam, Holland, from which city they went to Leydeu 
{U'-den). Were they not Pilgrims ? At Leyden, under the 
devoted care of their pastor, John Robinson, they lived ten 
years "in peace, love, and holiness." 

46. Though they were kindly treated by their neighbors, 
they became convinced that they ought not to remain longer 
in Holland. They believed that elsewhere they could " act 
a higher part," They were English, and they wanted their 
children to be English. They looked toward the New 
World. There, on English soil and under the English flag, 
they proposed to establish a home in which they would be 
just as free as in Holland to worship God as they desired. 
They asked King James for a tract of his domain in America. 
He refused. He would not even give them permission to go 
to any part of it. He was, however, finally brought to say, 
they were told, that, if they went, he would not molest them. 
On this slender promise they resolved to go. 

47. A ship was purchased, the Speedwell, and anchored 
in Delft Haven. As she was not large enough to take all the 
congregation, it was decided that the pastor should abide 
with those that remained. The parting took place on the 
deck of the Speedwell. "Robinson knelt down, and with 
him knelt his friends and companions. He stretched out his 
hands and cried to the Lord, and his words moved all hearts." 
He then returned to the shore, whence he and the many with 
him " watched the departing bark with streaming eyes " (July, 
1620). 

48. A favorable wind wafted the Speedwell to an English 
port, where the Mayflower, a hired ship, was waiting to join 
her. The two ships then sailed, but the Speedwell belied her 



46. Why did the Pilgrims wish to leave Holland ? What steps did they take to 
leave ? What was the king's attitude toward them ? 

47. Oive an account of their d(;parture from Holland. 
48- < 'f their experience in England and departure thence. 



68 



Colonial Period. 



name. She began to leak, and both vessels put back. Again 
they sailed, and again, for the same reason, put back, this time 
to Plymouth, England. Finally, the Mayflower, crowded 
with about a hundred passengers, sailed alone ; and, after a 

tedious passage 
of more than 
two months, 
dropped anchor 
in Cape Cod 
Bay (November, 
1G20). 

49. A month 
was spent in 
finding a good 
spot for their 
settlement. The 
ground was cov- 
ered with snow. 
One day a war- 
whoop and a 
flight of arrows 
gave notice that 
the Indians Avere 
near. Before 
the landing of 
the Pilgrims, 
they adopted a 
form of govern- 
They agreed to obey the will of the majority. In 




THK JIAYFLOWKR. (FROM THE MODEL IN riLGRIM 
HALL, PLYMOUTH, MASS.) 



ment. 



the cabin of the Mayflower the paper was spread upon the 
table, and every man signed it. John Carver was elected 
governor for one year. From the boat which conveyed them 



49. What is said of tlie arrival of the Pilgrims in America and their compact In the 
cabin of the Mayflower ? Their landing and the name given to their new home ? 
Where is Oape Cod (map 1) J Plymouth f What is stated in the two notes on page 69 i 



New England. 



69 



from the ship, they stepped upon a rock,* and all landed 
(December, 1620). Remembering the kind treatment which 
they had received at Plymouth, their last resting j^lace in 
England, they called their new home Plymouth, f For 
many years the landing of the Pilgrims was celebrated on 




the 22d of December : now the 21st is regarded as the true 
Forefathers' Day. 

50. Each head of a family built his own house, and as the 

* " Here is a stone which the feet of a few outcasts pressed for an instant, 
and it became famous. It is treasured by a nation. Its very dust is shared as 
a relic." — De Tocqueville. 

t Six years before, as we have seen, John Smith examined the shores of 
New England (§ 25). Three years later he published a map showing the ex- 
tent of his explorations, but it is not known that the Pilgrims ever saw the 
map. It is a curious fact that on this map, on the very spot chosen by the 
Pilgrims for their settlement, is found the name Plymouth. 



50- Relate the Samoset episode. What treaty was made ? 



70 Colonial Period. 



Indians were seen hovering near, a military body was formed 
with Miles Standish as its leader. But the Indians made no 
attack. On the contrary, one of them, in the early spring, 
walked boldly into the village, and to the surprise and delight 
of its inhabitants exclaimed, " AVelcome, Englishmen ! " He 
was a petty chief, Samoset by name, who had been among 
the English fishermen of Maine. He soon brought other 
friendly Indians, and these were not long in inducing Mas-sa- 
soit, the great chief of the Wam-pa-no'-ags, to visit the Pil- 
grims. Presents were exchanged, and, what was of vast im- 
portance, a treaty of friendship was ''concluded in a day, 
and sacredly kept for more than half a century" (1621). 

51. The frequent showers of sleet, snow, and rain, to 
which the colonists were exposed before their houses could be 
occupied, caused much sickness. Before the Mayflower, in 
April, left for England, there were not more than fifty whom 
death had spared. Among the fallen was Carver. His place 
as governor was filled by William Bradford. In the autumn 
other members of the Leyden congregation arrived, but Eob- 
inson was not among them. He died before arrangements 
were completed for conveying him and the rest of his flock to 
Plymouth. The Indians continued friendly. Once, Canon- 
icus, chief of the tribe on the west of Narragansett Bay, 
showed hostility. He sent some arrows in the skin of a 
rattlesnake. It was a message of war. Bradford sent back 
the skin, filled, in place of the arrows, with powder and shot. 
The chief's courage failed. He repented, and jiromised 
frendship. 

52. King Jamcs's grants of land were made with looseness 
and lavishness. What he did one day he undid the next. 

51. What is said of the sufferings of the Pilgrims ? What is said of Canonicus ? 
Of Carver and Bradford ? What further can you state of Bradford ? Aiu. Every year, 
for thirty-one years, except five when lie refused to serve, lie was elected governor. He 
wrote a history of the colony called the History of the Plymouth Plantation. 

52. What is said of Virginia's charters issued by King James ? Of Virginia's 
popular legislature (note) ? When and why was it abolished f 



New England. 71 



What he gave one day to one party he gave to another party 
another day. He looked upon his vast domain in America 
as the speculator nowadays looks upon his town 
lots. Tq the Virginians;, in the course of time, 
he gave no less than three charters, the second 



Virginia's 
Charters. 



widening the land limits of the first, and the third of the 
second. In favor of the last charter was its liberal provision 
permitting the freemen of the colony to elect representatives 
to an assembly. This body, which made laws, was the first 
people's legislature in America (1619).* But this great right 
enjoyed by the Virginians was not enjoyed long. The king, 
pretending that they discussed affairs with too much freedom, 
in other words, that they were too democratic, revoked all 
his gifts to them (lOS-l). Virginia thus again became the 
sole property of the Crown (§ 80). 

53. In another case the king gave with a right royal 
generosity. To a body of forty men, called the Council of 
Plymouth, he granted a belt of territory north 
of Virginia, six hundred miles wide, from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific. By a stroke of the pen, 
a million square miles were presented to forty rich and 
powerful noblemen (November, 1620). No conditions were 
attached to the gift. Was there ever in the history of the 
world a present of such magnitude ! Men called it the 
"Great Patent," meaning that it was a great monopoly, and 
that they did not like it. Without the consent of the Coun- 
cil, no man could lawfully build a house or buy a bit of fur 
anywhere on their vast domain. No man could catch a fish 
in any of its waters. While men said that the king had done 



The Council 

of 
Plymouth. 



* "A perpetual interest attaches to this first elective body that ever assem- 
bled in the western world, representing!; the people of Virginia, and maliing 
laws for their government, a year before the Mayflower, with the Pilgrims, left 
England, and while Virginia was .still the only British colony on the continent 
of America." — BimcrofVs HMonj oflh-e United States. 

53. State what you can of the king's grant to the Council of Plymouth. 



72 



Colonial Period. 



New 
Hampshire. 



wrong, the Pilgrims came, as we have seen, and at Plymouth, 
on the land just ceded to the forty men, })lantod their colony. 
The monopolists complained, but the Pilgrims remained, 
and, without license from the Council, fished in forbidden 
waters. 

54. In s})ite of popular o})position the Council sold great 
tracts of their domain. In 1621, John Mason obtained a 
tract south of the Merrimac. Next year, he and 
Sir Ferdinando Gorges (gor'-Jez) obtained jointly 
all the territory between the Merrimac and the 
Kennebec, to which they gave the name Laconia. At Ports- 
mouth and Dover fishermen built huts (1623). Mason and 
Gorges made a partition of their 
province ; and a new and separate 
grant was given to Mason of the por- 
tion between the Merrimac and the 
Piscat'aqua (1629). This he called 
New Hampshire, as an expression of 
his good will toward Hampshire, 
England, where he was living.* 

55. In 1625 King James died 
and was succeeded bv his son, the 




* "Straggling settlers were planting themselves along the ooast. A party 
of some thirty, under Captain WoUaston, set up a plantation at a place wiiich 
they called :Mount Wollaston, now Quincy. This plantation presently fell 
imder the control of one Morton, who changed its name to Merry Mount, sold 
powder and shot to the Indians, gave refuge to runaway servants, and set up 
a May Pole, upon wliich occasion he broached a caslv of wine and a hogshead 
of ale, and held high revel and carousal." The jieojile of Plymouth were 
requested by the other settlers to put the scandal down; "and Morton was 
seized by the redoubtable Miles Standish, and sent prisoner to England." — 
HildrellCs Ifistonj of the United States. (Read note 7, Appendix, p. 44.) 



54. How, when, and where was New Hampshire first settled ? What is said of John 
Mason and his part in the early history of New Uainpshire ? Where i^^ Portsmouth (map 
2i ? Dover ? (See map on (his piise 1 

55- Where is Salem (mip 2) ? Oive its early history. What charter did the Iviiig 
give to Massachusetts ? Why and when did he give it ? 



New England. 73 



unfortunate Charles I. Charles was always in want of money, 
consequently, in all his dealings with the colonies, his aim was 
to get it. Soon after the beginning of his reign, | 
parties of Puritans — not Separatists — settled in M*8«*e''''»«tta 

the eastern jjart of Massachusetts, some of them L 

at Salem. Others joined them in 10^8, when the town fairly 
began its existence. Word came to the king that the Dutch 
of New Netherland were buying furs of the Indians in New 
England. Though he did not like the Puritans any more 
than his father had liked them, he was quite willing to have 
them oppose the Dutch. For this and other reasons he 
readily gave them a charter, meaning a deed or grant, in the 
name of the ''Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay 
in New England" (1629). It included Salem, but not 
Plymouth. 

56. This charter was regarded by the Puritans as a " pre- 
cious boon."' True, it said nothing about religion, but did it 
not, by its silence on that point, leave the colonists to set up 
the very church they desired ? They were not long in enter- 
ing the open doorway. More Puritans came to Salem, and the 
"tenants of its huts and cabins," desiring, as they said, "not 
to separate themselves from the Church of England, but 
from its corruptions," took their first step toward planting a 
church in the wilderness, by electing a pastor, elder, and 
deacon. The choice was by ballot. 

57. The charter seemed to the Puritans in England " like 
a summons from Heaven inviting them to America." One 
thousand went in the 3'ear 1630. John "Winthrop was their 
governor. He was of "grave and benevolent aspect, dressed 
in a black velvet suit with a broad ruff around his neck." 
With him went " ministers of the Gospel whom the English 
bishops had forbidden to preach, but who knew that they 
should have liberty both to preach and j^ray in the forests 

56- What can you say of the charter ? Of the first Salem church ? 
57. State what you can of Winthrop. Of the Boston settlement. 



74 



Colonial Period. 



of America." A little peninsula "marked by three hills aud 
blessed with pweot springs," i)leased the governor and others, 
and there they built a towji '• wliicli Avas to grow famous 

througliout the world." They 
called it Boston, after the Eng- 
lish town of that name, where 
many of them hud lived. 

58. Every year there was an 
election for governor, and for 
such other officers as composed 
a court in which the affairs of 
the colony were settled. The 
electors were called freemen. 
They assembled in "town meet- 
ing,'*' and in the first years 
voted on all questions by a show 
of hands. Only members of the 
town church were allowed to 
vote. '*' The rock on which the State rested was religion. 
Eeligion was the life of the Puritans."' They were reproved 
because of their intolerance. They replied : "We left Eng- 
land because wo were persecuted. Why should we welcome 
our persecutors, and give them a chance to persecute us 
again ? We came here to enjoy religious liberty for our- 
selves. Let otiiers go elscAvhere. The continent is large 
enough.'' 

59. The skins of beavers, and of other animals common to 
America, were in great demand in Europe. Fur garments 
were all the rage. A lady who wore one was the envy of her 
neighbors. Was it strange that many of the 
colonists were fur dealers ? The Indians, skilled 




.lOHN WINTHBOP. 



Connecticut. 



58- Where is Boston ? Give an account of tlie town meetings. What is said of the 
religion of the Puritans ? Of what were they accused ': What reply did they make ? 

59- Where, in Connecticut, did the Puritans begin settlements ? State how those 
places are situated (map next page). What was the cause of the contest between the 
Dutch and English in the Connecticut region ? What is said of fur and its U8e ? 



Kew England. 



75 



in trapping, disposed of the skins to traders. The Plymouth 
settlers and the Dutch of New JVetherland were specially ac- 
tive in contending for the trade. " Keep on crowding the 
Dutch/' wrote an English statesman to his friends in Plym- 
outh. Both parties built trading houses on the Connecticut 
(1633). These were soon followed by settlements of Puri- 
tans at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, forming the 




Connecticut Colony ; and by a fort at the mouth of the river, 
built by young Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor 
(1635). Around this fort grew the Saybrook Colony. ISTow 
there were two colonies in Connecticut (§ 68), 

60. The most interesting emigration to the Connecticut 
valley was conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, often 

60. Give an account of the Hooker emigration. 



76 Colonial Period. 



styled the "Light of the Western Churches/^ It consisted 
of about a hundred persons, men of rank and fortune, with 
their wives and children. " In the first warm month of the 
New England year," they left the vicinity of Boston, and, 
driving their herds of cattle before them, made slow progress, 
hardly ten miles a day. Their course lay through a pathless 
forest, and they had no other guide than a little compass. 
At the end of about two weeks they reached the delightful 
banks of the Connecticut (103G). 

61. They had come to a country pleasant to look upon, and 
of fertile soil, but troubles were before them. The Dutch 
called them intruders, and threatened to drive 
them away. Governor Stuyvesant was not yet 
in New Netherland. The Indians were still 



The 
Peqnod War. 



more to be feared. These were the Pequods, or Pequots, the 
most powerful tribe in New England. They could muster a 
thousand warriors. The first settlers found the Pequods 
friendly, but, in the strife for furs, small bands of Indians 
committed hostile acts. A force sent against them burned 
their wigwams, and destroyed their corn and canoes. 

62. Smarting under the belief that their punishment was 
not deserved, the Pequods resolved upon revenge. They 
tried to get the Narragansetts to join them, but the good 
Roger Williams, who had fled to Rhode Island from Puritan 
persecution, at great risk to his life prevented the alliance. 
The infant towns on the Connecticut united for protection, 
but not before thirty of their inhabitants had fallen under 
the tomahawk. About a hundred colonists, with some 
friendly Indians, went against the Pequods, surprised them 
in the early morning, and set fire to tlieir fort.* Muskets, 
swords, and fire never before made destruction more com- 
plete. The bodies of six hundred men, women, and children 
were in the smoking ruins (1637). 

61. Of the Pequods, and how the war with them was begun. 

62- Give an account of the Pequod War. * Near Groton (see map p. 75). 



New England. 77 



63. The surviving Pequods hid in swamps. Being pur- 
sued and captured, the men were put to death or sent to tlie 
West Indies to be sold into slavery. The women and children 
not sent away were given to friendly Indians, or disposed of 
as slaves to the colonists. Sas'-sa-cus, the chief of the tribe, 
escaped, and put himself under the protection of the Mo- 
hawks, in New York ; but, influenced by the Narragansetts, 
the Mohawks basely killed him, and sent his scalp to Boston. 
The Pequod tribe was no more. 

" No more for them the wild deer bounds, 
The plough is on their hunting grounds ; 
The pale man's axe rings through their woods, 
Tlie pale man's sail skims o'er their floods." 

64. Many years of peace followed, broken, after the 
death of Massasoit, by his son, called King Philip. The 
contest was longer, for the Indians had made 
progress in the art of war. Instead of bows, 
they liad guns ; instead of tomahawks of stone. 



King Philip's 
War. 



they had hatchets of iron. Philip was defeated, and hunted 
from place to place. His last battle was at Mount Hojje, 
Ehode Island. Attemjiting to flee, he was shot by a rene- 
gade Indian of his own tribe (1676). His head was sent to 
Plymouth, and there exposed on a gibbet for twenty years 
(note to § 135).* 

* " The Indians were very anxious to find out how to make gunpowder. 
A white trader who sold some to an Indian told him to sow it in the ground, 
and it would grow like eorn. The Indian was great!}' elated. He went home 
and sowed the powder. Month after month he watched for it to sprout. 
Winter came before he found out the cheat that had been put upon him. 
Some time after, when the trader had forgotten all about his practical joke, 
the Indian bought a lot of goods of him on credit. When the time for pay- 
ment came, the trader went to the Indian for his money. The Indian, look- 
mg him in the eye, said: 'Me pay you when my powder grow.'" — Drake' & 
Makhm of New England. 

63- What became of the surviving Pequods and their chief ? 

64- Give an account of King Philip, and the war with him. (.See Mount Hope, 
map p. 69.) 



78 Colonial Period. 



65. We have heard something of Roger Williams. What 
more of him interests us ? lie was u Puritan minister in 
Massachusetts, but, as he differed in opinion in 
certain church matters from his Puritan asso- 



Rhode Island. 



ciates, he did not meet with favor in their eyes. The Plym-' 
outh folks found no fault with him, but the people of the 
other towns were not so well disposed, for they believed that 
the country could not be safe unless all its inhabitants 
thought and felt alike. The town and the church, they con- 
tended, should be governed by the same rulers, and no man 
should vote who was not a member of their church. 
Though Williams was pastor of the Salem church, he was 
bold to say that there ought to be no such connection be- 
tween church and state. " Men,'' he said, '' ought to be pun- 
ished for their crimes, not for their opinions." The power 
of the civil magistrates, he asserted, '•' rightly extends only 
to the bodies, goods, and outward state of man."' Nor was 
he silent when he saw the ''white men helping themselves 
freely to the lands of the red men, on pretense of certain 
titles derived from a white king on the other side of the 
Atlantic. He could not see how even so great a monarch as 
the king of England could give away what did not belong to 
him." 

66. These sayings of the fearless pastor produced a great 
commotion. Representatives from the towns of Massachusetts 
I^ay met in General Court, pronounced them full of errors, 
and therefore injurious to the colony. The offender, it was 
solemnly resolved, must be sent to England. Men were ac- 
cordingly hurried off to arrest him, but they were too late. 
Warned by friends, he had escaped to find refuge in the coun- 
try of his friend Massasoit, whom he had often met among 

65- WTio was Roger Williams ? What opinions did he have ? How did his opin- 
ion;? differ from those of the Puritans ? 

66- What were the consequences to him ? Give an account of his flight. Where 
and when at last did he find a place of security ? What did he call it ? Where is Provi- 
dence situated (map 2) t 



New England. 



79 



the Pilgrims of Pl3-mouth. " Fourteen weeks," wrote he in 
after years, "1 was sorely tossed in a bitter season, not know- 
ing what bread or bed did mean." Massasoit received the 
fugitive with open arms, and gave him of his best. At the 
opening of summer, AYilliams, joined by friends from Salem, 
crossed Narragansett Bay to find a good place for a settle- 




THE COLONISTS MEETINa WILLIAM- Tu or. K UIM A WELfOME SfjT). 

{From Grant's Painting on the Wall of the Caurt-kouse^ Providence.} 

ment. Selecting a spot near a spring of cold water, he called 
it Providence, in token of God^s merciful providence to him 
in his distress (163G). 

67. The land belonged to the Xarragansetts, but they 
were glad to have Williams occupy it, showing their willing- 

67. How did Williams get to own the land ? What did he say ? How were the 
a€3ir3 of the colony attended to ? What is said of Williams's mission to England i 



80 Colonial Period. 



ness by giving' him a deed of uu exteusivo tract. *' Now the 
soil is my own," saiil he, "just as truly as the coat on my 
back is my own." It was not his object, however, to hold it 
for himself. Men came from other colonies anil from Europe, 
and ''to tliose most in want, lie gave until he gave all away. " 
The settlers came together every month ; no one asked to 
what, if any. Church they belonged, and at these " town 
meetings" the affairs of the colony were freely discussed and 
fully cared for. Other settlements having been nuule m 
Rhode Island, W'illiiinis went to England to have them united 
with his own uuiK'i- o\w charter.* He was successful (1G44). 
On his return, the people went across the bay in a fleet of 
canoes to give him a hearty welcome and escort him home. 

68. The Pecpuxl War being over, some Puritans of Massa- 
chusetts, not liking certain ni'w opinions that were agitated 
amons; the bi'ct liiu'ii, thought it safer to build a 



New Haven, i , , , , i • i 

church and home tor themselves m the C'onnecti- 



cut region, .\ spot was accordingly selected, and under a 
wide-spreading oak, with the Kev. Jolin Davenpoi't as their 
pastor, they held their tirst service. Ten good coats induced 
tlu' Iiulians to sell the tract of land, which its new owners 
began to lay out in squares for a city, theii: New Haven 
(1G38), God's word, as fcuind in the Bible, they declared 
should be their only rule. •• They feared God and kei)t 
their i)owder dry." Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant. 

* Like Williaiiis, Anne Hutchinson, Williiun CoiUliniiton, and others were 
forced to leave Massachusetts liecause their opinions and teacliings were at 
variance with the doctrines of tiie Massadnisetts clinrcli. Williams welcomed 
them to Khodi' Island. Coddinijjton lioutrht the i^lan^l of .Vquidneck, after- 
ward called Rhode Island, from the Indians, and on it made a settlement, 
from which siirunsi the towns of Newport and Portsmouth. Another settle- 
ment was made at Warwick, about ten miles from Providence. xVfter the 
death .of her husband Mrs. Hutchins(m removed to New Nethorland. The 
Dutch and Indians being then at war, her house was burned by the savages, 
and she met death in the flames or from a tomahawk. 

68- Glvo an account of the New Haven settlement. Where is New Haven (map, 
p. 75) ? Who was Theophilus Eaton ? 



Maryland. 



81 



Maryland's 
Charter. 



was elected goveruor, and annually, for twenty yearH, till his 
death, he was lionored in liJvc manner (§ 77). Now tliere 
were tliree colonies in Connecticut (§ 98). 

Makylakd, 

69. The Puritans were not the only persons in England 
wlio were not allowed to liave churches of their own. The 
Roman Catholics were no better treated. We won- 
der that while there was so much intolerance in 
England the same intolerance was not extended to 
all England's colonies. Our wonder is not abated when we learn 
that King Charles agreed to transfer a large domain north of 
the Potomac River to the keeping of Sir George Calvert, the 
first Lord Baltimore, who was a 
distinguished Catholic. The 
deed, written in Latin, was 
ready for the king's signature, 
when Lord Baltimore died. It 
was, however, issued to his son, 
Cecil {scs'-il), who, by law ainl 
custom, inherited tlie property 
as well as the title of liis fathei- 
(1032). By a clause in the deed 
he was bound to deliver two 
Indian arrows ev(!ry year to the 
king, and a fifth of all tlie gold 
and silver mined in the colony. 

70, Nothing was said in the 
deed, or charter, by which the people of one religion were 
to be favored more than those of another. "Christianity, as 
professed by the Church of England, was protected, but be- 
yond this, silence left room for equality in religious rights 
not less than in civil freedom," The proprietor, it was well 

69. Who was Sir George Calvert? What did King James agree to do for him? 
What was his object ? Why did he not receive the grant ? Who did receive it ? 

70- What is said of the charter ? What name was given to the province, and why t 
6 




LIIKU I'.AI.'l JMDIil, (~ll). 



82 Colonial Period. 



known, was a zealous Catholic, and it was not to be supposed 
that persons of the same faith would not find a welcome in 
the new colony. The province was called Maryland, in honor 
of Queen Mary, as the people called Henrietta Maria, the 
king's wife. 

71. The young Lord Baltimore faithfully carried out the 
plans of his father. In two ships, the Ark and the Dove, 
the first party of emigrants embarked. Among 
them were two brothers of the proprietor, one of 
whom, Leonard Calvert, was to be the governor 



Haryland's 

First 
Settlement. 



of the colony. There were several Catholic missionaries, 
" twenty gentlemen of good fashion, and two or three hun- 
dred laborers.'' In February, 1634, they arrived in Chesa- 
peake Bay. Ascending the Potomac, they came to an Indian 
village, nearly opposite to what was, more than a hundred 
years later, the home of George Washington, Mount Vernon. 
There they found an English trader, who was living with the 
Indians and could speak their language. 

72. Nearer the mouth of the river they found another 
Indian village which its inhabitants were about to abandon 
because of the hostility of a neighboring tribe. This favora- 
ble state of things made it easy "^by presents of cloth and 
axes, of hoes and knives, to purchase the Indian right to 
the soil." The new-comers at once occupied the village, to 
which, with pious ceremony, they gave the name St. Mary's. 
A large wigwam was assigned to the missionaries, who conse- 
crated it as a church. Thus we see that the first chapel in 
Maryland was built by Indians. No person was molested on 
account of his religion, and all were equally protected. " The 
Indian women taught the wives of the new-comers to make 
bread of maize ; and the warriors of the tribe joined the 
huntsmen in the chase." The deserted fields of the Indians 
were planted with corn, and of the abundant crop in the 

71. Give au account of the first emigration to Maryland (map 7). 
72- Of the settlement of St. Mary's. Its church. Its location. 



Troubles 

with 
Clayborne. 



Maryland. 83 

autumn, a cargo was sent to Massachusetts to be exchanged 
for fish. 

73. Were the settlers happy ? Their beautiful country, 
with its mild climate and fertile soil, and the friendly dis- 
position of the Indians, gave them much cause 
for contentment ; but at their very door, it may 
be said, was an enemy that vexed and annoyed 
them terribly. On one of their islands in Chesapeake Bay 
was a man named Clayborne [hld'-hurn), " o, rebel" they 
called him, who was carrying on a brisk trade with the 
Indians. He would not acknowledge the authority of Mary- 
land's governor, for he had come first, and in his pocket he 
carried a license from the king, addressed to "•our truly and 
well-beloved William Clayborne," which made him the owner 
of land in Maryland and gave him permission to trade. 

74. The claims of Clayborne, it was evident, conflicted 
with the rights of Lord Baltimore, and the rebel was ordered 
to leave. He refused. One of his boats being seized, a 
skirmish followed in which two of his men were killed. He 
made his escape to England, but returning at the head of '"a 
band of rebels," he drove Governor Oalvert out of Maryland. 
Aided by Virginia's governor, Calvert expelled the mischief- 
maker, and peace was restored. 

75. It was a peace of short duration. The liberal offers 
of Lord Baltimore drew many Puritans to the colony. In- 
stead of showing gratitude, these, incited by 
Clayborne, turned against their host, gained con- 
trol of public affairs, and deprived the Catholics of their 
rights. Not a single Catholic could vote or hold an office. 
A civil war ensued (1654). What would it profit us to con- 
tinue the unhappy story ? Do we ask Avhy the king did not 
put a stop to the trouble ? He, unfortunately, had trouble 

73- What rights had Clayborne. How were they procured ? 

74. Give an account of the war that followed. 

75. • Give an account of the civil war. What was the fate of Charles I. ? What fol- 
lowed in England ? 



84 Colonial Period. 



enough of his own at home. Believing that the wishes of 
kings are above all law, he quarrelled with his Parliaments. 
He was driven from his throne by the Puritans, captured, 
tried on a charge of treason, pronounced guilty, and beheaded 
(1649). The Puritans, being now masters, would not let the 
dead king's son, the second Charles, occupy the throne. 
Oliver Cromwell, with the title of Lord Protector, became 
the head of the government. He was not a king in name, 
but he had all the authority of a king. 

76. This revolution in England had its effect in the 
colonies. Large numbers of Episcopalians flocked to Vir- 
ginia, where the people, with few exceptions, were " Church- 
men," like themselves, or, as they were often called. Cavaliers. 
The Puritans were as often called Roundheads, a name given 
to them in derision because of their custom of wearing their 
hair cropped short. The Cavaliers were true royalists. They 
were ever faithful alike to king and Church. Cromwell, in 
their eyes, as well as in the eyes of the Catholics, was a rank 
rebel. That sturdy ruler was wise enough to keep his hands 
off Virginia, but not from Maryland.* 

New Exglaxd (See § 68). 

77. Upon the Puritans of New England Cromwell smiled. 
" ^""^f 1 They Avere his devoted friends, believing that 
New England " his battles Were the battles of tlie Lord." 



Colonies. 



In many ways did he favor them ; and, while he 
ruled, they were, except in name, a free and independent 

* With the exceptions of brief intervals of quietness, the civil war in Mary- 
land lasted about seven years, when the authority of Lord Baltimore was 
fully restored. In 1691 King William made Sir Lionel Copley governor. 
Maryland was then said to be a "crown colony." Finally, in 1715, King 
George I. returned to the lifth Lord Baltimore all the rights which had been 
granted by Charles 1. to the head of his line eighty-three 3ears before. 

76. Uow did the revolution affect Virginia and Maryland ? 

77. How did New England fare at the hands of Cromwell ? What is said of the 
union of New England colonies ? Why was not Rhode Island included ? Am. Be- 
cause her settlers differed in religious opinioiis from those of the other colonies. 



New England. 



85 



people. Four ' of their colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth, 
Connecticut, and New Haven, had formed a union for pro- 
tection against their Dutch 
neighbors on the west, the 
French on the east, and the 
Indians in their midst (1643). 
What now could there be 
to mar their peace and hap- 
piness ? 

78. Alas ! a trouble ap- 
peared, lasting five years, in 
which they were greatly to 
blame. It makes a doleful 
page in the history of the 
Massachusetts colony. 
"^ Twelve converts of George 
Fox, the first Quaker in the 
world, came to the colony 
from England.'' They were 
not wise and moderate, like 
the good Quaker, William 
Penn, of Avhom we shall pre- 
sently h ear. They did 
things which neither he nor 
the great body of Quakers 
could approve. "■ Left to 
themselves," says Bancroft, 
" they appeared like a motley 
tribe of persons, half frantic, 
half insane." N"o doubt they 

were " impelled by an earnest love for the souls of men, and 
by the pure desire to make known what they 
considered a revelation from Heaven. They de- 
clared that they were to be governed by God's 




THE PUKITAN. (FROM WABD's STATUS 
IN CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK.) 



Persecntion 

of the 

Quakers. 



78. Give an account of the persecution of tlie Quakers. 



Colonial Period. 



law, not by man's. But the Puritan rulers looked upon them 
as plotting the downfall of all government and religion. 
They were thrown into prison ; they were beaten with many 
stripes, women as well as men ; they were driven into the 
wilderness, and left to the tender mercies of wild beasts and 
Indians." Four of their number, including a woman, were 
hanged. In Virginia the Quakers were denounced as '" liars 
and enemies of society." In Maryland they were treated as 
"vagabonds." 

79. IVreanwhile important events were passing in Eng- 
land. In IGGO, Charles II. was proclaimed king amid great 
rejoicings, the event being known in English history as the 
Restoration. '' Charles had many vices, but he would not 
permit blood to be shed under pretence of religion in any 
part of his dominions ; and so ended the Quaker persecution, 
a mournful passage in the history of our forefathers" 

(§ 98).* 

Virginia (See § 52). 

80. In one respect at least the new king resembled his 
grandfather, James I. All the territory in America that had 

been discovered or explored by Englishmen he 
considered just as much his own property as his 
house or dog. This gives us the key to his policy 



Two Men 

own 
Virginia. 



in disposing of it. One of his worst acts was tne granting to 

* The judges on whose verdict Charles I. was beheaded were called regi- 
cides. Three of them, to escape tlie vengeance of his son, Charles II., fled to 
America. The following is the story that was told of one of them, "William 
Gofle, but recent investigations prove that it is not true. "The town of 
Hadley, Massachusetts, was alarmed by Indians in 1675, in the time of public 
worship. The people were in the utmost confusion. Suddenly an elderly 
person appeared in the midst of them. In his mien and dress he differed from 
the rest of the i)eople. He not only encouraged them to defend themselves, 
but he put himself at their head, led them on to encounter the enemy, who 
by this means were repulsed. As suddenly, the deliverer of Hadley disap- 
peared." — Hutchinson's Hist, of Massachusetts. 

79. What change took place, and how was it brought about ? 

80. What grant did Charles II. make of Virginia ? 



Virginia. 87 

two of his favorites ''all the land and water '' known as Vir- 
ginia, to be held by them for thirty-one years, at a yearly 
rent of forty shillings. By a scratch of the royal pen, Vir- 
ginia, which had been faithful to Charles while he was a wan- 
derer in Europe, was conveyed by him to two great lords 
(1673). 

81. What an outcry this wrong did raise among the forty 
thousand inhabitants of the colony ! Just then they were not 
in a humor to let it pass, for other wrongs were 
weighing upon them. They were not allowed to 
send their tobacco to the best markets of Europe. 



Bacon's 
Rebellion. 



The right to vote was taken from all except the few property 
holders. Their governor, Berkeley, would make no defence 
against threatened attacks from Indians. This last act, the 
lavish grant of the profligate king, produced great excite- 
ment in the colon3\ 

82. The people rebelled. Twice in former years the 
Indians had surprised the colonists, and with tomahawk and 
fire had laid waste the outlying plantations (1622, 1644). 
The people said they would not be so caught again. The 
central figure of the uprising was a 3^oung man named 
Nathaniel Bacon. He was brave and eloquent, and soon 
became so popular that he was called the "Darling of the 
people's hopes and desires." At the head of a body of the 
people, he went against the Indians and defeated them with 
dreadful slaughter. His work was not yet done. Virginia's 
unjust laws, he said, must be repealed. Berkeley pro- 
claimed him to be a rebel, and set about to collect a force to 
destroy him. With a rabble, consisting of servants, slaves, 
and sailors, Berkeley fortified himself at Jamestown, but on 
the approach of Bacon, his cowardly crew deserted him, and. 
in the darkness of night, he effected his escape. Next morn- 

81. What troubles at that time were upon Virginians ? 

82- Give an account of the Bacon Rebellion. What is there now of the old James- 
town settlement (note next page) ? 



Colonial Period. 



ing the capital of Virginia Avas in the liands of the rebels. It 
was resolved to burn it, that it might not afford shelter to the 
"rogues," as Berkeley and his adherents were called. Not 
a house was spared, not even the little church at whose font 
Pocahontas had received the name Eebecca (1676).* 

83. AYord came to Bacon that a force was on its way to 
attack him. Leaving the smoking ruins, he hastened to 
meet it. But there was no fighting.. The loyalists deserted 
their commander and joined the rebels. In the midst of his 
success, Bacon was taken sick, and died. His followers lost 
heart, and many were captured and hanged. " Gibbets rose 
and made the wayfarer shudder.'' When the king heard of 
these vengeful doings of Berkeley, he exclaimed : "That old 
fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I 
have for the murder of my father ! " Hated in Virginia, 
Berkeley, by command of his royal master, returned to Eng- 
land. There, rebuked by people and king, he mourned, and 
died. Bacon's Rebellion, as history names it, had its begin- 
ning and end within about four months of 1676, just a hun- 
dred years before a greater rebellion was proclaimed in the 
city of Philadelphia (p. 161). 

New York and New Jersey (See § 41). 

84. Another of the king's wrong-doings Avas his gift of New 



Con(iuest 
of 



NetherUmd to his brother, the Duke of York. 

The Dutch Avere in rightful possession of the 
New Netherlands country, and Holland was then at peace with 
England. These facts, however, had no weight with the king. 

* " Nothing remains of this famous settlement but the ruins of the church 
tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling 
year by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts 
across the names on them. The jjlace is desolate, with its washing waves and 
flitting sea-foam. The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied 
by the original huts is already submerged. " — Cooke's Hist, of the Virginia Ikople. 



83. How was the rebellion ended ? What is said of Berkeley ? 

84. Of what wrong was the king guilty respecting New Netherland » 



ITew York and New Jersey. 89 

He sent a fleet to take possession of the territory for his 
brother. The vessels arrived in the harbor of New Amster- 
dam ; and JSTicolls, the duke's agent, sent a letter to Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant, demanding the surrender of all the country 
under his rule. (Kead note 6, Appendix, ]). -43.) 

85. The brave old soldier, faithful to his trust, would 
not yield. He would stand a siege. The Dutch settlers, 
however, were not willing to have their houses destroyed by 



1 i 



t"^ ^ 



XEW AUSTERDAM IN 1665. 

the ships'' guns. The English residents, of whom there 
were many, forgetting past favors, said that they would 
help the invaders. The sturdy governor, in his anger, tore 
Nicolls's letter to pieces, and threw the fragments on the 
floor, but he was powerless. In spite of his protest, the sur- 
render was made. With this change of masters. New Am- 
sterdam, in compliment to the Duke of York, was called New 
York ; and Fort Orange was called Albany, from one of the 
duke's titles (1664). New York had then a population of 

85. State how the wrong was carried out. What changes of names were made ? 

When was that ? 



90 



Colonial Period. 



fifteen liuiulred persons, who spoke eighteen different lan- 
guages. A few of the Dutch colonists returned to Holland. 
86. In the part of the surrendered territory now Kew Jer- 
sey, there were few inhabitcints. Less than a dozen Swedish 



New Jersey's 
Ownerships. 



farmers, and a small number of Dutch and Quaker 
families, were all. By permission of Nicolls, a 
body of Puritans, who had first made their home 
in Massachusetts and then on Long Island, began the settle- 
ment of Elizabethtown, now the city of Elizabeth (1004). 
New JersQj', in its colonial short clothes, often changed its 
guardians. A deed from 
the Duke of York made 
Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret its owners 
(1004). Its name, Xew 
Jersey, was then bestowed 
upon it in honor of the 
latter, who, as Governor 
of the little island of Jer- 
sey in the En- 
glisli Chan- 
nel, had de- 
fended it val- 
iantly for the 
king's father, 
Charles I., 
after t h a t 
monarch had 
been driven 

from his throne. Next, Berkeley sold his interest to two 
Quakers (1073). Again, but only for a few months, while 
England and Holland were at war, the Dutch were in posses- 
sion of New York and New Jersey (1673-4). 




86- State how, when, and where New Jersey was settled. Give the history of the 
several New Jersey ownerships. Where is the city of Elizabeth (map 2) ? 



North and South Carolina. 91 

87. English proprietors divided the Jersey region into 
East Jersey and West Jersey. By purchase, in 1682, William 
Penn and eleven other Quakers became the owners of the two 
Jerseys. Experience proved that there were too many mas- 
ters. Difficulties arose, twenty years passed, when, there 
being no prospect that the trouble would cease, the proprie- 
tors surrendered their riglits to the crown (1702). During 
the next thirty-six years the province had the same governors 
as New York, though it had its own assemblies. Its last 
governor under kingly authority was William Franklin, son 
of the j^atriot and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin (§ 101).* 

NoKTH AXD South Carolina. 

88. King Chai'les's grant of New York to his brother was 
not the last of his wrong acts. To eight men, dukes, earls, 
and lords, he gave a vast belt of territory five 
hundred miles wide, its eastern end being 
washed by the Atlantic, its western by the Pa- 



Grants to 
Clarendon 
and Others. 



cific (1663-5). Within the belt was the land now belonging 
to North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia 
complained that a large strip of her domain by this gift was 
taken from her. A greater wrong was done to Spain, inas- 

* "lu 1696, Captain Kidd, commanding an armed ship, sailed from New 
York in search of piratical vessels in the Indian seas. Not succeeding in tak- 
ing pirate ships, he himself became a pirate, and his captures soon made his 
name a terror to honest merchantmen. A decoy letter induced him to visit 
Boston, where he was arrested." — Schuijler\H Colonial New York. 

On the narrative of Kidd's exploits are founded Poe's ingenious stor}- of the 
Gold Bug, and the once popular song. " My name was Captain Kidd, when I 
sailed, when I sailed." Kidd was taken to England, and illegally tried. He 
declared that his men forced him to commit piracy. The verdict was against 
him, and he, with nine of his crew, was hanged. The wonderful tales of his 
treasures, hidden on the American coast, have gone from lip to lip from that 
day to this. 

87- What division was made of New Jersey ? WTiat did William Penn have to do 

with New Jersey ? Give the further history of the province. 

88. What grant was made to Clarendon and others ? What territory was within the 
grant? What complaint was made ? What wrong was done to Spain ? 



92 



Colonial Period. 



much as the grant covered half of Florida, including the 
town of St. Augustine. A crop of trouble with Spain was 
the consequence (§4, § 113 ; and note 4, App., p. 42). 

89. Great expectations were formed for the new province. 
Its proprietors, one of whom was the historian Clarendon, 
believed that they could avoid the rocks on 
which most of the governments of the past had 
been wrecked. To one of their number, Lord 



The 
Orand Model 



Ashley Cooper, afterward celebrated as Earl of Shaftesbury, 
the task of framing a plan of 
government was assigned. He 
called to his aid his friend, 
John Locke, then a young man 




unknown to the world, but who before long became the most 
eminent philosopher of his time. 

90. The i^lan called the *' Grand Model"' was completed, 
and, though prepared by two wise men, it proved to be a 

89. What did Ashley Cooper have to do with the early government for Carolina i 
Who was John Locke ? 

90. Give the history of the Grand Model. Who went to Carolina ? 



Pennsylvania and Delaware. 93 

very unwise scheme. It was full of grand intentions, but 
sadly at fault in its aim to meet the wants of an infant 
colony. Three colonies were planted in the Carolinas. One, 
on the Chowan Eiver, was the Albemarle County Colony 
(1663), One, near the present city of Wilmington, was the 
Clarendon County Colony (1665). The third, on the Ashley 
Eiver, was the Carteret County Colony (1670). These were 
the work of Protestants from Virginia who would not obey 
the Church-of-England rule there (§ 27), of Presbyterians 
from Scotland, of Quakers from England, and of Huguenots 
from France. In a few years the colony on the Ashley was 
removed to a better place. It was the beginning of the busy 
city of Charleston, the metropolis of South Carolina (1680). 
There the first Church of the Huguenots in the province was 
built. " On every Lord's day, its worshippers gathered from 
their plantations, and, taking advantage of the ebb and flow 
of the tide, the parents with their children might be seen 
making their way in light skiffs to the flourishing village." 
Though at no time was it possible to put the " Grand 
Model" fully and fairly into effect, it continued to be the 
law of the land nearly a quarter of a century. North 
Carolina and South Carolina did not begin their sepa- 
rate existence before 1739. Then King George II. bought 
the proprietors' rights, and placed a governor over each 
colony. 

Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

91. There was one act of the king from which, though 
little to his credit, much good resulted. He conveyed to 
William Penn, whose name has already been in- 
troduced into this - history, a large tract of land 
lying west of the Delaware River (1681). Penn's 



Qrant 

to 

William Penn. 



father had spent the most of his life on war ships, had fairly 



91. What extensive grant was made to William Penn ? Give tlie particulars. 



94 



Colonial Period, 




WILLIAM FENN, 



earned the rank of admiral, and in battle had won Jamaica 
for his king. So, we see, he was not a Quaker. Quakers do 

not fight. At his death he 
left a claim against his gov- 
ernment of about |(80,000. 
This was for services for 
which he liad not been paid. 
The amount we -would not con- 
sider large for a great king to 
pay, but it was more than the 
profligate Charles, ever need- 
ing money, could spare. He 
could pay the debt in land 
easier than in money, and, 
fortunately for him as well as 
America, Penn jsreferred the 
land. We now see how the great Quaker acquired the tract 
to which we have alluded. As a token of his devotion to the 
king, Penn agreed to pay two beaver skins every year \o his 
majesty. 

92. Penn's domain being covered with forests, he ilecided 
that it should be called Sylvania. The king, wishing to 
honor the memory of his late friend, the admiral, wrote Penn 
before the word. The Quaker tried to have the name 
changed, even offering twenty guineas to the king's secretary 
to influence his master to agree to the request. He was 
afraid that people would think he was vain, so he said, but 
Charles could not be moved. About this time, as we have 
seen, Penn became one of the owners of New Jersey (§ 87). 
By conveyance from the Di;ke of York, he also became the 
owner of Delaware (1682). This latter, we remember, Avas 
a part of the king's gift to the Duke nearly twenty years 
before (§ 84). (Read note 8, Appendix, p. 44.) 



92. What is said of the name given to the province ? In what other territory was 
Penn interested as owner ? 



Pennsylvania and Delaware. 95 

93. Besides Swedes and Dutch, there were a few English 
families already in Pennsylvania. To all Penn sent word 
that they should " live free under laws of their 
own making." In the summer of 1681 three 
ships with emigrants from England were sent to 



Pennsylvania, 

first 

Settlement. 



begin the colony. * Next year twenty-three ships were sent ; 
and when Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, there were 
already more than two thousand inhabitants, other than In- 
dians, in Pennsylvania and Delaware (1G82). 

94. Penn loved to do good. The Quakers were oppressed 
in England, and he, like Fox and others, had been fined and 
imprisoned. They were not treated Avith quite so much 
harshness as formerly, 3'et they did not have the liberty to 
which all men are entitled. Now, here in America, there 
was room, not for the Quakers only, for Penn said, "Here 
will I build a free colony for all mankind.*' 

95. On the west bank of the Delaware a stone monument 
marks the spot where, according to tradition, a famous 
treaty was made. Beneath the wide-spreading 
branches of a large elm, " with the sun, the river, 
and the forest for witnesses," Penn met the 



Treaty 
with the 
Indians. 



Indians. His message to them was of " peace and love. We 
meet," said he, "on the broad pathway of good faith and 
good will. I will not call you children, for parents some- 
times chide their children too severely ; nor brothers only, for 
brothers differ. The friendship between you and me I will 
not compare to a chain, for that the rain might rust, or 



* " The lodgings of some of these settlers were at first in the woods. A 
chosen tree was frequently all the shelter thej* had against the inclemency of 
the weather. Their next coverings were either caves in the earth, or such 
huts as could be most expeditiously put up till better houses were built." — 
Prov/Vs Hist, of Pm,nsylvania. 

93. Who were in his domain before Penn went there ? What word did he send to 
them ? At what place and when did he land ? How is Wilmington located (map 2) ? 

94. What was Penu's object in planting this colony ? 

95. Repeat the speech that, it is said, Penn made to the Indians. 



96 



Colonial Period. 



the falling tree might bivak. We are the suiue as if one 
mau's body were to be divideil into two parts. "We are all 
one llesh and blood." 

96. To this speech., translated into their language, the 
Indians listened, so says the tradition, in unbroken silence. 

Then, after consulting 
among themselves, they 
handed to Penn a belt 
of wampum, saying : 
*• AVe will live in love 
with William Penn and 
his children as long as 
the moon and the sun 
shall endure."' Thus, 
it is recorded, this won- 
derful treaty of peace 
and friendship was 
made. It was written 
only on the heart. It 
was never sworn to and 
never broken. ' ' While 

Penn lived not a drop of Quaker blood was shed by an 

Indian." 

97. A little to the soutli of this cherished spot, a city was 
laid out, which, said Penn, "•'shall be called Philadelphia, a 

i-jno^jng name that means brotherly love "* (lG8"-i). It was 
the birthplace of American Independence. Emi- 
grants flocked to it from Holland and Germany, 
as well as from England and Wales. Those from England 
being mostly Quakers, or, as they called themselves, Friends, 
their city of refuge became widely and happily known as the 
Quaker City. The first band of Germans came from the 

96- Relate how the speech was received. What were the consequences of Penn'a 
jnet treatment of the Indians ? 

97. Where is Philadelphia imap 'i) » State what you can of its early history. Of 
Gennantowu. \Vhat is Germautowu now I 




TREATY .MOM MEM'. 



of 
Philadelphia. 



New England. 97 



valley of the Rhine. They established themselves oa the 
fertile hillsides and in the valleys not far away, and thus 
gave birth to Germantown, now a part of Penn's great city, 
Philadelphia. Though Penn held a grant of the land from 
the king, he believed that the Indians were its true owners, 
and not an acre should he call his own till he had made a 
fair purchase of it from the natives. 

New England (See § 79). 

98. We have seen how New Netherland was taken from 
the Dutch and given to the Duke of York (§ 84). The gift 
included more than half of the present State of 
Connecticut. The king, unmindful of what he 
had then done, united all the towns of Connecti- 



New Charters for 
Connecticut 

and 
Rhode Island. 



cut under one charter (16G2). This, to be sure, was what 
some good men had asked for, and it proved a blessing for 
which the people long after had reason to rejoice. To Rhode 
Island, also, was given a new charter, liberal like Connecti- 
cut's (16G3). These two gifts must be recorded to the credit 
of the king, though unM'ortliy motives were attributed to him. 
99. In 1G8.5, Charles II. died. It cannot be said that his 
death was mourned, except by his court associates, who were as 
immoral as himself. We get an idea of his character 
from the remark made by a distinguished French- 
man, that " he never said a foolish thing nor ever 



Andros, 

Governor of 

New England. 



did a wise one." He was succeeded by his brother, that Duke 
of York on whom he had bestowed so many favors. The reign 
of this new king, James II., was short, but it was long enough 
to send consternation into all the English colonies. His 
favorite, Edmund Andros, he knighted, and sent across the 
ocean to be governor of all New England (1686). Glittering 

98. When and bow were the Connecticut colonies united ? How many colonies 
were there in Connecticut § 59, 68) ? Name the three colonies. What is said of the 
Rhode Island charter ? 

99. Who succeeded Charles II. on the throne ? What favors were extended to 
Andros ? What was done respecting the colony charter '? 



98 Colonial Period. 



in scarlet and lace, Sir Edmund arrived at Boston, ** The 
king had given such powers to him that there was now no 
liberty nor law in the colonies over Avhich he ruled." Their 
charters he declared void, and the people had no voice 
whatever in the government.* ''Deeds from Indians," 
said he, "are of no more value than the scratch of a bear's 
paw." 

100. " This sort of government was no better than an 
absolute despotism. While these things were going on in 
America, James had so misgoverned the people of England 
that they sent over to Holland for the Prince of Orange, who 
had married James's daughter, and was therefore considered 
to have a claim to the throne. On his arrival in England, 
the prince was proclaimed king with the title of "William III. 
(1689). Poor King James made his escape to France." 

101. Andros, not content with ruling New England, 
reached out to govern New York and New Jersey, as the 

king had decreed. All the country from the St, 
Croix [hroi) to the Delaware, with Boston as the 
capital, Avas under his rule ; but when the news 



King William's 
War. 



of the revolution in England Avas received in Boston, his 
sway Avas brought to a sudden end. '' The people rose in 
their strength, overthrcAV his government, and cast him into 

* In Hartford, up to 185G, stood a grand old tree known as the Charter 
Oak. How did it get that name ? In 1687, Andros appeared before the Con- 
necticut Assembly in that city, and demanded the colony's charter. And 
now again we invoke tradition: "The charter was brought in and laid upon 
the table. In an instant the lights were extinguished, and the room was 
wrapped in total darkness. Not a word was spoken. The candles were re- 
lighted, but, strange to say, the charter had disappeared. Sir Edmund looked 
in every nook and corner for it, but the search was in vain. Captain AV ads- 
worth had seized the precious charter. Secretly he flew with it to the friendly 
tree, afterward known as the Charter Oak, and deposited it in the hollow of 
its trunk. " — IfolUster'' s JTistonj of Connecticut. 

100- How was King James's rule in England brought to an end ? By whom was he 
succeeded ? A\''hen was that ? 

101. AVhat further can you say of Andros ? Wliat mistake did the French king 
make y 



New England. 99 



prison. " A great commotion followed in New York, * and 
a greater one in Europe, for the French king, Louis XIV., 
bent upon aiding James to recover his lost throne, made war 
upon England (1689). 

102. The contest extended to North America, where it 
was waged for territory and the fisheries. The northern set- 
tlements of New York and New England were sufferers. 
Terrible blows were inflicted upon them by bands of French 
and Indians from Canada. Schenectady {slce-neh'-ta-de), a 
Dutch village on the Mohawk, was one of the victims. Its 
cluster of homes was surrounded by a palisade, but when the 
attack was made, the gates were open and unguarded, and 
the inhabitants were in deep sleep. The invaders entered, 
raised the terrible war-whoop, broke open doors, set fire to 
houses, and as the dazed inhabitants rushed from their beds, 
cut them down with the merciless tomahawk. Of the vil- 
lagers, sixty were massacred, some were taken jarisouers, the 
rest, half -naked, fled through a driving snow-storm to Albany, 
seventeen miles away (1690). Seven 3^ears later, a band of 
Indians appeared before Haverhill Qiav'-er-iT), about thirty 
miles from Boston. " The savages raised a shout near the 
house of Hannah Dustin. Her husband hurried home from 
the field, but too late to provide for her rescue. They burned 
his house, and dashed his infant against a tree. After days 
of weary marching, Mrs. Dustin and her nurse, with a boy 
from Worcester {woos'-ter), find themselves on an island in 

* Jacob Leisler (Uce'-ler), supported bj- all the inhabitants of the town, ex- 
cept the aristocratic class, tooli possession of the fort, and held it in the name 
of the new king, William, till the arrival of Sloughter (slow'-ter), with a com- 
mission as governor, to whom he at once surrendered his authority. This, 
however, would not satisfy Leisler's enemies. He was tried on a charge of 
treason, and condemned to be hanged. The profligate Sloughter, while drunk 
at a feast, was induced to sign the death-warrant, and next day the unjust 
sentence was carried out (1691). — Hildreth. 

102- What were the objects of the war in North America ? Give an account of the 
attack upon Schenectady. Of Mrs. Dustin's escape. Of the expedition against Nova 
Scotia. Result of the war. 



100 Colonial Period. 



the Merrimac, in a wigwam occupied by two Indian fami- 
lies. The mother plans escajae. At night, while the house- 
hold slumbers, the captives, two women and a boy, each 
with a tomahawk, strike vigorously and fleetly ; and, of the 
twelve sleepers, ten lie dead. Of one squaw, the wound was 
not mortal. One child was spared. In a canoe, the tliree 
strikers for freedom descend the river to Haverhill, aston- 
ishing their friends by their escape, and filling the land with 
wonder at their daring deed." Massachusetts, in hearty 
sympathy with King William, fitted out an expedition 
against the French province of Acadia (§ 14). Port Royal 
was captured, but, at the end of the war, was returned to 
France (1697, § 106). 

103. It was during the reign of this king that the witch- 
craft delusion had its craze in Massachusetts. The belief in 
witchcraft is older than the Bible. Thousands 
of supposed witches were put to death in the old 
world before Columbus discovered America. One 



The Salem 
Witchcraft. 



of the most learned judges of England condemned two poor 
women as witches, and they were hanged. The law of Massa- 
chusetts against witchcraft was word for word like the Eng- 
lish law. Under it, several persons were executed before 
1692. That year gave to history tlie Salem Witchcraft. 
''The frenzy," said Hawthorne, "originated in the wicked 
acts of two children, a daughter and niece of a clergyman. 
They complained of being pinched, and pricked with pins, 
and otlierwise tormented by the shapes of men and women 
who were supposed to have power to haunt them invisibly. 
Often, in the midst of friends, they would pretend to be 
seized with strange convulsions, when they would cry out 
that the witches were afflicting them.'' 

104. ''It had been the custom of the inhabitants in all 



103. What craze broke out in Massachusetts during King William's reign ? How 
did it lK'i;in ? What can you state of the delusion in previous times ? 

104. Give the full history of the Salem Witchcraft delusion. 



New England. 101 



matters of doubt and difficulty to look to their ministers for 
counsel. So they did now. But, unfortunately, the minis- 
ters and wise men were more deluded than the illiterate peo- 
ple." Cotton Math'er, a very learned clergyman, was among 
the deceived. A number of persons were accused of the 
crime of witchcraft, and, to escape torture, confessed their 
guilt. More than fifty were in this way compelled to make 
such a confession ; and twenty j)ersons were put to death, 
many others being sent to prison. This dreadful delusion 
lasted more than six months ; and it was not until some of 
the magistrates themselves, and even the governor's wife, 
were accused, that the people began to see how much they 
had been deceived. All the accused were then set at liberty, 
aiid some of the most active in bringing them to punish- 
ment confessed that they had been imposed upon or had 
sworn falsely.* 

105. King William was never popular with the people of 



* The other colonies had laws against witchcraft, but not much attention 
was given to them. In Virginia there was one notable case which had rather 
a ludicrous ending. "A judge directed that the proper tests should be 
applied to a certain woman to ascertain whether she was a witch or not. So 
the tests were duly applied by a jurj' of old women, and these hags, having 
found the ambiguous verdict that she ivas not like them, the poor woman was 
put into water to drown, but she disappointed them by swimming. Thereat 
tlie judge shook his wise head, and ordered her to be sent to jail." — Cooke''s 
People of Virr/inia. 

" It is well known that no exclusive reproach can with justice be cast 
upon any part of New England on account of a delusion which equally pre- 
vailed in the most enlightened countries of Europe, and received the counte- 
nance of the most learned anti intelligent men and upright magistrates. In 
contemplating this sorrowful page in the history of our ancestors, we must 
bear in mind that, as I have already intimated, no peculiar reproach attaches 
to them. They acted upon principles which all professed, and in which 
the sincere in all parts of Christendom reposed an undoubting faith." — Haw- 
thorne. 



105- What is said of Queen Anne ? Queen Anne's War ♦ Its benefit to England ? 
Changes in names ? 



102 Colonial Period. 



England. His manner was cold and unsympathetic. He 
said little and had no fondness for pleasure. Nobody, how- 
ever, denied him great qualities, both as a leader 
in war and ruler in j^eace. His death occurred 
in 1702. As his wife was already dead, her sister 



Queen An&e's 
War. 



Anne {an), popularly known as Good Queen Anne, was raised 
to the throne. The reign of this queen was almost wholly oc- 
cupied with what is known in history as the "War of the Span- 
ish Succession. The colonists called it Queen Anne's War. 
It was a contest in which England, Germany,, and Holland 
united to prevent the French king, Louis XIV., from gaining 
control in Spain. At its close (1713), England was in posses- 
sion of Gibraltar and Acadia (§ 123). 

106. We see that some of the fighting was in America. 
The Iroquois, at peace with the French and the English, 
protected New York. New England, as in King William's 
War, suffered. The snow lay four feet deep when a war 
party of French and Indians, from Canada, attacked Deer- 
field, Massachusetts (1704). The village was set on fire, 
and all but the church and one dwelling was consumed. 
Of the inhabitants, but few escaped. Forty-seven were 
killed. One hundred and twelve, including the minis- 
ter, Mr. Williams, and his family, were made captives. 
In the early morning the war party began its return to 
Canada. If a young child wept from fatigue, or a woman 
tottered from anguish, the tomahawk stilled complaint. 
The strength of Mrs. Williams failed. One blow ended her 
sorrows. In Canada, no entreaties, no offers of ransom could 
rescue her youngest daughter, then seven years old. She be- 
came the wife of an Indian chief. When, after long years, 
she visited her friends at Deerfield, she appeared in an Indian 
dress. A whole village assembled to pray for her deliverance, 
but she would make only a short sojourn. " She returned 

106. Relate the Deerfleld tragedy. What the note says of King George's War, p. 103. 



Georgia. 108 

to the fires of her wigwam, and to the love of her chil- 
dren." * 

Georgia. 

107. On the death of Queen Anne, the crown was placed 
upon the head of George I., whose mother was a grand- 
daughter of James I. (1714). This king was 
born in Germany, Avas fifty-four years of age 
when he began to reign, and was so ignorant 



Queen Anne's 
Successor. 



of the English language that he could not make known 
his simplest wants in it. At his death, his son, also born in 
Germany, a dull and conceited little despot, became king as 
George 11. (1727). 

108. The laws of England in those days were very severe 
against debtors. If a man was not able to pay his debts, he 
could be thrown into prison, and kept there till 
they were paid or till death set him free. Those 
of us who have read Dickens's touching story of 



Debtor Laws 

of 

England- 



Little Dorrit get a glimpse of the miseries which the un- 
fortunate debtor suffered in the old London prison. An 
English writer, in alluding to the subject, said: ''A more 
horrible system of oppression and cruelty never existed in 
any civilized country." 

109. There Avas one man in England, whose name, James 
Oglethorpe, ought to be spoken with gratitude by every hater 
of oppression. He dragged to the light the terrible abuses to 



* For about thirty years after Queen Anne's War the colonists were not 
disturbed by any war of European origin. In 1744, France and England 
went to war again, and the colonists were drawn into it. As the conflict 
broke out during the reign of George II., it is called King George's War. 
Louisburg was captured by New England troops aided by an English fleet, 
but was returned to the French at the close of the war (1748). 

107. Who came to the throne next after Queen Anne ? What is said of him ? 
Who was his t^uccessor on the throne ? 

108- What was then Ensrland's condition respecting debtor laws ? 
109. Who was General Oglethorpe ? What was his great work ? 



104 



Colonial Period, 



which the debtor laws were put ; and, aided by other good 

~^ I men, provided a home in America wliere those 

Oglethorpe. ^hose Only crime was poverty could be placed 

1 upon their feet, and given a chance to take care 

of themselves. 

110. In 1732, the blessed year that gave George Washing- 
ton, of Virginia, to the world, Oglethorpe and others, twenty- 
settiement I ouc in all, procured from the king a grant of the 
Georgia ^^noccupied lands south of South Carolina. The 

!!!?!!^ — I grant, as stated, was in ••' trust for the poor." In 

that sunny region, grapes for wine could be grown with little 
care, and silk enough could be produced to clothe all the 

high-born English ladies in rich 
dresses, so it was believed. 
Parliament voted £10,000 to 
start the good work, and men 
gave of their wealth. Ogle- 
thorpe, it may be said, gave 
liimself. AVith more than a 
hundred emigrants, he led the 
way. On the blulf of a large 
river the streets for a city were 
carefully laid out, numerous 
places being left for public 
parks. To this refuge spot was 
given the name Savannah, 
l^^pon the province was be- 
stowed the name Georgia, in lienor of the king (1733) 

111. The colony increased rapidly by volunteer emigrants. 
There came a body of Protestants from beyond the distant 
Alps, and a congregation, with their pastor, from the High- 

.ah. HOW i. savannah .UnateC ..ap . Hv^^r/oet; L'^T.S'r'"" " "^^"• 
WhSe,rr.ZTarcrL"we::r'^ W..utc,.....e„. S.aCe a- ,o„ can or 




JAMES E. OGLETHORPE. 



Georgia. 105 

lands of Scotland. These, and others like them, enterprising 
and industrious, formed villages ; but no such good report 
could be told of those who had been taken by the hand out 
of the London prisons. They were lazy, and continued to 
depend upon Oglethorpe and his associate trustees for their 
daily bread. Two young clergymen, John and Charles Wes- 
ley, famous afterward as founders of the sect of Methodists, 
tarried two years in the colony. Soon after their departure, 
their friend, George Whitefield {liwit'-feeld), hardly less 
famous in the Methodist Church, made his first of seven 
visits to America. In 1739 he came to found a home for 
orphans near Savannah. He had collected money for it in 
Europe, and was now about to collect more for it in the 
colonies. During his seven visits, he made seven tours, ex- 
tending his labors from Georgia to Maine. Fift}' men on 
horses escorted him into Philadelphia. He preached in the 
open air, with nothing but tlie trees to shelter him. His 
friend, Benjamin Franklin, then past thirty, listened to him 
with admiration, for his eloquence was wonderful. Hearers 
flocked around him in great crowds wherever he Avent. One 
gathering on Boston Common consisted of not less than 
twenty thousand persons. His grave is in Massachusetts, but 
his monument, is it not the Orphan Asylum of Georgia ? 

112. It was not to be expected that the Spaniards would 
quietly allow the territory claimed by them to be occupied by 
others. Georgia, they said, was theirs. It was part of their 
Florida. They had driven the Huguenots away (§ 4), and 
now they undertook to drive Oglethorpe away, but, being a 
good soldier, he defeated and foiled them (1743). For twenty 
years the trustees of Georgia were faithful to their trust. 
Were their labors properly rewarded ? Were the poor who 
had found refuge in the colony industrious and contented ? 
It is sad to know they were not. They constantly mur- 
mured, saying they were "in exile." Weary and discour- 

112- Give the further history of Oglethorpe's experiment till its close, 



10(3 Colonial Period. 



aged, the trustees surrendered their trust to the king, and 
Georgia became a royal province (1752). (Note 4, App., p. 42.) 

Claims to Territory. 

113. We see that Spain, France, and England were striv- 
ing to occupy North America. Spain, pointing to what had 
been achieved by Cohimbus, De Leon, Balboa, 
Cortes, De Soto, and others Avho had spied out 



Spanish. 



the new lands, claimed all the southern part as well as most 
of the region along the Pacific slope, France claimed the 
valleys of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi, together with 
the country about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, her title resting 
not only on the discoveries and explorations of 
Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, and others, but 



French. 



also on the more important fact that she was in actual pos- 
session of what she claimed. " Not a fountain bubbled on the 
west of the Alleghanies but was claimed as being within the 
French empire. Every brook that flowed to the Ohio was 
French water. ^' England's claim, based upon the discov- 
eries and explorations of the Cabots, Gosnold, Smith, and 
others, included all the heart of North America 
from ocean to ocean. Her title to the Pacific 



English. 



region had little else to back it than the king-crowning farce 
in which Francis Drake was the central figure (p. 34). She 
had wiped out the Dutch claim to New Netherland, and was 
now in the undisputed possession of the region east of the 
Alleghany Mountains. 

The French and Indian War. 

114. AVhile England was planting colonies on the east side 
of North America, France was strengthening her hold upon 

113. State fully wlwt claims to territory were made and on what grounds. Explain 
how one claim overlapped another. What changes in name were made ? Ans. The 
part of Acadia in possession of the English was called Nova Scotia, and Port Royal waa 
changi-d to Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne (map 2). 

114. Describe the efforts of the French to occupy the regions claimed by them. 



The Fre7ich and Indian War. 107 

the interior. " Neither lieat nor cold, neither ice nor snow, 
neither hunger nor thirst, nor the attacks of savage foes 
could deter the French. They penetrated for- 
ests into which the savage had never dared to go. 
They explored rivers down which no Indian 



Enterprise 
of the 
French. 



had ever paddled. They founded missionary stations, they 
built churches, they laid out towns, they put up forts." 
They connected the two great highways, the St. Lawrence 
and the Mississippi, by a chain of military posts. 

115. Where, between the claims of France and England, 
did the line of separation run ? Where did England's terri- 
tory end and France's begin ? A war took place 
to decide the question, but it decided much more, 
as we shall see. Said an old Indian: ''The 



The Ohio 
Company. 



French claim all the laud on one side of the Ohio, the Eng- 
lish claim all on the other side. Now, where is the Indian's 
land ? " Traders from Virginia, who had ventured beyond 
the Alleghany Mountains, brought back favorable accounts 
of the country they had seen. These reports stirred a num- 
ber of fur dealers and land speculators to form a partnership, 
called the Ohio Company, for the purpose of trading with 
the Indians and forming settlements in the new region. A 
grant of land was easily obtained from the king. 

116. The French complained. The land, they said, be- 
longed to them. In reply, the English asserted that the Six 
Nations of Indians, the Iroquois, were the real 
owners (§ 5, p. 14). These fierce tribes had united 
under one confederacy, and, to keep their lands 



The 
Iroquois. 



from the French, had placed them under the protection of 
the English.* At first there were only five tribes. A sixth, 
the Tuscaroras, was added in 1715. The Iroquois roamed 

* This gave the English an excuse for laying claim as protectors to " every 
mountain, forest, or prairie where an Iroquois had taken a scalp." 



115 What is said of the rival claims ? How did the Indians state the case ? Who 
made up the Ohio Companj' ? What was their object ? 

116- Who were the Iroquois ? State all you can of them. Name the six tribes or 
nations (map 1). Give an account of the Tuscaroras (note 9, Appendix, p. 44). 



108 Colonial Period. 



as conquerors from Massachusetts Bay to the Mississippi, 
from the great lakes to Georgia. The English were not so 
particular at other times to say that the Indians owned the 
land. Just now, however, it suited their purpose to say so.* 
117. Benjamin Franklin, living in Philadelphia, learned 
that French soldiers had captured English traders, and lyere 
building forts on the lands of the Ohio Company. 
He sent the information to Governor Dinwiddle, 
of Virginia. Like report reaching the governor 



Washington's 
Mission. 



from other sources, he resolved to send a letter to the nearest 
French post, ordering the invaders to leave the country. As 
bearer of this important message, he selected a young man, 
twenty-one years of age, a major in the militia, and a land 
surveyor. His name was George Washington. After a weary 
journey of five hundred miles, the youthful envoy reached a 
fort, situated a few miles south of Lake Erie. He met with 
a cordial reception, but, on one pretext or another, was de- 
tained several days. At length, with the French comman- 
der's letter of reply in his pack, he set out on his return home- 
ward. His progress was slow. Snow covered the ground 
and the cold was intense. He determined to go faster. 
Leaving his tired horses in good care to follow after him, he 



* In this Frt'iU'h and Inclian War and in the war of the coloTiists for inde- 
pendence, the Iroquois were tlie willing allies of the English. See from what 
a small beginning this alliance was bronglit about. " It was an evil hour for 
the French when Champlain, imjjelled by his own adventurous spirit, de- 
parted from the hamlet of Quebec to follow a war party of Algoncjuins against 
their hated enemy, the Iroquois (^ 32). . . . Day dawned and the fight be- 
gan (l()f)9). When Champlain stood full in sight before the Iroquois, with his 
strange attire, his shining breastplate and features unlilie their own, when 
they saw the flash of his gun, and beheld two of their chiefs fall dead, they 
could not contain their terror, but fled for shelter in the dejjths of the wood. 
They recovered from their terror, but they never forgave the injury." — I\irk- 
man^s Conspiracy of Fontiac. 

117. What information did Franklin send to Virginia's governor? What did it 
prompt the governor to do ? Whom did the governor send ? Relate the particulars of 
Washington's journey. 



The French and Indian War. 



109 



made a new start. His pack, containing his papers and pro- 
visions, was strapped to his shoulders, a gun was in his hand, 
and one companion was at his side. At an Indian town a 
guide was engaged, who, instead of bow and arrows, carried a 
French gun. His intention was to kill both travelers. An 
opportunity, as he thought, occurring, the treacherous Indian 




WASHINGTON AS A LAND SURVEYOR. (Sre § 117.) 

fired, but neither Washington nor his companion was hurt. 
They seized their wily foe, took the gun from him, and 
humanely dismissed him. 



110 Colonial Period. 



118. The Alleghany River being reached, it was found 
full of floating ice. How could the two men cross ? With 
difficulty they constructed a raft, their only tool being a 
hatchet. On this frail structure they shoved out into the 
stream. A large cake of ice coming suddenly against the 
pole in Washington's hand, he was jerked into the water. 
With the help of his companion, he succeeded in getting to 
an island. Here, exposed to a bitter cold, the two men spent 
the long night on a bed of snow. When morning dawned, 
the river was so frozen as to enable them to get to the desired 
shore, and to continue their journey homeward. 

119. The reply of the French commander was evasive, 
evidently with the intention of gaining time for hostile 

preparations. To thwart the French, workmen 
were sent to build a fort at the junction of the 
Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, where the 



Washington's 

First Military 

Expedition. 



flourishing city of Pittsburgh now stands. W^ashington, 
commanding a small body of soldiers, was dispatched some 
days after to protect the works, but on his march was met 
by th^ workmen. They were returning from the unfinished 
fort, having been driven from it by French soldiers. Soon . 
Washington was advised that a body of thirty men or more 
was advancing against him. He halted at a place called the 
Great Meadows. An Indian brought word that the hostile 
force was near, concealed among rocks. ''By the rules 
of wilderness warfare, a party that skulks and hides is an 
enemy." It was plain to Washington that if he did not 
attack at once, he would himself be attacked. At the head 
of about forty men, including some Indians, he sallied forth. 
The contest was sharp and brief. Ten of the enemy were 
killed ; the rest, except one man who escaped, were made 



118. Relate Washington's eicperience in getting across the Alleghany River. 

119. What reply did the French commander make ? What opposing measure was 
resolved upon ? What part was assigned to Washington ? Why did he not perform itr 
Tell all you can of Washington's first battle (see map 2). 



The French and Indian War. Ill 

prisoners (May 28th, 1754). " This obscure skirmish/' says 
Parkman, " began the war that set the world on fire," 

120. The French, having gained possession of the fort 
which the Ohio Company had begun, enlarged and com- 
pleted it. In honor of their governor of Canada, the Mar- 
quis Duquesne {dukain), they named it Fort Duquesne. Its 
commander, fired with feelings of revenge, sent a large force 
against Washington. That youthful and fearless com- 
mander had thrown up a log defence, which, because of his 
great need of food during its construction, he called Fort 
Necessity. Here he was attacked by seven hundred French 
and Indians, and, during ten hours, while a fierce rain-storm 
prevailed, he made a brave defence. After midnight, he 
agreed to terms of capitulation, which allowed him to return 
to Virginia with his men and rifles (July 4, 1754). 

121. England sent General Braddock to America. France 
sent the Baron Dieskau {de-es-ko'). Braddock was a routine 
soldier. He believed that well-dressed troops, I 

who could go through all the drill-movements „" ,!',''. ^ 

, ^ ^ Expedition. 

laid down in books, were more than a match for I . 



ten times as many ''irregulars." He had a poor opinion of 
the courage and ability of the Virginians ; nevertheless he 
invited Washington to join his staff, and the invitation was 
accepted. 

122. With twelve hundred chosen men, in full uniform 
and perfect order, Braddock marched against Fort Duquesne. 
In a valley, the woods on one side, and the Monongahela on 
the other, his troops were suddenly fired upon by French and 
Indians, and thrown into confusion. He tried to rally them, 
but as the Indians, behind trees and bushes, Avere an invis- 

120. What was done as to the building of a fort ? Where was it located (map 2) ? 
What name was given to it ? What city stands there now ? What fort had Washing- 
ion built ? Where was it (map 2) ? Give an account of Washington's second battle. 

121. Who was Braddock ? Wh it is stated of his opinions, and his invitation to 
Washington ? Who sent him to America ? Whom did France send ? 

122- Describe Braddock's march, fight, and defeat. What is said of Washington in 
this, his third battle ? By what name is that battle known ? Am. The Monongahela. 



112 



Colonial Period. 



ible foe, the men in whom lie had so much confidence broke 
ranks and ran, and ho, brave and resohite to the last, was 
mortally wounded. "Notiiino- but the superintending care 
of Providence saved Washington/' Four bullets passed 
through his coat. Two horses were shot under liini. An 
Indian chief, expert in the use of the rifle, fired at him sev- 
eral times, but, to his astonishment, not one of the balls 
touched his body. " The Great Spirit guards his life," de- 
clared the savage (July 9, 1755). 

123. While the English were being driven from the val- 
ley of the Ohio, the French were being exi^elled from Nova 
^j^jj^jjg \ Scotia, their Acadia. This latter proceeding has 
Driven from evcr sincc sccmcd so cruel as to be condemned 
Nova Scotia. [ ^^^. ^^^^j^ .^j^^i women wherever the sad story has 

been told. At the close of Queen Anne's AVar, as we have 
stated, the English were in possession of Acadia, the name of 
whii'h they changed to Nova Scotia (§ 105). The land was 

t h e n occupied 




by many French 
families, a n d 
during the next 
forty years the 
population i n - 
creased to sev- 
e r a 1 thousand 
persons. They 
were a people of 
simple habits. 
From the soil 
they drew abun- 
dant crops, and 
their pastures 
were covered with cattle and sheep. The English wanted 



123. Where is Nova Scotia (map 2i ? What was it formerly culled ? Who gave It 
that name ? Di-scribe the Acadians What did the English want them to do ? 



* The French and Indian War. 113 

them to take the oath of allegiance to the British crown, but 
this they were not willing to do. Their heart was Avith 
France. 

124. They said that they would be neutral in the war be- 
tween France and England, but this did not satisfy the Eng- 
lish ; consequently a plan for kidnajjping the peaceful 
Acadians, and sending them in ships out of the country, 
was secretly decided upon. "By proclamation the unsus- 
pecting victims were ordered to assemble on a certain day in 
their principal villages. More than four hundred men, put- 
ting their trust in British honor, met in the church of Grand 
Pre [pra)." A body of soldiers surrounded the church and 
made them prisoners. The women and children were then 
collected from the houses. All were driven to the river, a 
mile away. "The men were put upon this vessel and that ; 
the women and children were stowed away in other vessels." 

125. In the other parts of Acadia the inhabitants were 
torn from their homes in like manner. Their dwellings and 
churches were burned, their cattle were seized as spoils, and 
their country was so laid Avaste that not a single Acadian 
could ever again find shelter in it. The ships, freighted with 
seven thousand unwilling exiles, set sail ; and, at various 
places from New Hampshire to Georgia, discharged their liv- 
ing cargoes (1755). These unfortunate beings were now 
without food, and without money to buy it, and they spoke 
in a strange language. 

" Friendless, homeless, hopeless, they wandered from city to city, 
From the cold lakes of the North to sultry Southern savannas, — 
From the bleak shores of the sea to the lands where the Father of Waters 
Seizes the hills in his hands, and drags them down to the ocean."* 

Longfellow's Evangeline. 

* Francis Parkman, in his Montcalm and Wolfe, says that families were not 
intentionally divided, and that even the inhabitants of a village were kept 

124. What inhuman plan was carried out against the Acadians ? 
125- Give the further history of the Acadians. To what place on the Mississippi 
did many go ? Am. New Orleans. Recite the lines from Longfellow's poem. 
8 



114 Colonial Feriod. 



126. In the first years of the war the English met with 
many disasters. They were defeated near Lake George by 
Dieskau, losing their brave Colonel Williams, of 
Massachusetts.* But on that very day, at the 
south end of the lake, where Fort William Henry 



French 
Sucoesses. 



was afterward built, they stopped Dieskau's further move- 
ment, so badly hurting him that he could never fight again. 
Wounded, and leaning against the stump of a tree, Dieskau 
was approached by a British soldier. He felt for his watch, 
to insure kind treatment by delivering it up. The soldier, 
thinking he was drawing forth a pistol, shot him through the 
hips (September, 175o). His successor, the famous Marquis 
of Montcalm {tiiont-kam'), captured Fort Oswego (1750) and 
Fort William Henry (1757), and, from the ramparts of Fort 
Ticonderoga, repulsed an assault conducted by General Aber- 
cromby (1758). In a skirmish just before this last conflict, 
Lord Howe, " the soul of the enterprise," was slain. 

127. We must not get the idea that England and France 
were meanwhile doing no fighting elsewhere. For more than 
a year before the formal declaration of war Eng- 
land had turned loose her armed ships to prey 
upon her rival's commerce. Then followed the 



The 
War in 
Europe. 



most terrible strife of the eighteenth century. History calls 
it the Seven Years' War. This flame, which was kindled in 



together. He thinks that the English were not much to blame for what they 
did. The Acadians, lie asserts, were a constant menace to the English, and 
their promises or oaths were worthless, as was proved by repeated acts of 
treachery on their part. 

* Colonel Ephraim Williams left a will by which he gave a large part of 
his property for the support of a free school, now Williams College, Massa- 
chusetts. 

126. State what took place under Dieskau's command. What further can you say 

of Dieskau ? Who was his successor ? What three successes marked Montcalra's 
efforts ? Where was Fort Oswe-ro (.map 2) ? F'irt William Henry ? Fort Ticonderoga? 
Who built Fort Ticonderoga? An.<. The French. What can you state of its furilier 
history ? Aiiii. It was captured by the English in 1759. 

127- What fighting meanwhile was going on in Europe ? 



TJie French and Indian War. 116 



the American forests (§ ll'J), soon raged in full blaze among 
the kingdoms of Europe. On England's side Avas Prussia. 
On the side of France Avere Austria, Russia, and other pow- 
ers. England's colonies in America made a half-hearted 
effort to nnite for protection against French and Indian 
invasions, but nothing came of it (see Appendix, p. 6). 

128. The celebrated AVilliam Pitt, afterward Earl of 
Chatham, being called to the head of the British ministry, a 
plan was arranged for driving the French from all 
their possessions in North America. Their great 
fortress at Louisburg, on the Island of Cape 



English 
Snccesses. 



Breton, regarded, because of its wonderful strength, as the 
" Gibraltar of America,'' was captured after a siege of more 
than forty days (1758). Of the men who distinguished them- 
selves in pressing the siege, none did more effective service 
than the brave General Wolfe, who, next year, fell before 
Quebec in the hour of victory ; and the equally brave General 
Montgomery, who, fifteen years later, fell near the same spot 
while contending for American liberties (§ 30, p. 159). Suc- 
cess continued with the English. Fort Duquesne, on their 
approach, was abandoned by its garrison of French and 
Indians. Its name was changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of the 
British statesman ; and there in after years grew " The Iron 
City of Pittsburgh." The French were driven from the 
Niagara River and from the two lakes, Ontario and Cham- 
plain. New France was thus cut into two parts, but the 
great event of the war was Wolfe's splendid success in Canada. 
At first he was repulsed with heavy loss. Not disheartened, 
he tried again. 

129. '"In the darkness of night he led his soldiers up 

128- Who was William Pitt ? Where was the fortress of Louisburg (map 2) ? 
What waters surround Cape Breton Island ? What is said of the streiigth of Us fort ? 
The capture of the fort? Of Wolfe and Montgomery? Of Fort Duquesne? Other 
successes of the English ? Where is Pittsburgh (map 2) ? 

129. Where is Quebec V Describe Wolfe's success before it. By what name is the 
battle often known ? Am. Plains of Abraham. Describe Wolfe's death. 



116 



Colonial Period. 



the rugged precipice that rises from the shore of the St. 
Lawrence to the plain on which Quebec stands. At day- 
break tidings were carried to Montcalm that the English 
were waiting to give him battle on the Plains of Aln-aham. 
He immediately marched to the encounter. He marched to 
his own death. The battle was the most fierce and terrible 
that had ever been fought in America. Wolfe received a 
mortal wound. He reclined against a stone in the agonies 

1 (if death, but it seemed 
as if his spirit could not 
pass away while the fight 
raged so doubtfully. 
Suddenly a shout came 
pealing across the battle- 
field, ' They run ! They 
run ! ' For a moment 
the hero lifted his lan- 
guid head and asked, 
'Who run?' 'The 
French,' replied an 
officer. 'Now, God be 
praised. I die happy,' 
said Wolfe, and died in 
the arms of victory" 
(September 13, 1759). 

130. The death of 
Montcalm was also glori- 
ous, if a warrior's death 
in battle may be so re- 
garded. Struck down, 
he was placed upon a 
litter and borne to the 
city's hospital. " How long shall I live ?" he asked. "Ten 
or twelve hours, perhaps less," replied the surgeon. "So 

130. De:;cribe ttte deatb o{ Montcalm. What isi said uf hi» burial } 




SCALING TUE lIEIliUTS (JP AiSliAUAM. 



The French and Indian War. 117 

much the better,^' he replied. ''I am happy that I shall not 
see the surrender of Quebec." He died before midnight, 
and was buried, as he had desired, in a cavity of the earth 
formed by the bursting of a bombshell. 

131. "The victorious army encamped before the city, and 
pushed their preparations for a siege, but before a single gun 
was brought to bear, the white flag was hung 
out, and the rock-built citadel passed forever 
from the hands of its ancient masters " (Septem- 



End 
of the War. 



her 18). There was another battle, brought on by the efforts 
of the French to recover Quebec, but Wolfe's victory may bo 
considered not only as ending the war in America, but, adds 
an eminent writer, "as beginning the history of the United 
States. Measured by the numbers engaged in it, the battle 
on the Plains of Abraham was but a heavy skirmish ; meas- 
ured by results, it was one of the great battles of the world.'' 
While the last scenes of the war in America were drawing to 
a close, the contest in Europe continued with terrible earnest- 
ness. Not till 1763 did it end. Then, by the treaty of 
Paris, all Canada and all Acadia, in short, all the territories 
that France and England had been fighting about, were sur- 
rendered to the English. Did not this result determine 
much more than we are in the habit of seeing ? If France 
had not lost her American possessions, would the language, 
habits, customs, government, and religion of the people here 
liave been as they are now ? 

132. The Indians of Canada, and most of the tribes in 
the valley of the Ohio and along the Mississippi, had been on 
the side of the French in the recent war. When 
the forts, to which they had so long found ready 
entrance, were closed against them, and quietly 



Pontiac's 
War. 



131. When did Quebec surrender? What is said of the importance of the battle 
near it ? What is said of the closing events of the war ? Of the treaty, nnd what it 
gave to England ? What speculation is indulged in ? 

132- Who was Pontiac? What did he do against the English? What motive 
prompted him ? 



118 



Colonial Period. 



surrendered to their late foes, they were amazed. Soon they 
were told by French traders that their father, the king of 
France, had been asleep, but was now awake and was making 
prejoarations to recover the forts. No Indian chief at that 
time had more influence among his people than the bold and 




THIJS WA^* NO CHANCE STIIOKE." 



artful Pontiac. His words fired the spirit of the different 
tribes, and his war belt of wampum was eagerly accepted. 



* " The morning was warm and sultry. The gate of the fort (on the Strait 
of Mackinaw) was Avide open ; and soldiers, Canadians, and Indian squaws 
Asrapped in blankets, were gathered in groups outside, watching the Indians 
playing a game of ball. Suddenly the ball soared into the air, and, descend- 
ing in a wide curve, fell near the pickets of the fort. This was no chance 
stroke. As if in pursuit of the ball, the plaj-ers came rushing, a maddene<l 
and tumultuous throng, toward the gate. The amazed English had no time 
to think or act. The shrill cries of the ball players were changed to the 
ferocious war-whoop. The warriors snatched from the squaws the hatchets, 
which the latter, with this design, had hid beneath their blankets. Some of 
the Indians assailed the spectators without, while others rushed into the fort. 
All was carnage and confusion. Men were slaughtered without mercy." — 
Parkman's Conspiracy of Bintlac. 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 119 

A plot was formed by the Indians to attack all the forts on 
the same day, kill their occupants, and hold the places for 
the French. The secret was well kept, and all the forts, 
except three, were taken (1763). 

133. Detroit, "a bit of sunny France that had been hid 
away in the heart of the western wilderness more than sixty 
years," withstood a siege of six months. At last, the Indians, 
baffled and discouraged, sued for peace. Pontiac, without 
influence and without friends, became a wanderer, and finally 
fell from the blow of a hatchet. This dark deed was the act 
of an Indian who had been incited to it by a white man's 
promise. The reward was a barrel of rum. 

The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 

134. Now let us take a nearer view of the people, and see 
how they are gaining in population and knowledge, how they 
live and what they are doing (1765). We con- 
fine our observations to the thirteen colonies, the 



Slavery. 



roots of the thirteen States that are on the eve of cutting loose 
from the rule of the "mother country" and setting up a 
government of their own. How many inhabitants are now 
here we do not know. If we say upward of two millions, we 
are supposed to be near the truth. Of these, not fewer than 
four hundred thousand are negro slaves, all Africans or de- 
scendants of Africans. The negroes did not come here of 
their own accord. They were kidnapped, and brought by 
force. At first they were brought in Dutch ships, one of 
these beginning the cruel business by landing twenty negroes 
at Jamestown in 1619. 

135. A few years later English ships were engaged in this 

133. Give an account of the siege of Detroit. Pontiac's fate. Where is Detroit 
(map 5) ? Describe the picture on page 118. 

134. What was the population of the thirteen colonies in 1765 ? When, where, and 
by whom were the first negro slaves brought to this country ? 

135. What is said of the erowth of slavery here ? How was it fo'-ced upon the 
colonies ? Give an account of the Indian slavery (note page 120). 



120 Colonial Period. 



monstrous traffic. Though the Quakers of Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey, as well as most of the other colonists, were de- 
cidedly opposed to slavery, there did not seem to be sufficient 
power, if there had been sufficient will, to stop the importa- 
tion. Said Oglethorpe : " Slavery is opposed to the Gospel," 
and yet seven years after his first coming to Georgia, slave- 
ships were discharging their cargoes at Savannah. Negro 
slavery, law or no law, found its way into every one of the 
thirteen colonies. It was forced upon them by English 
kings, queens, dukes, and lords. These dictated laws which 
gave to them the monopoly of the slave-trade with British 
provinces, and thus filled their pockets with the ill-gotten 
gain. In twenty years they took from Africa about three 
hundred thousand negroes. Six thousand were taken to 
South Carolina in one year. Says Bancroft : "The sovereigns 
of England and Spain were the greatest slave-merchants in 
the world." * 

136. In New England most of the slaves were house ser- 
vants. In New York they were employed on the farms as 
well as in the house. In Pennsylvania there were not many 
slaves, owing to the large supply of "indented servants." 
These Avere white persons, mostly from England and Ireland, 
who, not being able to pay their passage money, were sold, 
with their consent, to land owners for a term of years. Such 
persons were also numerous in the colonies south of Pennsyl- 

* Negroes were not the only slaves. De Soto, we have seen, reduced 
Indians to slaverj', as did all the early Spanish explorers, even Columbus him- 
self. Captain Hunt, in charge of one of Smith's ships in 1614 (§ 25), "kid- 
napped a party of Indians and sold the poor innocents into slaver}- to the 
Spaniards." De Ayllon {ile-yone), with two ships, went from St. Domingo to 
Carolina for slaves to work plantations and mines (1530). The cheerful 
Indians, lured by the promise of a feast, crowded on board the vessels, when 
the treacherous Spaniard sailed away with his captives. Some Indians, sur- 
vivors of the Pequods, were held as slaves in New England (§ 63). The son 
of the famous King Pliilip was sold as a slave in Bermuda (§ 64). 

136. What is said of " indented servants " ? Where did negro slavery thrive most, 
and why there f 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 121 



vania. " Like negroes^ they were purchased on shipboard as 
men buy horses at a fair." If one ran away, he was pur- 
sued. If captured, he was whipped. In 1670, there were as 
many as six thousand indented servants in Virginia alone. 




--:ii 



WOMEN OF THE COLONIAL TIMES. (PROM MARKHAM'S boSSO- 1 UieVOS ON THE 
MONUMENT AT SARATOGA.) 

In Maryland, after five years' service, the servant, according 
to custom, became a free man. His former master then gave 
him two suits of clothing, a gun, some tools, and a hog or 



122 Colonial Period. 



two. AVhere tobacco was cultivated, in Maryland, Virginia, 
and North Carolina, negro slaves were numerous. In South 
Carolina, where large crops of rice were raised, there were 
more slaves than free persons. 

137. England's laws, made more for England's benefit 
than for the good of the colonies, had much to do with shap- 
ing the occupations of the colonists. Agricul- 
ture was the principal employment. In the 



Occupations. 



northern and middle colonies, while the men were hunting 
or fishing, or raising wheat, corn, and flax, or caring for 
sheep and cattle, the mothers and daughters were spinning 
flax or wool, or making garments for the family. " Do not 
put the seed into the ground," said the Indian to the Puri- 
tan, "before the leaves of the trees are of the size of a 
mouse's ears." With many families, the dog, the gun, the 
trap, and the fishing-line were the main dependence.* The 
breeding of silk-worms in Georgia, begun in the first years of 
the colony, was carried on with so much success that in one 
season the Germans there produced ten thousand pounds of 
raw silk. AVhen Charles II. was crowned he wore a robe of 
Virginia silk (16G0). Indigo in small quantities was pro- 
duced, both in South Carolina and Georgia ; and tar, pitch, 
and rosin, from the immense j)ine forests in those regions, 
were then, as now, sent away in ships. 

138. A great staple of South Carolina nowadays is rice. 
A vessel from Madagascar in distress put into Charleston 

* " The woods were a source of wealth. Boards, shingles, staves and 
hoops for barrels, and masts, all of which cost nothing but labor, were shaped 
and laid out in the winter season for the basis of trade in the coming summer. 
The pine forests offered a supplj- of turpentine, pitch, and tar. The fishery 
was counted upon as an important means of support and gain. Fishing led 
to ship-building. The year after Winthroj) arrived (§ 57), he built a bark of 
thirty tons' burden, which he named the Blessing of the Bay." — Pdlfreifs 
History of Xew England. 



137- How did England's laws affect the employment of the colonists ? 
138' Give the beginning of the rice cultivation in the South. 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 123 

harbor (1695). The captain, in return for kindness shown 
him, left a bag of seed rice. A few grains were sown in a 
garden, and from these came the seed for future 
planting. Gangs of slaves were set to work, and 
in a few years the marshes of South Carolina and 



Cnltivation 
of Rice. 



Georgia were covered with rice plantations. As yet, in 1765, 
cotton was growing only in gardens among the rose bushes. 

139. Virginia and Maryland were the great tobacco-grow- 
ing colonies. All other products of the soil Avere neglected. 

Every pound of tobacco not consumed at home i 

-, Tobacco, 
was sent to England as England's laws demanded, l 

where it was often called the American Silver Weed. The 

letters of Washington show us how the business was managed. 

They give us a picture of him as one of the great tobacco 

planters. We see him at his dock on the Potomac, watching 

his crops as they were jiut into ships for the English market. 

140. In Virginia tobacco was used as money. It bought 
lumber, bacon, and molasses. It clothed the jjlanter as well 
as his wife and children. The salaries of the clergy were 
fixed at so many pounds of tobacco. Patrick Henry, Vir- 
ginia's greatest orator, came into popular notice by a speech 
which he made in a case involving the question whether 
ministers should be paid in tobacco or in money. Tobacco 
procured wives for one hundred and fifty industrious settlers 
in Virginia. As wards of the London Company, that num- 
ber of young women, " maids" they were called, went from 
England to be married to men who could support them. 
Ninety went in one ship, sixty in another. On the arrival of 
the first ''cargo of maids," the wifeless settlers hastened to 
the ship to make their selections (1620). They found, some- 
what to their surprise and dislike, that all the choosing was 
not to be on the one side. In a dozen cases, at least, the 

139. What is said of tobacco in Virginia and Maryland ? Of Washington's letter? ? 

140. What things did tobacco buy ? What debts did it pay ? State how it pro- 
cured wives for settlers. 



124 Colonial Period. 



maids were the choosers. Each man gave for his wife one 
hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, that being the cost 
of her passage to the cohiny. When the second cargo ar- 
rived, wives were dearer. Not one could be procured for 
less than one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Some 
brought even more. 

141. Books, Avines, silks, laces, costly furniture, harness, 
and many other things were brought from England in ex- 
cliange for tobacco. Tobacco was not then made into cigars. 
It was put into a pipe, and lighted with a coal of tire in a pair 
of tongs. '' To drink " tobacco was the expression. Nobody 
spoke of smoking it. Sir AValter Raleigh, we are informed, 
"drank a pipe" just before he was beheaded (§ 9).* The 
" weed "' had its enemies then as it has now. England's king, 
James I., disliked it so much that he wrote a book against its 
use, which he called the Counterhlast to Tobacco. It is not 
recorded that the book injured the sale of the article. 

142. In Maryland and North Carolina also tobacco was 
used as money. In New Netherland there was a queer kind 

of money, made from sea shells, called wampum. 
It was an invention of the Indians. To prepare 



Wampum 

as 
Honey. 



J it the shells were rubbed smooth on a stone, then 
cut or broken into pieces, pierced with holes, and strung. 
When the Dutch settlers found that the Indians would receive 
wampum for skins and furs, they made it themselves ; and it 
passed as money not only between the white man and the 



* His ships, tliirty years before, were the first to carry tobacco to Eng- 
land ; and to him belongs the name of having introduced the habit of smok- 
ing it there. It is related that "when his servant entered his room with a 
tankard of ale, and for the first time saw the smoke issue from his master's 
mouth and nostrils, he threw the ale into his face, and, terribly frightened, 
alarmed the household with the report that Sir Walter was on fire." 

141. What things from England were procured in exchange for tobacco ? How 
was tobacco used ? How did England's king. James I., show his aversion to tobacco ? 

142. What was wampum ? In how many ways was it used ? Who used it ? Re- 
late the New Jersey case. 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 125 



Indian, but between white man and white man. As evidence 
that wampum was so used quite generally, it is related that 
the first church in New Jersey was built and j)aid for from 
contributions of wampum, each string of shells being worth 
about a dollar. As this kind of money was easy to make, and, 
consequently, became in time of little value, the gold, silver, 
and copper coins of England, Spain, and Holland gradually 
took its place. 

143. In New England, taxes were at first paid in grain or 
cattle. Debts were paid in corn, cattle, or fish. Beaver 
skins and musket balls were also received as money ; and 
when the Dutch made known the use and value of wampum, 
that article was just as readily received. Indeed, during half 
a century, wampum, strung in parcels of different values, paid 
the grocer for pound supplies of sugar and other things, the 
farmer for bushels of corn, and the cobbler for small jobs. 

144. The coins of Europe, brought by fresh arrivals of 
settlei"B and put into circulation, soon found a 
resting place in old stockings, to be taken out 
when purchases were to be made in Europe, or 



Pine-tree 
Money. 



later, when beaver skins or wampum would not answer. To 
stop the return of 
coin to England, a 
mint was established 
in Boston for the 
coinage of silver shil- 
lings, sixpences, and 
threepences (1652). 
This was called 
"pine-tree money.''' 
Its name was given 
to it, because on one side of each piece was a picture of a 




PIKE-TREE SHILLING. 



143- What was used as money in New England? Wliat did the colonists there 
buy with wampum ? In what other way did wampum answer for money ?. 
144. State all you can of the pine-tree money. Its worth. 



126 Colonial Period. 



pine tree. A pine-tree shilling was worth about twenty-five 

cents. 

145. In spite of English law ships were built in the 

northern colonies, and a hardy race of sailors, renowned for 
daring and courage, was reared to man them. 
The Boston ship 3'ards sent out a large number 
of vessels, of which a hundred or more were sold 



Basiness 

in 
Ships. 



every year in England or the West Indies. Before the 
breaking out of the French and Indian War not less than 
a thousand ships, not counting those employed in fishing, 
were owned in New England and New York. Some sailed 
to the West Indies for rum, sugar, and molasses. The swift- 
est went to France and Spain for wine and silk. Others 
took tobacco, rice, tar, pitch, and rosin from the ports of 
the southern colonies. One hundred and fifty found em- 
ployment in the whale fishery. The most of this profitable 
business, be it understood, was done in the face of the 
selfish navigation laws of England, which did not give the 
colonists liberty to send their ships and produce to the 
markets of the world that otfered the best prices. 

146. At first the dwelling-house was a rude affair. Be- 
fore the advent of saw-mills, it was built of rough logs. Of 
the early Dutch houses we get many pleasing pict- 
ures. The best were of brick or stone, and were 



Dwellings. 



covered with pine shingles or tiles, the brick and tile having 
been brought from Holland. Generally they were a story 
and a half high, and well spread out on the ground floor. 
Each had its " stoop," or fixed bench, on the outside, shaded 
by trees ; and here at evening twilight the members of the 
family, young and old, gathered for an hour's rest. The 
Swedes of Pennsylvania and Delaware, whom Penn described 
as " sober and industrious, who could fish, hunt, and tell the 

145- Wh.it is said of ship-building? Of the first shii) built by the Dutch? 
(§ 36). How were the ships employed ? What is said of the whale fishery ? 

146. What is said of the Dutch houses ? The Swedish houses ? Of the progress of 
the Swedes in book learning ? Of Maryland houses ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 127 

truth," had for a long time mere huts for their dwellings. 
Their church at Wilmington was a ''block-house.'' During 
a number of years they possessed only three books, '* yet these 
had been so carefully loaned from house to house that every 
child could read." In Maryland, the wealthy planters lived 
in houses built of brick made in the colony. 

147. Two-story houses of English brick slowly took the 
place of the first huts and cabins in and about Philadelphia. 
Penn's residence, *' the manor-house," as it was called, was 
the most imposing building. As the town grew, it drew to 
itself persons of wealth, whose religion, taste, and habits 
were unlike those of the Quaker proprietor. " Our dame of 
high degree has no carpet on her floors. She has but little 
jewelry, but she follows the reports of English fashions, 
curls her hair down her neck, or heaps it four feet high with 
oil and toupee, straw or flowers. She rides on horseback, or 
goes in a sedan chair to pay visits." 

148. A noticeable feature in the best houses, particularly 
in those of the colder latitudes, is the kitchen fireplace. It 
is large enough for roasting a whole sheep or hog. Its back- 
log is two or three feet in diameter and five or six in length. 
Over the crackling fire, hanging on hooks and trammels, the 
large iron pots bubble and hiss. Here, before the glowing 
heat, the family spend the long winter evenings. The mother 
and daughter knit stockings, or spin linen or wool, or make 
patchwork bed-quilts. The father reads the Bible or smokes 
his pipe. The son, if not at college, is gathering knowledge 
from the few books at his command. Nuts and cider are in 
great demand. 

149. In the southern colonies, Virginia especially, the 
one-story log-house gives place to the "well-to-do" manor- 

147- What is said of Penn's house ? Of the ways of the fashionable dame in 
Philadelphia ? 

148. What is said of the kitchen fireplace ? The family at evening-time ? 

149. What is said of the Virginia manor-house ? Of the uses to which forks were 
put? What is said of petroleum (note) ? 



128 Colonial Period. 



house. In this, surroiuided by his family and retainers, the 
pUmter may be compared to the patriarch of the feudal times. 
He opens wide his doors, entertains with generous hospitality, 
and, at Christmas time, holds great festivals. His house, 
like those of the North, has its huge log-fire in the great fire- 
place. *' Tiie Virginians of the early colonial period read 
English books, wore English clothes, ate from English plates 
with English knives, and followed England in all things." 
They had to wait some years for forks. These were hardly 
known in England before 1G50. The tlrst brought to 
America were of iron and two-tined. In Xew England they 
often did service as candlesticks at the evening church meet- 
ings, by being stuck through the lower end of the candle, 
and then into a block of wood nailed against the w^all. The 
men who went to the meetings took their own candles and 
fork candlesticks. * 

150. The best of the furniture in the dwellings was im- 
ported from England or Holland. Every house of any pre- 
tension has a mahogany side-board in its wide hall. At the 
foot of the stairs, or on the first landing, or in the " family 
room,'' stands a high clock. The crockery is not abundant, 
most articles of table furniture being of pewter. That such 
articles are not regarded as of small value we have ample 
evidence. By the will of one of Boston's rich men, his 
daughter Mary fell " heir to two pewter platters and an iron 
pot (1GG2)." Tea was not much in use before 1750, nor was 
coffee much used before 1770. For more than a century the 
New Englander, instead of his morning cup of coffee, was 
satisfied with a bowl of boiled Indian meal and milk. 

151. Some of the customs that now^ prevail among us had 

* Petroleum was known among the colonists of Pennsylvania and New 
York, but only as a medicine. It was collected by the Indians, and bought 
and sold as Seneca Oil. Not before 18.59 did it begin to be used in lamps. 

150- What is said of house furniture ? Tea and coffee ? What took their place? 
161. What is said of the custom of making New Year's calls ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 129 



their origin with the Dutch of New Netherland. The first 
day of the year, N'ew Year's Day as we call it, was the most 
important in their calendar. It was devoted to 
making and receiving visits, "'calls,'' as we say. 



Ciutomg. 



Every door was thrown open, and every visitor Avas received 
with hearty welcome. Old friendships were renewed, new 
ones formed, and differences between families were settled. 
Kefreshments were offered to the guests. The New Year 
cake, with its caraway seed, here began its career. 

152. The custom of coloring "^Easter eggs," and ''crack- 
ing" tliem, had its origin with the Dutch. Is it not well 
known, too, that Santa Glaus, that little old man with a pipe 
in his mouth and a twinkle in his eye, came with the Dutch 
from Holland ; and in the New World first drove his rein- 
deers over the roofs of the houses of New Amsterdam ? 
Christmas was the children's festival. Around the Christmas 
tree, whose branches bent with many presents, they danced 
and frolicked. For the origin of Thanksgiving Day we must 
go to the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Ere long the day became 
one of family reunion in all New England. The dinner, 
with its turkey and pumpkin pie, is the great feature of the 
occasion. As yet the reunions do not occur on the same day 
in all the region. A certain town takes the liberty of post- 
poning the celebration one month, in order to get molasses 
to sweeten the pies. 

153. The early settlers were faithful church-goers. Those 
of Connecticut carried their muskets to repel attacks from 
the Indians. During the service a sentinel or I 

two kept watch outside the church. In New worship 
Eno^land the church building was known as the I 



Meeting House. The Quakers called it the Steeple House. 
The minister, as a rule, was the chief man in the community. 
He was also the most busy one. His pay was small, and did 

152- What is said of other early customs of the New York Dutch? Of Thanksgiving ! 
163. What is said of church-going ? Of the minister, his sermon, and pay ? 
9 



130 



Colonial Period. 



not often come to him in gold or silver, but, at the South, in 
tobacco or rice ; ut the North, in wool, wheat, corn, fish, 
legs of mutton, pieces of beef, or loads of fire- wood. His 
sermon, in the Meeting House, was just an hour long. The 
hour-glass stood at his right hand, and when its last grain of 
sand had run out, three raps from the clerk brought the dis- 
course to a close, 

154. The singing was done by the entire congregation. 
As books were scarce, the minister read two lines of the 




J"1:R1TANS GOIN(i TO mUKCH. (FRlIM BOUGHTON's CELEBRATED PICTURE.) 

hymn, which were sung. Then the next two lines were read 
and sung, and so on througli the hymn. The men sat by 
themselves on one side of the room, the women on the other, 
a place in the rear being assigned to the children. A man 
was appointed, called the tithing-man, to keep the children 
quiet and the old folks awake. " He carried a staff of office 
with a knob at one of its ends and a feather brush at the 
other end. With the knob he knocked the heads of the men 



154. Describe the customs observed in the Meeting Houses. 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 131 

who slept, aud with the feathers he tickled the noses of the 
sleeping women." 

155. It was plain to the early settlers that the most of 
their sufferings in the Old World had sprung from ignorance. 
Believing that knowledge was the great cure for 
a large part of such evils, they built the school- 



Schools. 



house as a companion to the church. These two were the 
central objects in almost every Northern village. In Mas- 
sachusetts and Connecticut every father of a family was 
obliged by law to have his children taught to read and write. 
Boston's most famous schoolmaster was Ezekiel Cheever, 
"the founder of schools." Cotton Mather describes him as 
a person of venerable aspect, wearing a long white beard. 
After spending seventy years of his useful life in the school- 
room, teaching three generations of boys, he went to his long 
rest at the age of ninety-four years. New Amsterdam had 
its schools, so had Philadelphia, and steps were taken to 
establish schools in Maryland and South Carolina. One 
of Virginia's governors supported a school where more 
than seventy Indian children were taught to read the 
Bible. 

156. Still, it was the fashion to send the children of the 
prosperous class to England to be educated. The first col- 
lege in the colonies had its origin as a public school in 
Newtown, about three miles from Boston. The Eev. John 
Harvard, a graduate of the English university of Cambridge, 
took a hearty interest in this school. Dying, he left to it his 
library and half his fortune (1638). This gift, though of only 
three hundred books and about four thousand dollars, was 
then truly magnificent. The school was raised in grade, 
and named Harvard College. The name of the town was 
changed to Cambridge. It is now the city of Cambridge. 
Toward the support of this school, every family in Mas- 

155. What is said of ihe early school-houses and schooling? 

156- Give the history of Harvard College. Where is Cambridge (p. I.'ifii ? 



132 Colonial Period. 



sachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut gave, once at least, 
twelvepenee, or a peck of corn, or its value in wampum. 

157. The second college in the colonies began its exist- 
ence when William and Mary, "of blessed memory,'' were on 
the throne of England (1693). "It took its name, William 
and Mary, from the king and queen, and for nearly two cen- 
turies was the great seminary, the true seed-bed of Virginia." 
Connecticut waited seven years longer before launching Yale 
College, " a school of the church," Yale owes its birth to 
ten worthy clergymen, who, in 1700, met at Branford. Each 
one, laying a few volumes on a table, said : " I give these 
books for the founding of a college in Connecticut." The 
leading object of these three colleges was to educate young 
men for the pulpit.* 

158. In this connection, it is proper to speak of tlie won- 
derful labors of tliat " morning star of missionary enterprise," 
; I John Eliot, known to the world as " The Apostle 

I to the Indians." Savs Hawthorne: "I have 



sometimes doubted whether there was more than a single man 
among our forefathers who realized that an Indian possessed 
a mind, a heart, and an immortal spirit. That single man 
was John Eliot. He was full of love for the Indians, and 
therefore so full of faith and hope that he spent the labor of 
a lifetime in their behalf. He persuaded as many of them as 
he could to leave oflt' their idle and wandering habits, and to 
build houses and cultivate the earth, as the English did. 
He established schools among them. He taught them to 



* Seven other colleges were established during the colonial period, as fol- 
lows : College of New Jersey (Princeton, 1748), University of Pennsylvania 
(Philadelphia, 1749), King's College (now Columbia, in New York, 1754), 
Brown University (Providence, R. I., 1765), Dartmouth College (Hanover, 
N. H., 1770), Rutgers College (New Brunswick, N. J., 1771), and Hampden 
Sidney College (Virginia, 1775). 

157. What is snid of William and Mary Collesre ? Yale College ? Other colleges 
(note) ? State where each was located. 

158. Who was Jolin Eliot ? What work did he perform among the Indians ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 133 

read, likewise to pray, hence they were called Praying 
Indians." 

159. "Finally, having spent the best years of his life for 
the benefit of the Indians, he resolved to spend the remainder 
in doing them a yet greater benefit. He began a translation 
of the Bible into the Indian tongne. The task was to do it 
so carefully that not one idea throughout the book should be 
changed. It was a mighty work for a man now growing old, 
yet this was what he did, and he lived long enough to finish 
it.'' The book was printed at Cambridge, and was the first 
Bible published in America (1663). Copies of it are now very 
rare. One was sold in New York not many years ago for 
more than a thousand dollars, but nobody nowada3'^s can 
read it. 

160. This book was by no means the first printing done 
in the colonies. Printed pamphlets and sermons were al- 
ready numerous. As early as 1640, only ten years 
after the settlement of Boston, the Psalms, trans- 
lated into meter, were iniblished at Cambridge. 



Boaks and 

Newspapers. 



Cotton Mather wrote on a multitude of subjects, and, of his 
books and ijamphlets, numbering more than three hundred, 
several were issued from the Cambridge press. There was 
so little call for books in the early days that they were kept 
for sale with other things. Thus, Benedict Arnold, in his 
shop in New Haven, sold drugs and books. In 1701, long 
before Oglethorpe thought of planting a colony in America, 
a weekly paper was published in Boston. It was then the 
only newspaper published in the New World. AVhen Brad- 
dock, with Washington at his side, was marching against 
Duquesne, five newspapers were issued in New York, and 
as many in Philadelphia. 

161. Up to the time we have reached, the close of the 



159 What, as respects the Bible ? What further can you say of Eliot's Bil)le : 
160. What is said of the early books, pamphlets, and newspapers ? 
1'61. What is said of steamboats and railroads ? Of the modes of travel ? 



134 



Colo7iial Period. 



French and Indian "War, there is not a single railway for 
travel nor a steamboat in all the world. From 
Maine to Florida there is not a good road of any 
kind, nor a bridge across any of the great rivers. 



How the 
People Travelled 



The streets in cities and villages are not paved, consequently 
mud in wet weather and dust in dry weather is the rule. 
Men and women go to church, to market, and to town on 
horseback. One horse often carries a man and his wife. If 




a saddle cannot be found, a 
sheep skin or a bear skin is used instead. Eich ladies in 
Philadelphia and Maryland make visits in sedan chairs. In 
winter the Dutch of New York go from place to place in 
sleighs. Packet-sloops ply to Providence, where a coach is in 
waiting to take passengers to Boston. 

162. Sloops sail up the Hudson to Albany in from one to 

162- What is said of Burr's jouruey to Albany ? Of a New York ferry ? Of the 
carriages? Of Washington's journey in 1783? Was he President at that time ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 135 

two weeks ; but, as late as 1788, Aaron Burr, a lawyer, who 
has business in Albany, wishing to perform the journey in 
less time, changes from sloop to wagon, from wagon to canoe, 
and finally from canoe to wagon. The trip across the river 
from New York to Brooklyn, the distance spanned in after 
years by a bridge, is by row-boat or flat-bottomed scow ; and 
the boatmen count themselves lucky if, when the tide is 
angry and the wind contrary, they reach the desired shore 
after an hour's hard pulling. Beside the heavy lumbering 
wagons, there are but few vehicles in all the country. Some 
four-wheeled carriages have been brought from England, 
eight of which are in Pennsylvania. Washington, in the 
summer of 1783, makes a tour of about eight hundred miles, 
the most of it on horseback. 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 



163. If Frenchmen had not tried to occupy Florida, Spaniards at that 
early day would not have begun the town of St. Augustine (1565). From 
that point in the South to Nova Scotia in the North, the Indians con- 
tinued to roam without molestation during the next forty years and 
more. Raleigh's attempts to make settlements were failures (1584-7). 
Gosnold's visit to Cape Cod (1602), and the part that he and Smith per- 
formed in the history of Virginia, make creditable records. Jamestown 
was the first permanent English settlement in America (1607). Two years 
later a Dutch ship found the Hudson River; but before the Dutch were 
ready to occupy their new lands, Virginians had gone through ''a starv 
ing time " (1610), had married one of their planters to Pocahontas (1613), 
and had bought Africans to be their slaves (1619). 

164, Dutch pioneers were meanwhile finding their way into their New 
Netherland : but, not before Smith had explored the New England coast 
(1614), nor before the Mayflower's Pilgrims "descended upon the solitary 
rock of Plymouth " (1620), did Holland begin in earnest to colonize her 
American Netherland (1623). New Hampshire's existence began in that 
very year. English fishermen built homes there, and, five years later, 
built other homes at Salem, Massachusetts (162^). We have seen that 



136 Colonial Period. 



the slave was here before, the Pilgrim. The Puritan came next, and at 
Boston (1630), and in Connecticut, planted colonies (1633-8) that, in spite 
of tlic Pequods' hostile intent, grew to be cities. 

165. Rhode Island's first settlers at Providence were Puritans who 
believed in large liberty in church and civil matters (1036). Maryland's 
colonists, protected by a king's grant, were already busy in and alaout St. 
Mary's (1634), and four years were passed before the coming of their neigh- 
bors, the Swedes, who induced the Indians to part with New Sweden, the 
future Delaware (1638). While Clayborne was hatching rebellion against 
Maryland, New England colonies were effecting a union (1643). The 
first settlers of the Carolinas were from Virginia and England (1650-70). 
Their principal desire was to better their worldly condition. 

166. The Dutch, asserting that the settlement of New Sweden was an 
invasion of their territory, compelled the Swedisli colony to give up its 
independent existence (1655), but, nine years later, were themselves com- 
pelled to surrender to England, not only what they had taken from the 
Swedes, but all the rest of their New Netherland (1664). New Jersey 
was now, for the first time, in English hands. As a part of New 
Netherland, it had given shelter to Swedes, Hollanders, and English 
Quakers ; now, at Elizabethtown, it received a body of Puritans who had 
been on Long Island (1664). King Philip's War in New England (1675) 
overlapped Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia (1676) ; and when Penn began 
his " holy experiment," and founded the " City of Brotherly Love " (1682), 
Charleston, in South Carolina, was just two years old. During King 
William's WjU" (1689-97) Andros's career in America was brought to a 
close (1689), and the witchcraft delusion prevailed (1692). The year in 
which Oglethorpe crossed the ocean to provide an asylum in America for 
' ' poor, distressed, and persecuted persons " was the year of Washing- 
ton's birth (1732). Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen colonies 
(1733). 

167. Religious motives sent Pilgrims and Puritans to New England ; 
Catholics to Maryland ; Episcopalians to Virginia ; Huguenots, Wal- 
denses, and Jews to New York ; Huguenots to South Carolina ; Quakers 
to Pennsylvania ; and Protestants from Ijeyond the Alps and from the 
Scotch Highlands to Georgia. 

168- The three wars of P^uropean origin — King William's, Queen 
Anne's, and King George's — affected the northern colonies. The im- 
portant result in America was the transfer of Acadia to the Englisli. 
The French and Indian War was a contest between England and France 
for dominion in America. At first the French drove the English from 
the western part of Pennsylvania and the northern pai-t of New York ; 



1 



Topics for Review. 



137 



but the English expelled France's allies, the Acadians, from Nova Scotia 
(1755); recovered their lost territory in Pennsylvania and New York; and 
finally gained a great victory before Quebec (1759). Result. — Just before 
the close of the war, France ceded to Spain all the extensive region 
known under the name of the Louisiana Territory, which included New 
Orleans and the land about it (1762). Two months later she ceded to 
England all Canada and all claim to territory east of the Mississippi 
(February 10, 1763). 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical.— Y'eW who they ivere, f»r what they ivere noted, and with 
what events they were connected. 



PAGE. 

Amerigo 27 

Abercromby .. . 114 

Andi'os 07 

Bacon 87 

Balboa .31 

Baltimore .. 81 

Braddock Ill 

Bradford 70 

Cabot (2) 28 

Cabrillo .33, 44 

Calvert 82 

Canonicus 70 

Cartier 39 

Carver 68 

Champlain 60 

Cla)'bome .... 83 



Cortes 30 

Coronado 14, 44 

Davenport 80 

Da Gama 28 

De Leon 29 

De Soto 35 

Dieskau Ill, 114 

Drake 33 

E:iton 80 

Eliot 133 

Franklin 108 

Gilbert 47 

Gorges 72 

Gosnold 50 

Harvard 131 

Hooker 75 



PAGE. 

Hudson 60 

Joliet 41 

Kidd 91 

La Salle 42 

Locke 92 

Mason 72 

Marquclte 40 

Magellan 32 

Marco Polo 19 

Mas.sasoit 70 

May 63 

Montezuma ;^,0 

Montgomery. ... 115 

Narvaez 35 

Oglethorpe 104 

Penu 01, 93 



Philip 77 

Pitt 115 

Pocahontas 55 

Pontiac 117 

Powhatan 55 

Raleigh 48 

Robinson 67 

Rolfe 59 

Samoset 70 

Smith .5.3, C6, 69 

Standish 70 

Stuyvesant ...64,89 

White 49 

Williams(2\76,78,114 
Winthrop (2) . .73, 75 
Wolfe 115 



Geographical.— yeW where they are located and with tvhat events they 
ivere connected. 



PAGE. 

Acadia 51, 113 

Albany 6.3, 89 

Boston 74 

Carolus 46 

California 33 

Cambridge . . . 131 

Cape Cod 50 

Charleston 93 

Deerfield 102 

Detroit ...... . 119 

Duqnesne Ill 

Dover 73 



PAGE. 

Delft Haven.... 67 
Elizabethtown.. 90 
Wm. Henry, Ft. 114 
Germantown. ... 97 
Great Meadows. 110 

Hartford 75 

Haverhill 99 

Jamestown. . . .52, S8 
Kennebec River. 52 

Loiiisburg 115 

Leyden 67 

New Albion..., 34 



PAGE. 

New Haven 80 

New Amsterdam 62 
Mississippi Kiv. 38 
Monongahela R. Ill 

Oswego 114 

Pitt, Ft. 115 

Plymouth 69 

Palos 23, 25 

Portsmouth 72 

Port Royal ...51, 100 

Princeton . 132 

Providence. 79 



PAGE. 

Quebec 39, 117 

Roanoke 48 

St. Augustine .. 47 

St. Mary's 82 

Salem 73. 100 

Santa Fe 47 

Savannah 104 

Say brook 75 

Schenectady 99 

Ticonderoga. ... 114 

Vinland 17 

Wilmington 63 



138 Colonial Period. 



Historical- — 1. The voyages made to America before the time of 
Columbus. — 2. Columbus, his theory and discoveries. — 3. How it was 
proved that America was no part of India. — i. The first three Spanish 
expeditions to Florida, stating why, when, and by whom made, and the 
result. — 5. The names of four early Italian discoverers, with what they 
did. — 6. The same of four English discoverers. — 7. Eight Spanish dis- 
coverers. — 8. Four French discoverers. — 9. One Portuguese discoverer. 
— 10. Names of eleven explorers who were in the service of Spain. — 11. 
The claims of four, European nations to territory in North America, and 
upon what they were based. — 12. The parts of the present United States 
territory east of the Mississippi that in colonial times were Spanish, Eng- 
lish, French, and Dutch territory respectively. — 13. The history of each 
of such parts as respects ownership until it came to belong to the United 
States. — 14. The Indian tribes, their names and location, that formerly 
occupied those parts (map 1). — 15. The first five Indian wars in which the 
colonists were engaged, with cause, events, and result. — 16. Efforts of 
the French to form settlements in North America, with dates, events, 
and results. — 17. Grants of land made by English kings from James I. 
to George II., stating which extended from ocean to ocean, and how they 
were apportioned among the colonies, and which interfered with French, 
Spanish, and Dutch claims (sec also map 3). — 18. The European wars 
that affected the colonies, commonly known as the Intercolonial Wars, 
with dates, events, and changes resulting in the ownership of territory. — 
19. How such wars differed in origin and object from the French and 
Indian War. — 20. The names, dates, names of commanders, and result of 
the four principal battles of the French and Indian War. — 21. The result 
of that war and how the territory of Nortli America was owned by Euro- 
pean nations at its close. — 22. Washington's part in the war. — 23. The 
negro slaves, their first appearance here, how the trade in them was carried 
on, what they did, and who profited by their labor. — 24. Tobacco, where 
and by whom raised, to whom sent, how consumed, and how used as money. 
— 25. Rice, its introduction and culture. — 26. Ships, shiji-building, and 
the business done in and with ships. — 27. The religious or other motives 
that prompted the first settlers in each of the thirteen colonies. — 28. 
Name of the most prominent man in the history of each colony, stating 
in what the prominence consisted. — 29. How, when, why, and by whom 
Virginia was settled, and what events relating to the religion, politics, 
and wars of the colonists took place there. — 30. Same of each of the 
other colonies. — 31. What twenty places, now large cities, are mentioned 
in the early history of the colonies, and why were they'mentioned ? — 32. 
For what industry or production was each colony noted ? 



CHKONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

WITH THE CONTEMPORARY EN^GLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



I> 



Discoveries and Explorations. 

1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus (§ 19). 

1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots, and, next year, 

its eastern coast was explored by Sebastian Cabot (§ 28). 

1498. South America was discovered by Columbus (§ 23), and, next 

year, was visited by Amerigo Vespucci (§ 27). 

1513. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon (§ 31). 
The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa (§ 35). 

1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon (note, p. 130). 

1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortes (§ 32). 
1528. Florida was explored by Narvaez (^ 42). 

1534 The St. Lawrence River was discovered by Cartier (note, p. 39). 

1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto (§ 47). 

1541-43. Expeditions under Spanish commanders penetrated the western 
region of North America, and the coast from Mexico to and beyond the 
Columbia River was explored (note, p. 33). 

Colonial Events. 

1562. The Huguenots began a colony in Carolina (§ 2), and, two years 
after, another in Florida (§ 4). 

1565. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by the Spaniards (§ 4). 

1579. Drake sailed to the Pacific and made a landing in California (p. 33). 

1584. The coast of North Carolina was explored by Raleigh's expedition 
(§ 6) ; and, next year, a second expedition, followed by a third, two years 
later, made unsuccessful attempts to establish a colony (§ 8). 

1602. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold (§ 11). 

1605. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French (§ 14). 

1606. The English king, James I., divided his domains In America 

in two parts, giving one to the London Company and the 
other to the Plymouth Company (§ 13). 

1607. Jamestown, Va., was settled by the London Company (^ 16). 
The Plymouth Company's attempt to plant a colony in Maine proved a fail- 
ure (§ 15). 

1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson (§ 32). 
1613. Pocahontas was married to Rolfe (§ 30). 

1614. New York was settled by the Butch (§ 36). 

The New England coast was explored by Smith (§ 25). 

1619- Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia (§ 134). 

1620. The Council of Plymouth received a charter (§ 53). 

1620. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth and made the first settle- 
ment in New England (§ 49). 

1621. The treaty with Massasoit was made (§ 50). 

1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred (§ 82). 

1623. New Hampshire was settled (^ 54). 

The Dutch oegan to colonize New York (§ 36V 

1630. Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company (§ 57). 

1633. The first colony of Connecticut was planted at Windsor (§ 59). 

1634. Maryland was settled at St. Mary's (§ 72). 

1635. The second colony of Connecticut was planted at Saybrook (§ 59). 



140 Colonial Events. 



1636. Roger Williamt; began the settlement of Rhode Island (§ 66). 
1637. In the war with the Peqnods the tribe was destroyed (§ 62). 

1638. Delaware was settled by tlie Swedes (^ 39). 

The third colony of Coniieciicut was planted" at New Haven (§ 68). 

1643- Four New England colonies formed a union (^ 77). 
1644. The Saybrook colony joined the Connecticut colony. 

1650. North Carolina began to be settled on the Chowan River (§ 90). 
1651. Parliament, during Cromwell'si supremacy, passed the first Naviga- 
tion Act. which declared that the colonists should send nothing to Eng- 
land except in E;nglish ships (§ 14.5). 
165.'). The Swedes in Delaware were subdued by the Dutch (§ 41). 



a 



1656. The "Quaker Persecution" in Massachusetts occurred (^ 78). 

1662- The Connecticut colonies were united under one charter (§ 98). 
1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others (§ 88t. 

1664- New York was surrendered to the English (ii 85). 

New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth) (g 86). 

1670. South Carolina was settled on tlie Ashley River (g 90). 
1673. Marquette descended the Mississippi (p. 40). 

1675. King Philip's War occurred in New England (§ 64). 

1676. Bacon's Kebellion occurred in Virginia (§ 82). 

1682- Pennsylvania was seftled by the English (^ 93). 
Delawji're was granted to William I enn (§ 92). 
La Salle descended the Mississippi (p. 41). 

1689. King William's War began in America (J? 100). 

1690. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was caijlnrcd l)y the English (§ 102V 

1692. Plymouth was united with Massaclinscits (§ 101), and the Salem 

Witchcraft delusion prevailed (§ 1()3). 
1697. The ireaty of Ryswick ended King William's War (§ 102). 

1702. Queen Anne's War began in America (jj 106). 

1710. Port Royal, N. S., was captured by the English (2d time) (§ 105). 
1713. The treaty ol Utrecht ended (^ueeh Anne's War (§ 105). 
1729. Carolina was sei)arated into North and South Carolina (§ 90). 

1732. Washington was born in Virginia. February 2'.2 (i^llO). 

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah (§ 110). 

1741. New Hampshire became a separate roj-al province. 

1744. King George's War began in America (note, p. 103). 

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English ilst time). 

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle ended King George's War. 

1754. The French and Indian War began (§ 119). 

Washington defeated the French at the Great Meadows (§ 110), but capitu- 
lated to them at Fort Necessity (S 120). 
1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia (§ 123) and Braddock 

was defeated at the Monongahela (§ 122i. 
17.56. Oswegi) was cajitured by the French (§ 126). 

1757. Fort Williiim Henry was surrendered to the French i§ 126). 

1758. Ahen-i-oniby was defeated at Ticoiideroga (^ 126). Louisbnrs: (2d 
time) (§ 12,S)andFort FroTitenac (Kingston) were taken by the English. 

17,59. Foit Niagara was taken by the English : Wolfe was defeated at the 
battle of the" Montmorenci (§ 138), but he defeating Montcalm before 
Quebec (§ 129), the city surrendered to the English (§ 131). 

1760. Though the English were defeated in a b.ittle near Quebec, Montreal 
and the rest of Canada were surrendered to them (§ 13i). 

1763. The treaty of Paris ending the French and Indian War, left 
England in possession of the region north ami south of the 
St. Lawrence and east of the Mississippi (g 131). 



Map No. 3. 




SECTION III. 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

1. We now come to the time iu the history of the colonies 
when they begin in earnest to complain of the unjust treat- 
ment that is inflicted upon them by England's 
selfish laws. This kind of treatment is not new. 
It began when coh>nization began, its roots being 



Causes 

of 

the War. 



in the notion that colonies are planted for the special benefit 
of the parent country. English laws forbid the tobacco of 
Virginia, the rice and tar of the Carolinas, the lumber of 
New EnglaTid, and the other products of the colonies, from 
being sent to any ports except those of Great Britain. The 
colonists, thus prevented from finding the best markets for 
their goods, are compelled to accept whatever pay the Eng- 
lish trader is willing to give. 

2. Nor are the colonists allowed to set up any factories 
for the making of such things as are made in England. 
Hence, if a man in New York wants to build a house, he 
must send to England for the needed nails, locks, bolts, 
hinges, and window glass. None of these tilings can be 
legally manufactured in the colonies. Said one of England's 
great lords: "If the colonists are allowed to make as much 
as a hobnail, the consequences will be fatal to us." Even the 
liberty of free traffic between the colonies is taken away. 
Georgia cannot freely buy of New Hampshire, nor can New 
Jersey buy of Delaware. Commanders of the king's ships 

1. What notion as to colonization did England have ? How did England's laws 
affect the commerce of the colonies ? 

2. How did England's laws affect manufactures ? Traffic between the colonies • 
What said one of England's lords ? What said Adam Smith ? 



142 Revolutionary Period. 

oan stop merchant ships on their way to the colonies, and 
take possession of them, if, in their opinion, the vessels are 
engaged in trade contrary to law. The king's officers in the 
colonies can not only forcibly go into a house and search for 
goods, on which, they suppose, no duty has been paid, but, 
armed with a paper called a Writ of Assistance, they can com- 
pel any man they chance to meet to go with them and assist 
in making the search. Said the learned Scotchman, Adam 
Smith, " England has founded an empire on the other side 
of the Atlantic for the sole purpose of raising a people of cus- 
tomers for her shop-keepers." 

3. These harsh and unjust laws, as we may suppose, 
create crimes as a consequence of dissatisfaction. It is a 
crime to erect a factory and make ploughs ; it is a crime to 
build ships and sell them to England's rivals ; it is a crime 
to exchange by direct means the tobacco of Virginia, or the 
whale oil procured by the fishermen of New England, for the 
wine and silk of France. Many persons, including John 
Hancock, one of Boston's honored citizens, also Governor 
Trumbull, of Connecticut, whom Washington at a later period 
delights to call " Brother Jonathan," are law-breakers. Will 
the colonists submit to any further wrong ? They love Eng- 
land, and England's king. Can they turn against both 
if the royal foot is pressed upon them with greater 
weight ? 

4. "England was enormously in debt at the close of the 
French and Indian War. It was pretended that the great 
bulk of this debt had been contracted for the defence of the 
American colonies ; therefore the English contended that a 
part of it ought to be paid by them. The colonists replied 
that they had also contracted a large debt in the war ; that 
they had spent their money to get Canada for King George, 
and that nearly thirty thousand of their young men had laid 

3. What were the effects in the colonies of these unjust laws f 

4. State the arguments for and against taxing the colonies. 



Revolutionary Period. 143 

down their lives for the king's honor. But the king and his- 
ministers would not listen to reason or good advice." 

5. "In 1765 the British Parliament passed a law known 
as the Stamp Act. All deeds, bonds, and other papers of the 
same kind, were ordered by it to be marked with 
the king's stamp ; and without this mark they 
were declared illegal and void. Now, in order 



The 
stamp Act. 



to get a blank sheet of paper with the king's stamp upon it, 
l^eople were obliged to pay threepence more than the actual 
value of the paper. This extra sum of threepence was a tax, 
and was to be paid into the king's treasury. Threepence 
was not worth quarrelling about, but it was not for that nor 
for any other amount of money that Americans quarrelled 
with England. It was for a principle. The colonists were 
determined not to be taxed except by their own representa- 
tives. They said that neither the king, nor Parliament, nor 
any other power on earth had a right to take their money 
out of their pockets unless they freely gave it." 

6. "It was indeed amazing and terrible to see what a 
change came over the aspect of the people when they heard 
that the English Parliament had passed the unjust act. The 
moment before they ap]3eared like humble and loyal subjects 
of the crown, the next instant they showed the dark features 
of king-resisting freemen." Virginia rang the alarm bell. 
In her legislature, Patrick Henry, " wearing a brown wig, a 
peach-blossom coat, leather knee-breeches, and yarn stock- 
ings," rose to support some resolutions which he had written 
on a blank leaf torn from an old law-book. With fiery elo- 
quence he denounced the injustice of England, exclaiming as 
he ended his speech : " Csesar had his Brutus, Charles the 
First his Cromwell, and George the Third — " "Treason !" 



5. When was the Stamp Act passed, and what were its provisions f What great 
principle was involved ? 

6. State the particulars of Patrick Henry's speech. What have we already heard 
about him (§ 140, p. 123) ? Describe the picture on page 144. 



lU 



Revolutionary Period. 



cried the presiding officer. ''Treason! Treason!" echoed 
from every part of the house. Pausing a moment, the young 
orator, in a firm voice, slowly pronounced the words : " May 




" IF THIS BE iHEASON, MAJiE TUi; 
MOST OF IT." 

[I ]Moht hy their example. If 
his be treason, make tho most 
of it.-'' 

7. No less earnest were tlie 
opposition and words of James 
Otis, whose eloquence gained 
him tho title of the " Great 
Incendiary of New England." 
Witli him, in the legislature 
of Massachusetts, originated 
the idea of calling a congress of delegates from the several 



i-AlKJlK llENltV. 



7. Who was James Otis, and what did lie do f Ti-U what you can of the Colonial 
Congress. Of the Liberty Tree. 



Revolutionary Period. 145 

colonies. The delegates met in New York, and sent a pe- 
tition to the king. They also sent a memorial to Parliament, 
asking to have the Stamp Act repealed. " It was a most im- 
portant and memorable event, this first coming together of 
the American people by their representatives; and if Eng- 
land had been wise, she would have trembled at the first 
word that was spoken in such an assembly (1765)." On the 
branches of an old elm in Boston, which became famous as 
the "Liberty Tree," were hung in effigy the persons who 
were supposed to be most favorable to the Stamp Act. One 
of these was Andrew Oliver, whom the king had appointed 
stamp-distributor. The people frightened him so by hang- 
ing him in effigy, breaking the windows of his house, and 
destroying his furniture, that he promised to have nothing to 
do with the stamps. 

8. As the Eoyal George, the ship having on board the 
-stamps for Philadelphia, hove in sight of the city, all the 
vessels in the harbor dropped their flags to half-mast, and all 
the bells were tolled as if for the death of Liberty. *• In 
New York, the whole city rose up as one man in opposition 
to the Stamp Act." In New Jersey the stamp distributor 
was burned in effigy. North Carolina would neither re- 
ceive a stamp man nor use a stamp. So it was in every col- 
ony. No stamps were sold ; business was conducted without 
them. The king and Parliament seeing that nothing could 
be gained by the Stamp Act, it was speedily repealed (1766). 

9. Great was the joy of the colonists when they heard the 
good news. They lighted bonfires, raised banners, fired 
guns, rang bells, and, in their gratitude, voted 
statues to England's great statesman, William I 



The Tea Tax. 



Pitt, who had boldly said in Parliament that England had 



8. How did the colonies resist the execution of the Stamp Act ? With what result? 
Tell of Franklin in England (note). 

9. 'What did the colonists do when the.y heard that ihe Stamp Act had been 
repealed ? In what way did Parliament and kintr assert their right to tax the colonies ? 

10 



146 



Revolutionary Period. 




FRANKLIN BEFORE TUG UOLSE OF COJIMOI^S * 

* As early as 1757, Franklin was sent to England by Pennsylvania to pro- 
tect ttie interests of that colony. His conduct met with so much approval 
by Georgia (1768), New Jersey (1769), and Massachusetts (1770), that he was 
chosen to be their agent there in like manner. In February, 1766, he was 
examined before the House of Commons, and then and there his bearing and 
answers made an everlasting record to the credit of his patriotic spirit and 
wise foresight. "There was no event in Franklin's life," says the historian, 
Jared Sparks, " that gave him so much celebrity as this examination before 
the House of Commons." He said that " America would never submit to pay 
the stamp duty," and the information which he gave to the Commoners that 
day convinced them that he was right. Next month the act was repealed. 



Revolutionary Period. 147 

no right to tax America. Great as was the joy, it would 
have been far greater if king and Parliament had said that • 
they never again would tax the colonies without their consent. 
But this neither would do. In fact, they made haste to say 
the very opposite, soon giving proof of their earnestness by 
laying a duty on tea and some other articles in general use 
(1767). 

10. This being merely another form of taxation, the col- 
onists again protested. So decided was their opposition, that 
the duty was taken off, except threepence a pound on tea, 
the king saying, " There should always be one tax at least, to 
keep up the right of taxing." Did the concession satisfy the 
colonists ? Not at all. As before stated, they were contend- 
ing, not against the amount of the tax, but against being 
taxed at all without their consent. They were not repre- 
sented in the British Parliament, consequently that body had 
no right to tax them. A tax of threepence on a pound of 
tea was a small matter in itself, but it was the sign of a great 
wrong, as much so as if the amount had been a dollar or 
more. The merchants, from New Hampshire to Georgia, 
resolved that they would not import any tea, and the women 
said that they would not drink any. It did not take long for 
men to decide that they would eat nothing, drink nothing, 
and wear nothing imported from England. 

11. There was so much opposition to the tax, especially 
among the Sons of Liberty, in Boston, that the king sent 
four thousand of his soldiers to that town to teach its inhabi- 
tants to be obedient. " What, pray, could an armed force 
find there to do ? Could an army compel a man to buy a 
coat or drink a cup of tea ? Some of the soldiers were lodged 
in Faneuil {fan'-el) Hall, which the people looked upon as a 
consecrated place, it having been the scene of many meetings 

10. What concession did tliey make ? How did the king speak of the concession ? 
How was it regarded by the colonij-ts ? How did they show their opposition ? 

11. What distress did Boston's opposition bring upon that town ? State what you 
can of Faneuil Hall. 



The Boston 
Massacre. 



148 Revolutionary Period. 

in favor of liberty." Because of these meetings it was often 
called the Cradle of Liberty. It is one of the most famous 
spots in all America. 

12. Ill feeling at once arose between the inhabitants and the 
''redcoats/' or " lobsterbacks/' as the red-coated soldiers 

were called by the boys in the streets. As might 
have been expected, affrays happened between 
small parties of young men and these redcoats. 
At first no weapons were used other than fists or cudgels, 
but, at last, when the soldiers had loaded muskets in their 
hands, they fired (March 5, 1770). "A gush of smoke over- 
spread the scene. It rose heavily as if loth to reveal the 
dreadful spectacle beneath it. Eleven of the sons of New 
England lay stretched upon the street. Some, sorely wounded, 
were struggling to rise again. Others stirred not nor groaned, 
for they were past all pain. Blood was streaming upon the 
snow ; and that purple stain, though it melted a\vay in the 
next day's sun, was never forgotten nor forgiven by the peo- 
ple." Not till all the king's soldiers were sent out of the 
town to a fort in the harbor would the people be pacified. 

13. The spirit of resistance was everywhere aroused. A 
British armed schooner, named the Gaspee, employed to aid 

in carrying out the hated laws of England, was 
captured and burned in Narragansett Bay (1772). 
Several ships arrived with tea. Those for Phila- 



Opposition 

to 

the Tea Tax. 



delphia and New York, not being allowed to land their car- 
goes, were compelled to return to London. The tea for 
Charleston was stored in damp cellars, and there it was left 
to spoil, for no one would buy it. 

14. Three ships laden with tea arrived at Boston, and 
made fast to a long wharf. The ])eople spent more than a 
fortnight trying to induce the three captains to take their 

12. Give the particulars of the Boston ma-^sacre. 

13. What is said of the schooner Gaspee 1 Of the tea s-ent to Philadelphia, New York, 
and Charleston ? Where is Narragansett Bay ? .l;;*. On the south of Rhode Island. 

14- Give the particulars of the Boston Tea Party affair. 



Revolutionary Period. 149 

vessels and cargoes back. The royal governor would not 
give his consent to this, and the king^s troops in the fort 
threatened to fire upon the ships if they sailed without such 
permission. Several thousand men, more than Faneuil Hall 
could hold, then met in and around the Old South Church, 
and declared that the tea should not be landed. In the dusk 
of the evening they hastened to the wharf, and a set of wild- 
looking figures boarded the ships. "These grim figures 
wore Indian dresses, and had their faces covered with red 
and black paint, like the Indians when they go to war. They 
were not Indians. They were white men in disguise. They 
hoisted the tea chests on the decks of the vessels, broke them 
open, and threw all their contents into the water. The 
people who looked on kept perfectly still, and after the work 
was done, the town became as quiet as if it had been holy 
time " (1773). Though this Boston Tea Party has been talked 
about by all the world, nobody has ever been able to tell the 
names of the Indian figures that made the famous cup of tea 
in the harbor. 

15. When tidings of this bold deed were carried to Eng- 
land, king and Parliament became greatly enraged, and im- 
mediately passed an angry act which forbade 
all vessels to take in or discharge cargoes at the 
port of Boston. In this way, it was expected 



Boston 
Port BiU. 



the merchants of that town would be ruined, and its people 
be starved. General Gage, who had marched alongside of 
'Washington in Braddock's ill-fated expedition against Du- 
quesne (p. Ill), was appointed by the king to be governor of 
Massachusetts ; and the hated redcoats that had been com- 
pelled to withdraw to the fort were sent back to Boston (§ 12). 
16. But all America felt interested in the aflBicted town, 



15. What did this affair incite king and parliament to do ? What was the object of 
the Boston Port Bill ? 

16- How was sympathy sho\vn to Boston ? Who were the "Sons of Liberty?" 
What did they propose and with what result ? 



150 Revolutionary Period. 



and contributions were raised for the relief of its inhabitants. 
From South Carolina came two hundred barrels of rice. 
From North Carolina came money to the amount of nearly 
ten thousand dollars. From a town in Massachusetts came 
two hundred and fifty sheep. From other places came rye, 
flour, peas, cattle, oil, fish, whatever the land or the hook 
could furnish. How could the wrons^s put upon the colonies 



WASHINGTON, PENDLETON, AND UENlvY ON THEIK WAY TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

be best resisted ? By a union of the colonies ? To that end 
events were fast drifting. The Sons of Liberty, of New 
York, jDroposed a general congress. The proposition was 
well received, and accordingly twelve of the colonies sent 
delegates to Philadelphia. In the plain but capacious build- 
ing, Carpenters^ Hall, then recently built by a company of 
carpenters, the delegates met ; and this important gathering 
was the First Continental Congress (1774). 

17. Peyton Eandolph, of Virginia, was chosen its chair- 
man. Among its distinguished members was Patrick Henry, 

17. DcBcribe the leading men in the Congress. What did they do t 



Revolutionary Period. 151 

who said : "1 am not a Virginian, but an American." Near 
him sat two other Virginians, George Washington and 
Richard Henry Lee. Tliere, too, was John Jay, 
the wise statesman from New York, and there 
was Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, who. 



First 
Continental 
Congress. 



*' with tongue and pen made the king tremble." He declared 
that "we will spend our last drop of blood before the king 
and Parliament shall impose upon us." His near associate 
was John Adams, "the equal of crowned heads." Measures 
for the public good were adopted, and a petition to the king 
and appeals to the people of England and Canada were sent. 

18. Thus far, it may be said, no one in all the colonies 
desired a separation from the mother country. Still, every- 
where men were making preparations for defence. In Massa- 
chusetts they formed themselves into companies, and went 
through military training, thus preparing themselves to act 
at a minute's notice. Powder and shot were procured, which 
these "Minute Men" were ready to use, against even the 
king's powder and shot, for the protection of the people's 
rights. How did King George receive the petition sent to 
him ? He did not receive it at all, nor would Parliament as 
much as listen to its reading. The faithful Franklin, to 
whom, with others, the petition had been intrusted, tried to 
convince the king and his advisers that the colonies would 
never submit to being taxed by Parliament. Dr. Johnson, 
the dictionary maker, great and wise as he was, looked upon 
the colonists as wicked rebels, and pointed out Franklin as 
the "master of mischief." More of the king's troops were 
sent to Boston, so that General Gage had an army of several 
thousand men to do his bidding. 

19. His bidding soon began. On the night of the 18th 
of April, 1775, he sent eight hundred of his men to destroy 

18. Who were the "Minute Men" ? What was the fate of the petition sent to 
England? How did Dr. Johnson show his animosity ? 

19. Who was General Gage (§ 15) ? How did he begin the war ? Give an account 
of what took place at Lexington. Where is that town (map p. 75) ? Where is Concord t 



152 



Revolutionary Period. 



some flour and other supplies which tlie people had stored at 
Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. Xext morning he sent 
Lord Percy with nine hundred more men. " The 
last stars were vanishing from night when the fore- 
most party, led by Major Pitcairn, Avas discov- 



Lezington 

and 
Concord. 



ered by the husbandmen of Lexington, advancing quickly and 
in silence. Alarm guns were fired, and drums were beat. 
Less than seventy obeyed the summons. The ground on 
which they stood was the altar of freedom, and they were to 




RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FROM LEXINGTON. 



furnish the victims. Pitcairn rode in front of his troops, and 
when within five or six rods of the "^ Minute Men,* cried out, 
' Disperse, ye villains ! ye rebels, disperse ! Lay down your 
arms ! Why don't you lay down your arms and disperse ? ' 
The patriots stood motionless, witnesses against wrong ; too 
few to resist, too brave to fly. At this, Pitcairn discharged 
a pistol, and, with a loud voice, cried ' Fire ! ' The order 
was followed by a deadly discharge of musketry. That 
fatal volley began the War of the Revolution. On the grass 



Revolutionary Period. 153 



lay in death the gray-haired and the young. Seven of the 
men of Lexington were killed, nine wounded. These were 
the village heroes, who were of more than noble blood " 
(April 19, 1775). 

20. After a brief halt the British troops marched on, 
and at Concord destroyed all the stores they could find, 
but not without stout opposition. Men fell on both sides. 
Seeing the militia gathering in large numbers, the invaders 
began to retreat. Every fence, barn, and shed, every piece 
of wood, every rock by the wayside, had eager assailants. At 
Lexington the retreaters were met by Percy and his nine hun- 
dred men. These formed a square inclosing the fugitives, 
who lay down for rest on the ground, '•their tongues hang- 
ing out of their moutlis like those of dogs after a chase." 
Every moment made their retreat more difficult. Percy saw 
that he and his entire force were in danger of being sur- 
rounded and made prisoners. The retreat was speedily re- 
newed. 

" You know the rest in the books you have read, 

How the British regulars fired and fled ; 

How the farmers gave them ball for ball, 

From behind each fence and farm-yard wall, 

Chasing the redcoats down the lane, 

Then crossing the fields to emerge again 

Under the trees at the turn of the road, 

And only pausing to fire and load." — Longfellow. 

The patriots pressed close upon the rear of the fugitives, and 
kept up a constant fire till, at night, the survivors found 
safety in Charlestown. Nearly three hundred of the king's 
soldiers were strewn dead or dying along the road from Con- 
cord. The dead and wounded of the patriots numbered 
about ninety. 

21. How the news of that day's doings stirred the patriots 

20. Give an account of what took place at Concord. Of the other events of that 
tenible day. Recite the lines from Longfellow's pen. 

21. What effect did the news have? State who were in the army. 



154 Revolutionary Period. 

in every part of the land ! With all speed they sent sympathy 
and help to their brethren of Massachusetts. Men with mus- 
kets and powder-horns flocked to the vicinity of Boston to 
drive Gage and his troops into the sea. Of whom was this 
patriot army composed ? Of sons of Massachusetts — school- 
masters, neighbors, and friends — with Artemas Ward as their 
general ; of Rhode Island volunteers, led by the blacksmith 
and Quaker, Nathaniel Greene ; of a company of " Connecti- 
cut Boys," whose captain, Israel Putnam, sixty years of age, 
had left his plough in the furrow, turned loose the oxen, and 
hurried to the scene of war ; and of a large body of New Hamp- 
shire militia with the valiant John Stark at their head (§ 60). 
22. While this patriot army was cooping up the British 
Avithin the narrow limits of the Boston peninsula, a party of 
''Green Mountain Boys," led by Ethan Allen 
and accompanied by Benedict Arnold, crossed 
Lake Champlain, and in the early morning of 



Capture 

of 

Ticonderoga. 



the 10th of May, succeeded in getting inside the works of 
Fort Ticonderoga (p. 114), Beaching the door of the com- 
mander's room, Allen knocked and ordered him to come out. 
The surprised commander leaped out of bed, and, Avith his 
breeches in his hand, opened the door. ''Deliver to me 
the fort instantly," said Allen in a loud voice. "By what 
authority?" asked the bewildered man. "In the name of 
the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," shouted 
Allen, as he brandished his sword near the head of the 
frightened commander. What else could the powerless officer 
do? His men were already prisoners. " Thus Ticonderoga, 
which cost the British nation forty millions of dollars and 
many lives, was won in ten minutes by a few undisciplined 
volunteers, without the loss of life or limb." 

23. General Gage, chafing under the confinement to which 

22- Where is Ticonderoga (map 2) ? Give an account of its capture. How had it 
cost the British so much money (p. 117)? 

23. Give the preliminaries leading to the battle of Bunker Hill. Where is that hill ? 
What mistake has been made as to the name given to the battle f Describe the picture. 



Revolutionary Period. 



155 



he was subjected, determined to extend the lines of his en- 
campment. This coming to the knowledge of the patriots, 
they arranged a plan by which his intention might 
be frustrated. Accordingly, in the darkness of 
night a thousand men, commanded by Colonel 



Battle 

of 

Bnnker Hill. 



Prescott, silently marched to the Charlestown peninsula, and. 




FuUlliiINU bl.LLU 



passing Bunker Hill, began to 
make a fortress of earth on the 
next elevation. Breed's Hill. 
The bells of Boston struck twelve when the first sod was 
dug. Then every man plied the pickaxe or spade, and carried 
on the work with such expedition, that, by the dawn of day, 
a good breastwork was thrown up. Soon afterward a few 
volunteers succeeded in joining Prescott. 

24. Great was the surprise of the British when they saw 
what had been done by the '^ rebels" in a single night. At 
once, from their ships in the river and from a battery on one 



24. Give a full account of the battle. 



156 



Revolutionary Period. 




of Boston's hills, they poured a shower of shot upon the little 
earth fort. This failing of its object, two thousand of the 
king's best troops, commanded by Sir William Howe, crossed 

the river, and advanced 
up the hill against the 
patriots. " Powder i s 
scarce/' said Prescott ; 
" fire low ; wait till you 
see the wliite of their 
eyes." The British were 
driven back with fearful 
slaughter. Meanwhile, 
by Howe's orders, Charles- 
town was fired, and while 
its church and homes 
were being consumed by 
the flames, his soldiers 
again ascended the hill 
to make a second attack. 
Again they were repulsed. 
Would they try a third time ? Other troops came to their 
assistance. Thus encouraged, they advanced once more ; but 
the patriots, worn down with labor and fasting, and entirely 
out of powder, were no longer able to resist. Prescott gave 
the word to retreat ; and as these raw recruits slowly de- 
scended the hill, the victors took ])Ossession of the wall of 
earth that had been so stoutly defended (June 17, 1775). 

25. The British had won the battle, but at what a terrible 
cost ! They had lost in killed and wounded more than a 
thousand men, and had killed or Avounded nearly half that 
number of their opposers. Among the patriots who fell were 
several of rare worth, but no one's death was more lamented 
than that of the wise statesman, skilful physician, and fear- 



ed -^ /; o > / () y 

rv ( o <. 'v. -~ 



25. Repeat what Is said of General Warren. Of Mrs. Adams's letter 



Revolutionary Period. 157 

less soldier, Joseph Warren. Mrs. John Adams, in a tearful 
letter, wrote : "We want him in the Senate, we want him in 
the profession, we want him in the field." And what had 
the British gained ? A hill — nothing more. Would the men 
of America now consent to pay the threepence tax on tea ? 
Would the women drink the tea ? 

26. While success on Lake Champlain, and almost a 
victory near Boston, were attending the patriot cause, dele- 
gates from the colonies were holding the Second 
General Congress in Philadelphia. On the 15th 
of June, two days before the Charlestown battle. 



Washington 

in 
Command. 



General Washington, by the unanimous vote of the delegates, 
was chosen to command all the forces raised or to be raised 
by the united colonies. The next day, standing by his seat 
amon j; the delegates, he modestly accepted the appointment, 
and promised to exert all his powers for the support of the 
glorious cause. At the same time he declared that he would 
not receive any pay whatever for his services. To assist him. 
Congress elected as generals, Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, 
Philip Schuyler [shi'-ler), Horatio Gates, Israel Putnam, 
Richard Montgomery (p. 115), Nathaniel Greene, and others. 
Lee, a soldier 6i fortune, and Gates, a hater of British rule, 
were born in England. Montgomery, next to Washington 
in merit, was an Irishman by birth. 

27. On the 21st of the month Washington left Phila- 
delphia to take command of the army that was watching 
Gage. He was escorted as far as New York by Lee, Schuyler, 
and others, all on horseback. They had scarcely gone twenty 
miles when they met a courier on his way to Congress, with 



26- What important action was taken by Congress ? Who nominated \Vashington 
lor the position ? Ans. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. Who had previously suggested 
him for the place ? Ans. John Ad:ims, of Massachusetts. Where did Congress then 
meet ? What did Washington do and sav when accepting the appointment ? What 
generals were also appointed ? Which of them were born in Europe ? 

27. Give an account of Washington's journey, with the courier incident, to talte 
command of the army. 



158 Bevolutionary Period. 

the news of the battle fought four days before. The courier's 
hurried account made Washington sad, but, upon being told 
that the patriots fought bravely, a weight of anxiety was 
lifted from his heart as he exclaimed : ''The liberties of tlie 
country are safe ! " 

28. At Cambridge, on the morning of the 3d of July, 
Washington took formal command of the army. Under the 
wide-spreading branches of an elm near the college, he sat on 
his horse while the troops passed before him, and a crowd of 
spectators raised shouts of rejoicing. His army was com- 
posed of brave soldiers, but it was without order or discipline. 
The men were enlisted for only short periods. Many had no 
muskets. Only a few had bayonets. Heavy cannon were 
needed. There was but a small quantity of powder. "In 
spite of all these difficulties, the eyes of the whole country 
were confidently fixed on Washington, He was expected to 
undertake some great enterprise against the hostile army." 

29. "One of his most invaluable characteristics was the 
faculty of bringing order out of confusion. It was this faculty, 
more than any other, that made him so fit to ride upon the 
storm of the Eevolution, when everything was unfixed and 
drifting about in a troubled sea. He had not long been at 
the head of the army before his soldiers thouglit as highly of 
him as if he had led them to a hundred victories. They 
knew that he was the very man tlie country needed, and the 
only one who could bring them safely through the great con- 
test against the might of England." 

30. While Washington was making preparations to drive 
the British from Boston, the governor of Canada was inciting 

28- Whfin and where did his formal act of assuming command take place ? In 
what condition was the army at that time ? Where is Cambridge ? What college is 
there (p. 132) ? 

29. What is said of Washington's character, and how he was soon regarded by his 
soldiers ? 

30. What measure did Congress decide upon ? W^hat places did Montgomery take ? 
Where are they (map p. 159i ? Give an account of Montgomery's defeat and death. 
Give the further history of the defeated expedition. 



Revolutionary Period. 



159 



the Indians to take up the hatchet against the patriots, and 
to join him in an attempt to recover Ticonderoga. In self- 
defence, Congress decided upon a plan to occupy 
Canada. Two forces were sent, one, under Schuy- 
ler, by way of Lake Champlain ; the other, under 



Expedition 
against Canada. 






Arnold, by the Kennebec River. Schuyler becoming sick, 
Montgomery succeeded to the command, and, after captur- 
ing St. John's and Montreal, proceeded 
against Quebec, near Avhich he was joined 
by Arnold (December, 1775). In the 
early morning of the last day of the year, 
while darkness prevailed and a furious 
snow-storm was raging, the Americans 
attacked the town, but were defeated. 
The brave and generous Montgomery 
was among the slain. Daniel Morgan, 
of Virginia, of whom we shall hear again, 
was among the prisoners (§ 91). Arnold, though severely 
wounded, escaped, and in command of about five hundred 
men, formed a camp of snow ramparts, where, through the 
winter, he menaced Quebec. 

31. Troops were sent to the relief of Arnold, but not for a 
moment was Washington diverted from the task of freeing 
Boston from the king's grasp. Having consid- 
ered one plan after another, he thought it was 
possible to gain the end by means of batteries on 




""Kouseirt'i 



The British 

driven 
from Boston. 



Dorchester Heights. To occupy these, throw up breastworks, 
and place guns in position, was the work of a single night. 
The next morning, to the surprise of the British, the Ameri- 
cans were ready to fire upon their quarters in the town, and 
upon their ships in the harbor. At once General Howe, 
Gage's successor, made preparations to drive his enemy from 



31. Give an account of the manner in which the British were driven from Boston. 
How many Tories went ? Who were they 1 Where did they go 1 



160 Revolutionary Period. 



Battle 
of 

Fort Moultrie. 



the dangerous position, but delay, caused by a violent storm, 
gave Washington an opportunity to erect batteries so near 
the town that it was im])ossible for Howe to remain in it any 
longer. Consequently, his army of eiglit thousand men, with 
more than eleven hundred Tories, hastened on board the 
ships. The Tories were persons of American birth who 
adhered to the king's cause. The people of Boston, from the 
hills, house tops, and wharfs, saw with delight the fleet in a 
long line sail out of the harbor (March, 1776), 

32. When Howe was next heard from he was in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia. Before leaving Boston, he had sent Sir Henry 

Clinton to go against the southern colonies. 
Clinton, being joined by a fleet and troops from 
England, sailed for Charleston, South Carolina. 
The patriots there, by intercepted letters, had been warned 
of his coming, and on Sullivan's Island, at the entrance to 
the harbor, were busy erecting a fort of palmetto logs when 
the hostile ships hove in sight. 

33. On the morning of the 38tli of June, a rapid fire 
from the ships was opened upon the fort, which was de- 
fended by less than five hundred men commanded by Colonel 
Moultrie. Shot and shell made little impression upon the 
soft, fibrous, spongy palmetto wood. The fire from the fort 
was slowly delivered, and with good aim. Every one of the 
balls was sent on a mission of certain destruction. In the fury 
of the fight, the fort's flag-staff was shattered and the flag fell 
outside tlie works, on the beach near the edge of the water. 
Sergeant Jasper, braving the enemy's shower of shot and 
shell, leaped through an embrasure to the ground, picked up 
the flag, fastened it to a wooden gun-rod, and climbing to the 
top of the log wall, fixed it firmly in place. At night, after 



32- WHiat movement was made by Geui-ral Clinton? How were the Charleston 
people prepared for resistance ? Where is Charleston (map 'i\ ? Fort Moultrie f 

33- Describe the battle of Fort Moultrie. What is said of the importance of tlmt 
battle ? Uow did the fort get its name ? 



Revolutionarij Period. 161 

losing more than two hundred men, the British gave up the 
contest. Leaving one of their ships fast aground and on 
lire, with their remaining ships terribly crippled, they with- 
drew beyond the range of Moultrie's guns. This splendid 
victory was of immense importance to the patriots of the 
South. It not only animated them with hope, but it com- 
pelled the British to abandon, for the time, their plans for 
conquest in that quarter. The Carolinas and (leorgia were 
not molested for more than two years. 

34. The appeals of America to king and Parliament prov- 
ing of no avail, the colonists began to think and -talk of in- 
dependence. *' It was discussed in every part of 
the country by farmers and merchants, by 
mechanics and planters, by the fishermen along 



Declaration 

of 
Independence. 



the coast, and by the backwoodsmen of the West. It was 
discussed in town-meetings and from the jDulpit, at social 
gatherings and around the camp-fires, in newspapers and in 
pamphlets."* The decision was in favor of independence, 
and the voice of the people was soon heard in Congress. In 
that body, assembled in Philadeljihia's Old State House, 
Eichard Henry Lee proposed : "That these united colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to tlie British 
crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved" (June 7, 1776). 

35. This resolution was seconded by John Adams, the 



* A pamphlet called Common Setise was a busy agent in bringing; public 
opinion to favor this step. It was written by Thomas Paine, an Englishman, 
who had recently come to America. Another of Paine's pamphlets began with 
the words: " These are the times that try men's souls." 

34- How did the desire for independence have its beginning ? What is said of the 
discussion and decision ? Repeat Lee's resolntion. When and where was it offered ? 
Where was Lee born (Appendix, p. 6) ? 

35- Give the further history of Lee's resolution. To what did it lead ? Who wrote 
the famous paper? Who were Jefferson's associates oh the committee ? 

11 



162 



Bevolutionary Period. 



" Colossus of the Debate/' and next day and other days it 
was discussed with earnestness and ability. While the dis- 
cussion was in jjrogress, a committee, consisting of Tliomas 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Eoger Sherman, 
and Robert K. Livingston, was chosen by ballot to jn-epare a 
paper that would express with fulness the meaning of the 
resolution. On the 3d of July, Lee's resolution was adopted. 
The report of the committee was next in order. It was sub- 
mitted by its author, Thomas Jefferson, and, on the 4th of 
July, " this immortal state paper," known to us as the 
Declaration of Independence, was agreed to. Not a single 
vote was cast against it. By this act the thirteen colonies 
became the United States of America. . Anotlier nation was 
born. The people were no longer subjects of a king. They 
were American citizens. 

36. " For the support of this Declaration," said the reso- 
lute men who thus voted for freedom, " we mutually pledge 
to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." 
Over their heads, on the Old State 
House, was the "Liberty Bell." It 
bore the inscription : " Proclaim lib- 
erty throughout the land unto all the 
inhabitants thereof." In its tower 
stood the l)ellman. At the hall door 
stood his little blue-eyed son. The vote 
declaring America free was adopted 
as we have stated. Instantly, as had 
been arranged, the little patriot-scion 
rushed out into the street, and looking 
up to his father in the open tower, 
clapped his hands, and shouted, "Ring! 
RiNCx ! RING ! " The people in the street shouted for joy ; 
and in the Quaker City that night were bonfires and illumina- 





LIBEKTY BELL. 



36. What pledge was made in the Declaration ? Where was the Liberty Bell ? 

What inscription did it bear ? Relate the story. 



Revolutionary Period. 163 

tions. Would you like to read that famous Declaration ? It 
is in this book. You will find it in the Appendix. Study it 
carefully, and you will learn what bitter trials our forefathers 
suffered before they rebelled. 

37. It had not been an easy matter to reach this bold 
stand, for there were many true and tried patriots who could 
not see how America, poor in everything except its brave 
hearts, could cope successfully with the strong joower of Great 
Britain. Could the patriots maintain their Declaration ? 
Were they numerous enough and sufficiently united to meet 
the king's host that was coming against them ? AVe shall 
see. 

38. Anticipating that the next movement of the enemy 
would be against New York, Washington sent his army to 
that city, and soon he had evidence that his sus- 
picion was correct. On Staten Island, at the 
entrance to the citv's harbor, Howe was gather- 



The British 

take 
New York. 



ing a large force. All his troops that had been driven out of 
Boston, all of Clinton's that had met defeat in Charleston 
harbor, these, with several regiments from Ireland, and ten 
thousand soldiers from the continent of Europe, reached the 
island, and were formed into an army pronounced " the most 
perfect of that day in all the world." The troops from the 
continent of Eurojje were called Hessians, because the most 
of them were from Hesse-Cassel, Germany. They had been 
forcibly taken from the plough, the workshop, and the high- 
way, and hired by the king of England (§ 68). Looking at 
this great army of thirty thousand men, supported as it was 
by more than five hundred ships, ready to strike a blow at 
the feeble communities that had just resolved themselves into 
a family of States, we fear and tremble for the result. 



37- Why had not all the patriots favored the Declaration of Independence ? 

38. Where is Staten Island (map p. 164') ? How is it separated from Long Island ? 
What troops were gathered by General Howe on Staten Island ? With what object ? 
What is said of the Hessians ? Where is Long Island (map p. 175) ? 



164 



Revolutionary Period. 




39. Unable to get any information of the enemy's plan of 
attack, Washington divided his forces with a view to defence 
at several points. At length, a report reaching him that 
Howe's troops had crossed to Long Island, where Putnam was 
in command, he hurried several regi- 
ments to oppose the invaders (map 
p. 175). In three divisions the enemy 
advanced and a great battle was 
fought, which ended in heavy loss and 
complete defeat to the patriots, who 
retreated to Brooklyn (Aug. 27, 1776). 
40. Two days passed. On the night 
of the third, wliile a fog shrouded 
the British camp, Wasliington suc- 
ceeded by skilful management in getting his shattered forces 
across the river to New York, thus accomplishing "one of 
the most signal achievements of the war."" The British had 
expected to capture his army. How did they find that 
it had given them the slip? "Near the ferry," so says 
tradition, " resided a Tory lady. On seeing the embarkation 
of the first detachment of the American army, she sent otf a 
black servant to inform the first British officer he could fiiul 
of Avhat was going on. The negro arrived at a Hessian out- 
post, where, not being able to make himself understood, he 
was kept under guard as a suspicious person. At daybreak 
an English officer visited the post, examined the negro, and 
was astounded by his story. An alarm was at once given, 
but it was too late." Washington's nine thousand men, with 
their provisions, military stores, and field artillery, were in 
the city of New York. (Read note 10, App., p. 44.) 

41. A more disastrous blow than this on Long Island did 
not fall upon the patriot cause during the entire war. Coming 

39. What is said of the battle of Long Island and retreat of the patriots ? 

40. What is said of Washington's signal achievement ? Relate the tradition. 

41. What is said of the consequences of the battle ? 



Revolutionary Period. 165 

so soon after the Declaration of Independence, it spread dis- 
couragement in every direction. Men, losing heart, left the 
ranks of the patriot army and returned to their homes, while 
hundreds of Tories, believing that General Howe would soon 
put an end to the "rebellion," as they persisted in calling the 
war, flocked to his standard. How many calamities followed 
that unfortunate battle I The first and greatest was the loss 
of Brooklyn and Xew York. 

42. What would be the enemy's next movement ? Wash- 
ington desired to ^jrocure information respecting Howe's posi- 
tion and probable intentions. Who would volun- 
teer to get it ? To be a spy was to be an outlaw, 



Nathan Hale. 



To be captured would be to die a felon's death. There was 
one brave num, not yet twenty-two years of age, who was Avill- 
ing to die that his country might live. He had received an 
education in Yale College, and been a school-teacher. He 
was now a captain in Washington's army. When warned 
of the danger of entering the enemy's lines in disguise, he 
replied: "'I wish to be useful, and every kind of service 
necessary to the public good becomes honorable by being 
necessary." 

43. Putting on a plain suit of brown clothes, his school- 
master's garb, he crossed from Connecticut to Long Island, 
and made his way to Brooklyn. Having taken sketches of 
the enemy's fortifications, and written his notes in Latin, he 
was on the point of returning to the Connecticut shore, when 
he was seized as a spy. He was taken to New York, where a 
detachment of the invaders was already quartered. Being 
brought before General Howe, he frankly confessed his rank 
in the patriot army, also the object of his visit to the British 
camp. Howe, regarding him as a rebel as well as a spy, and 
believing that he could not be too swiftly or too severely 

42- Who was Nathan Hale (§ 44) ? What did he volunteer to do ? What warning 
wa? ^riven to him * What was his reply ? 

43. Give an account of his movements and capture. 



166 



Revolutionary Period. 



punished, ordered him to bo hanged the next morning (Sun- 
day, September 22). 

44. During the night, the doomed patriot asked that he 
might be attended by a clergyman. His wish was refused. 
His next request was for a Bibh'. This also was refused. 
Then, as morning dawned, he wrote two letters, one to his 
loving mother, the other to a cherished 'comrade. Both were 
heartlessly destroyed by his jailer. When about to ascend 
the gallows, he turned to the few spectators that were present, 
and uttered the sentence that will live as long as our republic 
endures : "1 only regret that I have but one life to lose for 
my country." And so died this martyr-spy, this noble 
l)atriot, Nathan Hale (§ 90) 

45. The calamities that followed the battle of Long Island 
were not ended. On the Heights of Harlem, in the northern 

part of Nevt' York Island, a battle was fought, 
and, further north, at White Plains, another 
battle occurred, neither of which helped the 
American cause. British ships ascended the Hudson to the 

west of Washington's army, and 
British troops advanced to the 
east of his army. Thus admon- 
ished of the enemy's intention 
to entrap him, he crossed to 
New Jersey, and, looking back, 
was grieved to witness the de- 
feat of the garrison he had left 
in Fort Washington (November 
IG). Pursued by Lord Cornwal- 
lis, he retreated throusfh New 



Consequences of 

the Loss 
of New York. 




he retreated through 
Jersey, and crossed the Delaware.* This does not bring us 

* General Lee, ■vvho had been left on the east side of the Hudson with a 
body of troops, was ordered by Washington to join him. Instead of obeying, 

44- Give an account of his last i)i<?hr, execution, and patriotic words. 
45. Name four calamities that followed the battle of Long Island. M'here is White 
Plains (map p. 175) ? Foi t Washington (map p. 75) ? 



Revolutionary Period. 167 

to the end of the misfortunes of the Long Island battle. 
The thousands of patriots who were so unfortunate as to be 
taken prisoners in that contest, and in i s train of disasters, 
were put on board old ships and treate 1 with cruel neglect. 
A few only lived to tell of the miseries they iuxd endured. 
The most notable of these decaying luilks was known as the 
Jersey Prison Ship. She was anchored near Brooklyn. 

46. The faith and patience of the patriots during these 
gloomy months of 1770 were to have their reward. Corn- 
wallis, instead of crossing the Delaware, quar- 
tered his troops in New Jersey, twelve hundred, 
mostly Hessians, being posted at Trenton. Here 



Battle 

of 

Trenton. 



was an opportunity, Washington thought, of striking a blow 
that would animate his army, and revive hopeful feelings 
among the people. 

47. Christmas night came, snow covered the ground, and 
ice filled the Delaware. At night, in open boats, after 
struggling for hours in the floating ice, twenty-four hundred 
strong men, with Washington as their leader, succeeded in 
crossing the river. Then they marched nine miles, a storm 
of sleet and hail beating against them at every step they 



he planned independent movements for himself. He entered New Jersey, and 
took up his quarters in a tavern three miles from his troops, where General 
Wilkinson, a messenger from General Gates, found him. "Suddenly a party 
of British dragoons turned a corner of the road. ' Here, sir, are the British 
Cavalry ! ' exclaimed Wilkinson. ' Where ? ' asked Lee. ' Where is the 
guard ? ' The guards, alas, unwary as their general, and chilled by the air 
of a frosty morning, had stacked their arms, and repaired to the south side of 
a house to sun themselves ; and were now chased by the dragoons in different 
directions. A voice declared : ' If the general does not surrender in five 
minutes, I will set fire to the house.' . . . The general, bareheaded and 
in his slippers, was mounted on Wilkinson's horse, which stood at the door, 
and the dragoons clattered off with their prisoner." (See note to § 64). — 
Irving^ s Life of Washington. 

46. What bold movement did Washington now project ? 

47- Describe how he carried out his plan. Where is Trenton (map 2> ? Piinceton ? 
What college is at Princeton (p. 132) ? Describe the picture on page 168. 



168 



Revolutionary Period. 



took. Just as tlio light of ilie new day began to appear they 
reached Trenton, and, with rapid movement, surprised and 
overpoAvered the liostile force there. Nearly a thousand 
prisoners Avere taken (December 20). Cornwallis's force, near 
Trenton, being superior to his own, Washington returned to 
his camp west of the Delaware. " All our hopes," wrote an 
English statesman, "were blasted by the unhappy affair at 



» 




WA^IU.Ni. I« 



illh 111. i 



ai:k. (1-j,..m 1, 

WASUIIsCiTON.) 



l-ll TlliK IN THE CAPITOL, 



Trenton." Astonished at such a stroke from an enemy 
whom he had regarded as subdued, Cornwallis united his 
forces for safety at Princeton. Washington then recrossed 
ihc Delaware and occupied Trenton. 

48. Now, at the close of the year, the term of service of 
nuiny of Washington's soldiers expired. They were weary and 
yearned for home. Could they not be persuaded to remain 
six weeks longer ? A bounty of ten dollars would influence 

48. State how Robert Morris helped the patriot's cause. What furtlier can you say 
of him ? Alts. In his old ;ige he lost his fortune and was confined in prisou for debt 
Describe the picture ou page 109. 



Revolutionary Period. 



169 



some, but Washington had not tlie money. In haste he 
wrote to his friend, Kobert Morris, "the Financier of the 
Revohition," whose home was in Philadelphia, for six hun- 
dred dollars at once. Morris received the letter in the even- 
ing, but was at his wits' end to raise the sum, small as it 
was, for hard money was very scarce. Fortunately, a wealthy 




MORRIS GOING PROM HOUSE TO HOUSE TO 
BORROW MONEY. 



m o m e n t o f 
need supplied the 
sinews of war, 
and the money was 
sent. Morris then 

went from house to house, rousing people from their beds, 
to borrow more money, and before the close of the sec- 
ond day he sent Washington several thousand dollars addi- 
tional.* 



* Two years later Congress appointed Morris to be Superintendent oi 
Finance. He established a bank, and borrowed more than a million of dollars 
on his own credit, to buy food and clothing for the soldiers. In 1781 he sent 
several thousand barrels of flour to the array. He came from England, his 
birthplace, when he was thirteen years of age. 



170 Revolutionary Period. 



49. Cornwallis, on hearing of Washington's return to 
Trenton, started with a body of his troops for that place, and 
at night made an attempt to cross the stream 
that runs through tlie town, but was repulsed. 
The patriots were now confronted by a force 



Battle 

of 

Princeton. 



much larger than their own. If defeated, they would be 
in danger of capture, for the Delaware could not be readily 
crossed because of the floating ice. In this emergency 
Washington adopted a bold plan. Leaving his camp-fires 
luirning to deceive the enemy, he silently withdrew his 
troops from their posts, and at midnight began a march 
by a roundabout road to attack the force which Cornwallis 
had left at Princeton. lie had eighteen miles before him. 
At sunrise, just as his tired troops were entering the out- 
skirts of the town, they met the enemy's force which was 
already on its way to Join Cornwallis. At first the British 
gained an advantage, but the prompt arrival of Washington 
at once changed affairs, and they were completely routed. 
The loss of the patriots was small, but the brave General 
Mercer was of the number (January 3, 1777). 

50. These two victories ruined Howe's calculations. He 

had supposed that the "rebels" were dispersed and thor- 

I oughly discouraged, and that, in consequence, it 

Washington's ^^^^^jj^f ]^q ^j^gy f^^ him to cross the Delaware when 

Fabian Pobcy. 

\ the ice permitted, and to occupy Philadelphia. 

Now he did not dare to order Cornwallis to advance a single 
step, nor did he think it prudent to attack Washington, who, 
in quarters near Morristown, was protected by woods, hills, 
and rivers. In vain, during the spring and early summer, 
did he try to bring on a general engagement. Such a battle, 
he felt sure, would give him a chance to crush the "rebels" 



49. In what difficulty was Washington placed at Trenton ? How did he get out of 
it ? Describe the battle. 

50- What effect did Washington's victories have upon the British ? What pet 
name was applied to Washington ? Why ? Where is Morristowu (map p. 90) ? 



The British 

take 
Philadelphia. 



Revolutionary Period. 17l 

by overwhelming numbers. Washington, seeing the trap, 
did not put his foot into it. Like Fabius of old contending 
against Hannibal to save Kome, he avoided a battle with his 
strong foe, hoping to wear him out by delays, by attacking 
his outposts, and by cutting off his supplies. Hence he has 
been aptly called the American Fabius. 

51. Thus foiled, Howe adopted an entirely new plan. In 
the fleet commanded by his brother, Admiral Howe, he sailed 
from Staten Island, and ascended Chesapeake 
Bay. He landed his army, and began a march 
against Philadelphia. Xot before Washington 
heard of Howe's appearance at the head of the bay did he 
realize how determined was that commander to possess the 
city. AVith all speed he marched to dispute Howe's progress. 
At Chad's Ford, Brandy wine Creek, a severe battle was 
fought, ending in a victory for Howe (September 11). 

52. On the side of the jjatriots in this contest were two 
distinguished foreigners, the youthful Marquis of Lafayette 
and Count Pulaski. The former had left his beloved France, 
had evaded the British attempts to capture him, had crossed 
the ocean in a ship fitted out at his own expense, and had 
offered to serve in Washington's army without pay or other 
reward from Congress. In this, his first battle for freedom, 
he was shot through the leg, but, binding up the wound, he 
kept the field till the end of the action.* Pulaski, a Polish 

* Lafayette fought in several other battles, always with courage and gal- 
lantry, and was a member of the court that tried Andre as a spy (§ 90). 
Comwallis on one occasion tried to capture him, and was so sure of success 
that he wrote home: "The boy cannot escape me" (§ 94). After the war 
Lafayette visited the LTnited States twice, the first time on the invitation of 
Washington (1784). Washington's mother was then seventy-eight years of 
age. Meeting her in her garden one day, Lafayette praised her son. She de- 
lighted him by making the reply : "I am not surprised about what George 
has done, for he was always a good boy." 

51. What movements did Howe make in a new plan of action ? Give an account 
of the battle that followed. Where is Brandywine Creek (map p. 90) ? 
52 What Is said of Lafayette '! Of Pulaski ? 



172 Revolutionary Period. 

nobleman, was prompted by motives equally honorable ; and 
for his good conduct in this battle of Brandywine he re- 
ceived a general's commission uiul an important command 
(§73). 

53. Wasliington made a second stand to oppose Hovpe's 
progress, ])ut a violent storm prevented a battle. A detach- 
ment of his army under General Wayne being surprised and 
defeated at Paoli (pd-o'-le), the enemy at last entered Phila- 
delphia (September 26, 1777). 

54. A large part of Howe's army was quartered iu (Jer- 
mantown (§ 97, p. 97). Washington, not disheartened by his 
recent reverses, determined to attack it. At sunrise he en- 
tered the village, but, owing to a fog that prevailed, his 
troops were thrown into confusion, and were fired upon from 
a stone house and other buildings. Seeing that what at first 
promised to be a victory was being changed to a defeat, he 
gave the word to retreat (October 4). This success of the 
British being followed by others against the forts on the 
Delaware, their ships ascended the river to Philadelphia. 

55. Winter had now set in and Washington's troops, 
worn down by long and hard service, needed repose. Where 

could they find quarters, and, at the same time, 
be in a position to watch Howe's army and pro- 
tect the country about it from being stripped by 



Washington 

at 
Valley Forge. 



the enemy's foraging parties ? Valley Forge, twenty miles 
from Philadelphia, was decided upon. There the patriots 
braved the winter's cold till they could cut down trees and 
build huts. These huts were of logs filled in with clay : 
their fire-jdaces were of logs covered with plaster. Tlie 
iloor was the bare ground. With sufficient food and cloth- 
ing the men would have been able to pass the winter in 

53- What is said of Washington's farther efforts to oppose Howe's march ? 
What is said of Wayne's defeat ? 

54. What is said of the battle of Germantown ? Where is Germantown (p. 97) ? 

65. Where is Valley Forge (map 2) ? Give an account of the sufferings of Wash- 
ington's army there. 



Revolutionary Period. 



173 



comfort, though snow-storms and cold blasts were frequent. 
But they were without blankets, and so badly off for shoes 
that the footsteps of many might be traced in blood. Food, 
too, was scarce. During a period of three days there was 
not a particle of bread in the camp. 

56. Washington did his best to supply the needs of his 
men. He faithfully performed his own duty, and urged the 







VALLET FORGE. 



agents of Congress to perform theirs. He was sorely con- 
cerned from several causes. He had sent his best troops to 
oppose an invasion from Canada conducted by General Bur- 
goyne {hur-goin'). His remaining troops with him at Valley 
Forge were suffering, and he Avas required to be on the alert 

56. By what difflcu]tie.« and plottings was the character of Washington tested ? 
Who was the leader of the plot against Washington ? Arts. General Conway, a French 
officer of Irish descent : hence the plot was known as the Conway Cabal. What did 
Conway try to accomplish ? Ans. Ue wanted to have the chief comme.'.irt taken from 
Washington and given to Gates. Wbat was the Fabian policy (§ 50) ? 



174 



Revolutio7iary Period. 



night and day to thwart Howe's 
movements. In the midst of all 
this, he was informed that a 
cabal, incited by certain foreign- 
born officers in the army, was 
secretly trying to depose him 
with a view to the elevation of 
one of its number to the chief 
command. Yet, in no other period 
of the war did the greatness of his 
character shine more brightly. The 
cause in which he was engaged was 
dear to him ; and he firmly adhered 
to his Fabian j^olicy, Avhich he be- 
lieved was the only one that could 
lead to success. 

57. Was Washington fortunate 
in his plans to defeat Burgoyne ? 
In June, of 1777, an army of ten 
thousand men, British, Canadians, 
and Germans, left Can- 
ada, and invaded the 
State of New York. 



Borgoyne's 
Invasion. 



The route for a part of this force, 
under the command of Colonel St. 
Leger {lej'er), was by way of Lake 
Ontario and the Mohawk Valley, 
but the main body, under Burgoyne, 
proceeded up Lake Champlain. It 
was the design of this invading 
army to advance upon Albany, and, 
with the co-operation of Clinton's 
troops from the city of New York, 
to get possession of the posts on the 




67. Give a full accouDt of the design and first event? of Buigoyue's invasion. 



Revolutionary Period. 



175 



Balkton o 

J/-,. StillH-; 



Schenectady 



Uir 



I 

i 

Bennington o 
' Troy '— 



ALBANY ( 



H 



b Hudson 



^PvhineTjecli 



fPougKkeepsie 

o 



;.:irontgomery 

cPeekskiU 

Stony op" 
"Point 

'*^-3]appan 

{AnS.re'SMnQ 



?V.to° 



ORK 



l=/^^^r^£flTyjy^ 



Hudson River, and thus cut off 
Xew England from the other "re- 
bellious colonies." Near Crown 
Point, Burgoyne was joined by sev- 
eral hundred Indian warriors, and 
thence he advanced to attack Fort Ticon- 
deroga. General St. Clair, in command 
of the fort, seeing no chance of making 
a successful defence, evacuated the fort 
and retreated. At Hubbardtou, Ver- 
mont, some of his troops were overtaken, 
and, after a spirited action, were dis- 
persed (July 7) ; but the larger part of 
his force joined General Schuyler, who 
was in command of the American army 
at the Xorth. 

58. After various delays, caused by 
impediments which Schuyler had placed 
in the way of the invaders, by felling 
immense trees across the roads, Bur- 
goyne reached the Hudson, and was 
happy in the fancied prospect of a great 
success before him. But causes were 
already working a change in his dream. 
He had let loose the Indians, and every 
day they brought scalps to his camp. 
One day they brought twenty. Among 
their trophies was the scalp of a young 
woman, Jane McCrea, who was engaged 
to be married to one of Bur- 
goyne's officers. These barbarous 
acts aroused a terrible feeling of 
resentment among the inhabitants, 
hundreds of whom flocked to 



TirrroCh-^^M 



58. Who was Schuyler (§26)? How did he retard Burgoyne's march? What is 



176 



Revolutionary Period. 



Schuyler's standard. Being life-long hunters they were 
ready-made riflemen. They brought their own guns and in 
cow horns carried their powder. 

59. Another cloud in Burgoyne's sky came from the Mo- 
hawk Valley. There his detachment of regulars and a thou- 
sand Indians, under St. Leger, laid siege to Fort Scliuyler, 
where the city of Rome now stands. At O-ris'-ka-ny, they 
attacked a body of patriots who were marching to the relief 
of the fort. They were repulsed, though the heroic leader 
of the patriots, General Herkimer, was mortally wounded 
(August (J). Arnold offered to go against the besiegers, and 
General Schuyler, accepting the offer, 
detached three regiments for the ex- 
pedition. Knowing that this force 
was too small to overthroAV the en- 
emy, Arnold cunningly contrived to 
send emissaries into St. Leger's camp 
to report that a large army was 
marching to capture the besiegers. 
The stratagem worked like a charm. 
The Indians had been expecting 
little fighting, many scalps, and much plunder. 
Now, fickle as the wind, they began to desert. They robbed 
the British officers of their clothes, and made off with the 
booty, and, though Arnold Avas not within forty miles of the 
fort, the frightened St. Leger in the darkness of night hur- 
ried after the fugitives. His artillery, ammunition, tents, 
and stores fell into the hands of the Americans (August 23). 




easv times 



said of the atrociiies of the Indians » Did the Indians kill Jane McCrea * Ans. The 

(txact manner of her death was not ascertained. The Indians asserted that they were 
imrsued and fired upon by a party of American!*, and that one of the shots intended for 
tliem killed the lady. Where is Crown Point imap p. 174) ? Fort Ticonderoga ? 

59. Give an acconnt of Arnold's eiinninj;; stratagem. Where is Oriskany (see map) ? 
Where is Fort Schuyler (map 2)? By what name was it previously known ? Aits. Fort 
Stanwix. What city is there now ? Who commanded the fort during the siege ? Aiif. 
Colonel Gansevoort. While the battle was raging at Oriskany, Colonel Willett sallied 
."rom the fort and captured the baggage, flags, and stores of the besiegers.(.App., p. 45.) 



Revolutionary Period. 



177 




BALLT OP THE PEOPLE. (PROM MAUKHAM's buSSO-rilieVOS ON TUE MONUMENT 
AT SARATOGA.) 



60. A still larger cloud in Burgoyne's sky came from an- 
other quarter. Needing supplies, he sent eight hundred men 
under Colonel Baum {bourn) to seize some that were in Ben- 

60. Give an account of the two battles of Bennington. Were they fought in Ver- 
mont or New York ? Am. New York. Where is Bennington (map p. 17.')) ? Where 
did we meet Stark before (p. 154) ? Where is Hubbardton (map p. 174) I 
12 



178 Revolutionary Period. 

nington. It so happened that just then a body of New 
Hampshire militia, commanded by John Stark (§ 21), then 
a colonel, afterward a general, arrived at that town. Joined 
by recruits from Vermont and JMassachusetts, Stark sallied 
forth, and, coming in sight of the enemy, mounted a rail 
fence, and, addressing his soldiers, said : " Now, my men, 
there are the Redcoats and Tories. Before night they 
must be ours or Molly Stark will be a widow."* Throwing 
their knapsacks and jackets in heaps upon the ground, the 
patriots with a cheer advanced to the attack. In two hours 
not a Redcoat or Tory was to be seen, except about six hun- 
dred who were being marched to Bennington as prisoners of 
war. Toward evening a body of Hessians, sent to the aid 
of Baum, appeared in sight. Fortunately Seth Warner, 
\yith a regiment of "Green Mountain Boys," at that moment 
reached Stark's side, and the second battle of the day ended 
as the first (August 16). 

61. Truly, -Burgoyne's sky had become very dark. His 
Indian allies deserted him. Provisions came in too slowly. 
The promised aid from Clinton could not be sent, owing 
to Washington's movements against Howe (§ 50). Tbe 
patriots, greatly elated, rallied to the support of Schuyler, 
and, under his directions, were preparing to capture or de- 
stroy the entire invading army under Burgoyne, when Gen- 
eral Gates, by appointment from Congress, was placed in 
command of the American forces at the North. 



* Some knowing one has discovered at this late day that when Stark's 
wife in infancy was christened, she received the name Elizabeth, hence that 
he could not have spoken of her as Molly : he must have said Betty. Edward 
Everett, in his Life of Stark, Halleck, Irving, Lossing, aud a score more like 
them, testify that Stark spoke of his wife as Molly on the memorable occasion 
alluded to. Did Stark really make that famous speech ? His grandson, 
Caleb Stark, in a memoir of the general, is inclined to treat it as a legend. 

61- What clouds darkened Burgoyne's prospects? Who succeeded General 
Schuyler in the command of the northern army ? Who put Gates into that place ? 
Who was Gates (§ 26) '/ 



Revolutionary Period. 179 

62. Just a month later the armies of Gates and Burgoyne 
met near Stillwater. The l)attle is known as the first of Still- 
water, also as the battle of Bern 'is Heights. Man fonght 
against man, regiment against regiment. Night ended the 
contest (September 19). It could not be said that the result 
was a victory to Burgoyne, for he bad lost six hundred men, 
his march toward Albany had been stopped, and an opposing 
army, strong in number and in excellent spirits, was ready to 
check his slightest movement. He waited for reinforcements 
from Clinton : he waited in vain. In despair he again offered 
battle, hoping to cut his way through the American lines. 
This brought on the second battle of Stillwater, otherwise 
called the battle of Saratoga (October 7). Burgoyne was no 
more fortunate than before ; and, ten days later, surrendered 
(October 17). A body of Americans marched to the tune 
of Yankee Doodle into the quarters of the British, while the 
British troops marched out and laid down their arms.* 

63. The joy of the patriots in every part of tlie land was 
unbounded. A royal army, well equipped and commanded 
by one of the king's ablest generals, had been defeated and 
captured. Says a distinguished Ma-iter : ''It was one of the 
decisive battles of the world." How it changed the charac- 
ter of the war ! How it secured the French alliance for the 
United States ! In England, the news produced dismay. In 



* On the side of the Americans in these two battles was Kosciusko, a 
Polish patriot, distinguished for nobleness of soul, courage, and skill in war. 
A monument to his memory adorns the grounds of West Point, he having 
been the chief engineer in constructing the works of that strong fortress. In 
Europe, after the American war, he fought against Russia, his country's 
oppressor ; was defeated, and, covered with wounds, was captured. During 
two years he was confined in a Russian prison. His death, which occurred in 
Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. 

62- Give an account of the two great battles that followed. When did Burgoyne 
surrender ? Where is Saratoga (map p. 174)? Repeat what is said of Kosciusko (note). 

63- What was the effect of Burgoyne's surrender in America ? In England ? In 
France ? What came of FranUlin's efforts ? Where did we meet Franklin before 
(pp. 108, 146) ? When was the treaty with Prance made ? 



180 



Revolutionary Period. 



France, where Dr. Franklin, philosopher and statesman, was 
representing the American Congress, it had a very different 
effect. "All Paris was thrown into transports of joy." In 
response to Franklin's efforts, money, clothing, and ammu- 
nition were secretly sent to America, and the government ac- 
knoAvledging the independence of the United States, agreed 
to a treaty of friendship and alliance (February, 1778). 

64. The year 1777, as we have seen, was a busy one. 
AVhile important deeds were being enacted on the battle- 
field, * Congress, or its committees, held meet- 
ings nearly every day. When Cornwallis was on 
the eve of crossing the Delaware (§ 4-t). Congress 



Doings 

of 

Congress. 




adjourned to Baltimore, but soon returned to Philadelphia. 

On the approach of Howe, it went at first to Lancaster, Pa., 

and then to York, a few miles 
further away. One of its most 
important acts was the forma- 
tion of Articles of Confedera- 
tion for the better Union of the 
States. These, however, did 
not go into effect at once. They 
had to be adopted first by the 
legislatures of the States (§ 103). 
Another important act was the 

adoption of the national flag, which consisted of ''thirteen 

* " Prescott, the commander of the Britisli forces on Rhode Island, had 
his quarters at a lonely farm-house. Hearing of this, William Barton, a 
colonel in the American army, embarked a party at Providence in two whale- 
boats, and at night, after the young moon had gone down, crosssed to the 
island. Coming across fields, the party surrounded Prescott's house, burst 
open the doors, took him out of his bed, hurried him off without giving him 
time to put on his clothes, and carried him to Providence. The rank of 
Prescott was equal to that of Lee, and 'Washington promptly effected an ex- 
change." — Bancroft's History oftfie United States. 

64. What was done by Congress in 1777 ? At what places did Congress meet ? 
Describe the first national flag. When was it adopted ? Describe Barton's exploit. 
What exchange was made ? Uow bad Lee been captured (note to § 45) ? 



Revolutionary Period. 181 



stripes, alternating red and white, and thirteen stars, white 
in a bhie field" (June. 1777). Arranged in a circle, the stars 
represent the union of the States. (Note 13, App., p. 46.) 

65. In the British Parliament, Lord Chatham said : "We 
cannot conquer America. In three campaigns we have done 
nothing. We may traffic and barter with every 
little German prince that sells his subjects ; our 
efforts are forever vain. If I were an American, 



King and 
Parliament. 



as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in 
my country I never would lay down my arms ; never, never, 
never." Lord North, the head of the ministry, on hearing 
of Burgoyne's surrender, " was so agitated that he could 
neither eat nor sleep."' King Greorge was so angry and stub- 
born that, rather than permit Lord Chatham to act as a 
peacemaker, he declared : "If the nation will not stand by 
me, they shall have another king." 

66. With France on the side of America, the British 
feared that a French fleet would ascend the Delaware, and, 
by co-operating with Washington, would cap- 
ture their forces in Philadelphia. Orders Avere 
hastily sent to General Clinton, Howe's successor. 



The British 

Leave 
Philadelphia. 



to evacuate the city without delay. Accordingly, with his 
army of seventeen thousand men. around whom crowded hun- 
dreds of disapjoointed Tories, Clinton crossed the Delaware, 
his intention being to find safety in New York, Washing- 
ton followed, and, overtaking the retreating army as it was 
leaving Monmouth, sent word to General Lee to begin the 
attack. Instead of obeying, Lee made a disgraceful re- 
treat, and, being met by Washington, was reproved in very 
severe terms. Washington then continued the pursuit, and, 
ably sujoported by Wayne, Greene, and Lafayette, made a 



65. What bold statement did Lord Chatham make ? Where did we meet Chatham 
before (§ 128, p. 115). How did Lord ^Torth act ? How did the king act ? 

66. Why did the British army leave Philadelphia ? Give an account of the battle 
that followed. What is said of the colored troops ? Where is Monmouth (map 2j ? 



182 Revolutio7iary Period. 

gallant fight, winning the thanks of Congress for his ''good 
conduct and victory." The day was one of the hottest of 
tliat hot summer. Many j)oor soldiers were sun-struck and 
fell dead. ''Of the patriots who on that day periled life for 
their country, more than seven hundred hlack Americans 
fought side by side with the white " (June 28, 1778).* 

67. Lee, irritated by Washington's reproof on the battle- 
field, sent two angry letters to Washington. He was tried 
for disobedience and for disrespect to his superior officer, and, 
being })ronounced guilty, was sentenced to be suspended from 
command for one year. But he was never permitted to join 
the army again. An impertinent letter which he sent to 
Congress })rovoked that body to dismiss him from the serv- 
ice. Then, with abusive tongue against Congress, Wash- 
ington, and the patriot cause, he found companionship among 
the enemies of liberty. Before the end of the war his earthly 
career was closed. "He died as he had lived, loving neither 
God nor man." 

68. The patriots were beset by many foes, the king's sol- 
diers from Great Britain being but a small number com- 
paratively. Thousands of kidnapped Germans, 
as we have seen, were sent against them (§ 38). 
Almost every family in Hesse mourned for one 



The Tories 

and 
their Deeds. 



of its members. How many Indians took up the tomahawk 

* Washiiijj;ton's army was then in a good state of discipline, owing in large 
part to the efforts of General Steuben, a German baron. "Steuben began 
with one hundred and twenty men. These he drilled twice a day. He took 
the musket into his own hands, and showed the men how he wished them to 
handle it. The only use which the few soldiers who were provided with 
bayonets had hitherto made of them had been as forks on which to roast 
their meat. Within less than four months these same soldiers took Stony 
Point at the point of the bayonet, without firing a gun. If we class men ac- 
cording to their services in the war, no one after Washington and Greene 
stands so high as Steuben " (§ 73). — Greeners German Element in the War. 

67. What is said about Lee ? Give bis previous history (§§ 26, 451. 

68. Wliat four peoples were fighting against the patriots ? What is said of the 
Heeeiaiia ? Of the Tories ? Who were the Tories {§ 31) 1 



Revolutionary Period. 183 

aud scalping-knife on the same side is not known. But the 
worst enemies of the patriots were their neighbors, the Tories. 
These were numerous. Some took no part in the war further 
than in words to condemn the course of the j^atriots. Others, 
to the number of several thousand, entered the ranks of the 
royal army, and fought against country and kindred. It was 
no uncommon thing for a father to be on one side in tlie con- 
test and his sons on the other, or for brother to war against 
brother (§73). 

69. Many of the Tories were moved by the most malevo- 
lent feelings. By promises of scalps and plunder they in- 
duced bands of Indians to join them. Then, taking advan- 
tage of the absence of the patriots from their families — 
patriots fighting for liberty in Washington's army — they fell 
upon the defenseless homes and committed the most cruel 
outrages. Their invasion of the beautiful valley of Wy-o'- 
ming, in Pennsylvania, has few parallels in history for spite- 
ful cruelty. Their leader boasted that he and his party had 
burned a thousand houses (July, 1778). The poet Camp- 
bell, in his Gertrude of Wyoming, feelingly describes some of 
the incidents in this "massacre of Wyoming." About four 
months later bands of Tories and Indians entered Cherry 
Valley, New York, and murdered and scalped women and 
children. General Sullivan went against these merciless In- 
dian foes, and in battle near the Chemung [shemung) Eiver, 
New York, taught them a lesson which they never forgot, 
enforcing it by burning their villages and destroying their 
growing crops of corn (1779). 

70. The vast region north of the Ohio was, during the 

69. What is said of the doings of the Tories and Indians at Wyoming? Cherry 
Valley ? How were the Indians chastised ? Where is Wyoming (map 2) ? Cherry Val- 
ley? The Chemung Eivcr ? What city now covers the Chemung battle ground ? Ans. 
Elmira, formerly the village of Newtown. 

70 What region at the West was held by the British ? Who was Hamilton ? Where 
were his headquarters ? What inhuman policy did he pursue ? What expedition did 
he plan ? How was the plan frustrated ? Where is Kaskaskia (map 4) ? What is said 
of its age ? 



184 



Revolutionary Period. 



first years of the war, in the undisputed possession of the En- 
glish. Its governor, Genunil Hamilton, from his headquarters 
at Detroit, oifered rewards for scalps, but not for 
prisoners. Thus incited, the savages scoured the 
country in every direction to murder its unpro- 
tected settlers. No person was spared, for the scalp of a woman 
or child brought as bia: a reward as that of a man. Having made 



The 

Northwest 

Saved. 



bargains with various tril)es of Indians, Hamilton planned an 
expedition against what was then the western part of Virginia 




CLAKK CROSSING TUE DROWNED LANDS OF THE WABASH (§ 71). 

and known as the County of Kentucky. Before, however, he 
could ])\xi his plan into execution, Colonel Clark, a backwoods- 
man of the county, was leading a party of volunteers to frus- 
trate him. On rafts and flatboats the Kentuckians floated down 
the Ohio, and, when within a few miles of its mouth, landed, 
and, marching nortliAvard, captured Kaskaskia, the oldest 
town in Illinois. Other eii])tures were also made (1778). 
71. On hearing of these events, Hamilton left Detroit 

71. Give the particulars of Clark's final success. What is said of its importance ? 
Of the asje of Vincennes ? Where is Vincennes (map 4^ ? Detroit ? 



Revolutionary Period. 185 

and began a march toward Kaskaskia. It took him more 
than a month to get to Vinceunes {vin-senz'), the oldest town 
in Indiana, and, as has been supposed. "• tlie seat of empire of 
tlie mysterious race known as Mound Buiklers " (p. 13). 
Though tlie middle of winter had come, and there were many 
riiiles between the two commanders, Clark resolved to seek 
his enemy. After a toiling march of sixteen days, five of 
them in crossing the '"drowned lands of the Wabash,'' his 
men often wading up to their breasts in water and holding 
their rifles and jiowder-horns above their heads, he appeared 
before Vincennes. " The hair-buyer,'' as Hamilton was 
called, made a stubborn defense, but in vain. He and his 
troops became prisoners of war (February, 1779). It has 
been said that, "except for George Rogers Clark and his vic- 
tories, the Northwest would to-day be a British Canadian 
province." 

72. Ten days after Clinton had evacuated Philadelphia, a 
French fleet, commanded by the Count D"Estaing {des-tang), 
anchored in Delaware Bay, but the British fleet 
and army were already safe at New York. After 
making a futile attempt to co-operate with an 



French 
Ships Arrive. 



American force for the capture of a large garrison of the 
enemy stationed near Newport, on Rhode Island, D'Estaing 
sailed for Boston to repair his ships, they having been dis- 
abled near the island in a furious storm (1778). 

73. The close of the j^ear saw Savannah in the hands of 
the British, it having been captured after a feeble defense by 
a force sent from New York (December 29, 
1778). A few days later. Sunbury and Augusta, 
towns of Georgia, also fell into their hands 



War 
at the South. 



Thus encouraged, the southern Tories formed themselves into 

72- What aid came to the Americans ? What movement did D'Estaing make ? 

73. State what you can of the attempt to recover Savannah. When had Savannah 
fallen into the hands of the British ? What other places fell into their hands ? State 
how Sunbnry and Savannah are situated (map p. 98). What success did Colonel 
Pickens achieve ? State all you can of Pulaski. 



186 Revolutionary Period. 



bands for the purpose of laying Avaste the plantations of their 
patriotic neighbors and for plunder. One of these bands, 
seven hundred strong, was pursued by Colonel Pickens, at 
the head of a body of Carolinians, and completely routed (see 
table p. 212). During this year reverse oftener than success 
attended the movements of the Americans at the South, the 
failure of General Lincoln and D'Estaing to recover Savan- 
nah being the most disastrous (October 9). (See table p. 212. ) 
In this failure before Savannah, Pulaski, while leading an 
attack, was mortally wounded (§ 52). 

74. At the Xorth, the British gained possession of two 
forts on the Hudson Kiver, one at Stony Point, a rocky hill 
on the west side of the river, the other on an 
eminence on the east side. These, being directly 
opposite each other, formed Avhat our Washing- 



storming 

stony Point. 



ton Irving was pleased to call, " The miniature pillars of 
Hercules of which Stony Point was the Gibraltar." Believ- 
ing that the further object of the British Avas to gain West 
Point, the guardian fortress of the river, the capture of these 
tAVO gate forts being merely steps to that end, Washington 
arranged a plan for the recovery of Stony Point. The place 
Avas defended by heavy guns and a garrison of six hundred 
men. General Wayne, " Mad Anthony," as he was called 
because of his daring valor, was chosen to lead the enter- 
prise, which was to be conducted at night with the utmost 
secrecy. Accordingly, on the 16th of July, Just after mid- 
night, his troops approached the Point. '' Not a dog 
barked, for every one in the neighborhood had been privately 
destroyed beforehand." Guided by a negro, Avho had been in 
the habit of selling fruit to the garrison, the Americans 
reached the causeway which crossed the morass at the foot 
of the hill. Quickly the British sentinels there were seized, 

74. AA'hat losses befell the Americans at the North ? AVhat plan did Washington 
arrange ? Describe how it was carried out. AA'here is Stony Point (map p. 175) ? How 
did Irving regard it ? (For commanders, etc., of principal battles, see table page 213.) 



Revolutionary Period. 187 

and gagged to prevent them from giving an alarm. In two 
columns the troops advanced from opposite sides of the hill, 
"and so well had the whole aft'air been conducted, that they 
were close upon the outworks before they were discovered." 
On they pressed, and, heedless of grapeshot and musketry, 
the two columns gained the center of the works nearly at 
the same moment. The victory was complete. Not a gun 
had been fired by the assailants. The bayonet had done its 
silent, deadly work. No event of the war stands out with a 
more brilliant light.* 

75. Our attention has been directed to events on the 
land, but there were occurrences on the ocean, which, if not 
as important, were numerous, and far-reaching 
in their effects. In the year 177G alone, Ameri- 
can privateers captured about three hundred and 



Paul Jones's 
Victory. 



fifty vessels, several of them laden with powder and other 
supplies intended for tlie British army. The victory gained 
at a later period by John Paul Jones, a Scotchman by birth, 
stands out as the most interesting naval event of the war. 
In command of a government shijj of eighteen guns, he 
crossed the Atlantic, made numerous prizes in tlie English 
^Channel, and sailed along the coast of Scotland and around 
Ireland, producing alarm in every direction. He ended 
the cruise by putting into a French port. Aided by Dr. 
Benjamin Franklin and the French king, he was placed 
in command of a small squadron. To his flag-ship he 
gave the name Bon Homme {horn) Richard, meaning, as the 
French would translate it, "Poor Eichard." This he did 

* "Wayne, who led one of the columns, received at the inner abatis a con- 
tusion on his head from a musket ball, and would have fallen to the ground, 
but his two aides-de-camp supported him. Thinking it was a death wound, 
'Carr}' me into the fort,' said he, ' and let me die at the head of my column.' 
He was borne in between his aids, and soon recovered his self-possession." — 
//v'iwg'.s- Life of Washington. 

75. Who was Paul Jones ? How did he trouble the British ? What aid did he get 
from Dr. Franklin ? What name did he give to his flag-ship, and why ? 



188 



Revolutio7iary Period. 



in compliment to the doc- 
tor, ''Poor Richard" being 
tlie nom de phone under 
which the many wise max- 
ims of that great American 
l)hiU)sophcr were given to the 
[)ubli('. 

76. Witli the American 
Ihig Hying from the mast- 
liead of his vessels, Jones set 
sail. When off Flam- 
borough Head, En- 
gland, he saw a 
large fleet of 
m erchan tmeu 
under convoy of 
two British war 
ships, and at 
once gave chase. 





Now, at the age of 
r t y-two, he 
is to do his 
eatest day's 
)rk. Toward 
,^ e n i n g the 
c h ard came 
thin musket 
shot of the Se- 
ra'pis. the 1 a r g e i" 
convoy ship, a frigate of 
forty-four guns, com- 
manded l)y Captain Pear- 
son. One of the most 
desperate fights that ever 
took place now began. 
The firing continued more 
than an hour, wlien. tbe 
two ships coming in con- 
tact, Jones with his own 
hands assisted to lash them 
together. In this position the action continued two hours 
longer, there being moments when both ships were on fire. 



1 GEN. WAYNE. 2 OEN. GREENE. 3 PAUL JONES. 



Revolutionary Period. 189 

Man fought man with pike, pistol, or cutlass. At length, 
the British captain, unable to prolong the contest, hauled 
down his flag (September 23, 1779).* 

77. As morning dawned the Kichard was found to be in 
a sinking condition. As rapidly as possible her wounded 
men were removed to the Serapis, to which vessel Jones had 
time only to transfer his flag, when the Richard went down. 
The other convoy ship having been captured by one of 
Jones's vessels, the victorious hero steered for Holland. 
When Pearson surrendered, he, of course, delivered up his 
sword. It is related that Jones immediately returned it, 
saying: ''You have fought gallantlv, sir, and I hope your 
king will give you a better ship." Pearson was afterward 
knighted. On hearing of this, Jones remarked : '• He de- 
served it, and if I fall in with him again, I will make a lord 
of him." 

78. AVe remember how Clinton was baffled in his attempt 
against Charleston, the guns of Foi"t Moultrie proving too 
much for him (§ 33). He did not forget the 
failure, and, with better preparations, tried again. 
Just as he was about to make an assault b}^ land 



The British 

Capture 
Charleston. 



and water, after a siege of forty days. General Lincoln, com- 
manding the town's defenders, agreed to a surrender (^lay 
12, 1780). The victors at once began the work of plunder. 



* " Jones saw that his only chance for an equal fight was to close with his 
adversary, and fight it out, muzzle to muzzle and hand to hand. His first 
attempt to close failed. His next was successful, but not a moment too soon. 
The Richard had received eighteen shots below the water line, had four feet 
of water in her hold, four of her guns were burst, and a hundred of her men 
were killed or wounded. The ship, in fact, was beaten ; but the indomitable 
heart of Jones, supported by a few gallant spirits, was not conquered. Scot- 
tish grit carried the day against English pluck." — Parton^s Life of Franklin. 



76. Give an account of Jones's great naval battle. 

77. Give au account of the events next morning and afterward with Pearson. 

78- What success attended Clinton's efforts at the South ? What is said of the 
siege of Savannah and Lincoln's surrender ? The conduct of the victors ? 



190 Revolutionary Feriod. 

The silver plate of the planters was carried off, and thou- 
sands of slaves were seized and sent to the West Indies to be 
sold into slavery anew. Expeditions were sent from Charles- 
ton against the patriots of the interior. These being success- 
ful, Clinton was not able to see that any more men or places 
about him were in "rebellion.'' So, in the pleasant convic- 
tion that South Carolina was subdued, he returned to New 
York, leaving Cornwallis to hold the conquests. 

79. It is true that South Carolina, as well as North Caro- 
lina and Georgia, was under the heel of Cornwallis, yet the 
country was not conquered. No large army was 
there to oi)pose the British forces, but bands of 
patriots, led by the heroic Sumter, Marion, and 



Partisan 
Warfare. 



Pickens, were constantly on the alert to thwart hostile plans 
and movements. They cut off foraging parties, captured 
supply trains, rescued American prisoners, attacked out- 
lying j)osts, by these acts cheering the faithful, and giving 
hope to the liberty-loving people of the land.(N. 19, Ap., 21.48.) 
80. Sumter, because of his valor, acquired the title of the 
Carolina Game Cock. Cornwallis, after making several vain 
attempts to capture him, declared that "he was the greatest 
plague in the country." Marion was equally active. Ilis 
favorite hiding-places were in the swamps of the Carolinas. 
In these he found ready refuge, and from them could secretly 
start out on his expeditions. Hence he became known as the 
Swamp Fox. 

81. On one occasion, when Marion was resting in one of 
his swamp retreats, a British officer, sent to effect an ex- 
change of prisoners, was conducted blindfolded to his pres- 
ence. The business being finished, Marion invited his visitor 
to stop to dinner. The invitation was accepted, though the 



79. What prominent patriots continued active at the South ? What did they do 
and with what effect ? 

80- What is said of Sumter ? What nickname was given to Marion aiitl why ? 

81- State all you can of Marion. Repeat the lines from Bryant. 



Revolutionary Period. 191 

guest could see no preparations for the repast. Presently 
some sweet potatoes were raked from beneath a heap of hot 
ashes by a soldier, who did the honors of cook and waiter. By 
the free use of his coat-sleeves and vigorous blowing the po- 
tatoes were freed from ashes. Then, on pieces of pine bark, 
they were placed upon the only table there, which happened 
to be the trunk of a fallen tree. " Tiiis is our dinner," said 
Marion. ''Surely, general, this cannot be your only fare !" 
exclaimed the officer. "Indeed, it is," responded Marion, 
''and we are fortunate, entertaining company, to have more 
than our usual allowance." It is related that the officer re- 
turned to his quarters, and, having made his report, left the 
army, declaring that the people whom the British were con- 
tending against could never be conquered. 

SOJSTG OF MAKION's MEN. 

" Our band is few but true and tried, our leader frnnk and bold ; 
The British soldier trembles when Marion's name is told. 
Our fortress is the good green wood, our tent the cypress tree ; 
We know the forest round us as seamen know the sea." — Bryant. 

82. It was not long before another army was formed to 
take the place of the one which Lincoln had surrendered 
(§ 78). Congress, mindful of the success which 
had attended Gates at Saratoga, and having a 
high opinion of that officer's ability, placed him 



Battle 

of 
Camden. 



at the head of the new army. Said a brother officer to him : 
'• Take care that you do not exchange northern laurels for 
sonthern willows." Alas ! before many days laurels were ex- 
changed for willows at Sanders Creek, near Camden, South 
Carolina, where Gates fought his first southern battle (August 
16, 1780). 

83. The hero of this battle was the Baron De Kalb, a Ger- 
man, who had been thoroughly educated in the art of war. 

82. What new army was fonned ? What is said of its commander ? 

83- Of the battle of Camden and of Baron De Kalb ? Where is Camden (map 2) ? 



192 Revolutionary Period. 

Of the many men who crossed the ocean to assist America, he 
was one of the ablest. He soon gained the favorable opinion 
of Washington by the manner in which he discharged im- 
portant duties, and now, in this unfortunate battle near 
Camden, ended his brave deeds in a vain attempt to resist a 
bayonet charge made by Cornwallis's entire force. He fell, 
pierced with eleven Avounds, and died three days after. 
Forty-five years later the citizens of Camden erected to his 
memory an elegant monument, the corner-stone of which 
was laid by Lafayette.* 

84. We now come to the darkest scene in the whole war, 
the treason of Arnold. After the British left Philadelphia, 

'i^^^^ I Arnold was placed at the head of military affairs 
of j in that city. In the society of rich Tories he 
found pleasure, and presently from among them 
married a young and accomplished second wife. To his fond- 
ness for display he then gave full scope. He occupied the 
best house in the city, rode in a carriage drawn by four 
horses, and was waited upon by servants in livery. All this 
cost money, much more than his i)urse could fairly yield. 

85. At length he was accused of dishonest practices in 
the performance of his public duties. He was tried by a 
court-martial, and found guilty of wrong-doing. The sen- 
tence was liglit. The commander-in-chief, it was decreed. 



Arnold. 



* Attempts have been made to prove that John Kalb, or, as he is best 
known, Baron De Kalb, was a Frenchman, but it is certain that he was born 
in a German town in 1721. Twenty-two ye&rs, after lie was an officer in a 
German regiment in the service of France. " In this battle of Camden, three 
times he led his willing men to the charge. Three times they were forced 
back by superior numbers. His horse was shot under him. His head was laid 
oi)en by a saber stroke, but he held his ground desperately. At last, Corn- 
wallis concentrated his strength in a final charge. Kalb fell, bleeding from 
eleven wounds." — Oreene's German Element in the War. 

84. Which was the darkest scene of the war ? What is said of Arnold, his wife, 
and his mode of livino; ? 

85. Sliow by what steps he came to betray his country. Where la West Point (map 
p. 175) f What is said of its strength and importance ? 



Revolutionary Period. 193 

sliould reprimand him. Washington, recalling the erring 
nian^s brilliant exploits in the service of his country, executed 
the sentence with reluctance and with true delicacy. Arnold, 
however, was not in a mood to appreciate the court's clemency 
or Washington's forbearance, for he had nursed the belief 
that he would be acquitted of all wrong. He accused the 
court, and the public as well, of ingratitude. Mortified and 
soured, he began to study how he could be revenged, and, at 
the same time, get money for his purse. His last active serv- 
ice in the field had been at Saratoga, where he was severely 
wounded. Pretending that the wounds still made it painful 
for him to ride a horse, and therefore unfitted him for field 
duty, he expressed a wish to have the command at West 
Point. That Washington had not the least suspicion respect- 
ing Arnold's base intentions is proved by the fact that he 
readily gratified the wish. Arnold was now in command of 
a strong fortress, regarded as ''the keystone of the country." 
Said Clinton: "11 we could capture West Point, we would 
soon end the rebellion." 

86. Eevenge and gold seemed now within easy reach of 
Arnold. By means of a correspondence conducted with art 
and secrecy, he offered to betray W^est Point and all the other 
forts in the Highlands of the Hudson, into the hands of 
Clinton. The offer was accepted, and Major Andre (an'-drd) 
was sent by Clinton to arrange the terms of the bargain. 
After midnight, September 22d, Andre was silently rowed 
from the British sloop Vulture, at anchor in the Hudson, to 
the west side of the river, about six miles below the Point. 
''At the foot of a shadowy mountain, a solitary place, the 
haunt of the owl and the whip-poor-will," a spot well fitted 
for so dark a business, the two men met, and plotted, as they 
thought, the utter ruin of the patriot cause. 

87. Andre had expected to return to New York on the 

86. How, where, and for what purpose did Aniold meet Andre ? 
87- How and why did Andre cross to the east side of the Hudson ? 
13 



194 Revolutionary Period. 



Vulture.* Contrary to his plan, however, and against his in- 
clination, he consented to be rowed across the river to its east- 
ern shore, and go to New York by land. For a few miles, 
after crossing the river, he was accompanied by a person who 
was either a dupe or a willing tool of Arnold, we don't know 
which. Then, being provided with a passport from the 
traitor, Andre proceeded alone on horseback. He was happy 
in the thought that he was the bearer of a plan by which' 
the "rebellion" was to be crushed and his name glorified. 

88. Just before reaching Tarrytown he was stopped by 
three men, John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van 
Wart, members of a little band of volunteers who were on 
the lookout for freebooters from the British lines. " Where 
are you going V demanded John Paulding. Supposing that 
the three men were Tories, friends of his king, Andre re- 
plied : "Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party?" 
"Which party?" asked Paulding. "The lower party," 
said Andre. " We do," was Paulding's reply. Then, feel- 
ing himself safe, Andre threw off all reserve, and informed 
his hearers that he was a British officer "on particular busi- 
ness." Upon this, his captors avowed themselves to be 
Americans, and, compelling him to get off his horse, led him 
into the bushes to search for papers. None were found until 
they pulled off his boots and stockings, when six, all in 
Arnold's handwriting, fell to the ground. Glancing at them, 
Paulding exclaimed, " My God ! he is a spy ! " Said Andre : 
" I will give you my horse, saddle, and bridle, if you will let 



* " Colonel Livingston, who commanded the American garrison at Ver- 
planck's Point, learning where the Vulture was at anchor, had sent a party 
with cannon to drive the sloop awa}', and now they were firing upon her. 
Andr^ watched the cannonade with an anxious eye, and at last saw the vessel 
weigh anchor, and drop down the river out of reach of cannon shot." — Irving^s 
Life of Washington. 

88. Give a full account of Andre's capture, his attempt to bribe his captors, and 
other facts. Give the names of his captors. Where is Tarrytown (map p. 175) ? 



Revolutionary Period. 195 

me go. 1 will give )'ou a hundred guineas, any sum of 
money," '^ No/' broke in Paulding, "not for ten thousand 
guineas." The three patriots conducted Andre to the near- 
est American post, ''and then went their way, not asking a 
reward for their services nor leaving their names " (Septem- 
ber 23, 1780). 

89. The commander of the post, '' bewildered," as Wash- 
ington afterward said, and not having the least suspicion of 
the treacherous part Arnold was performing, sent a letter in 
haste to the traitor, informing him of the capture of Andre. 
On receipt of this, Arnold, leaving his wife in a swoon on the 
floor, hurried out of the house and to the river like a felon, 
and in his barge, swiftly rowed by six men who did not dream 
that a traitor was at the helm, succeeded in getting to the 
Vulture. 

90. Andre was taken across the Hudson, and, under a 
strong escort, was conducted to the place selected for his 
trial. Major Tallmadge, the commander of the escort, rode 
by his side, and the two men conversed with little reserve. 
" What, in your opinion, will be the result of my capture ?" 
asked Andre. Tallmadge did not reply at once, but being 
urged, said : " I had a much-loved classmate in Yale Col- 
lege, by the name of Xathan Hale, who entered the army in 
1775. Immediately after the battle of Long Island, General 
Washington wanted information respecting the strength, posi- 
tion, and probable movements of the eneni}". Hale tendered 
his services, went over to Brooklyn, and was taken just as he 
was passing the outposts of the enemy on his return. Do 
you remember the sequel ?" "Yes," said Andre, "he was 
hanged as a spy, but you surely do not consider his case and 
mine alike ?" "Yes, precisely similar, and similar will be 
your fate," replied Tallmadge (§42). Andre's offense was 

89. Describe how Arnold made his escape. Where is West Point (map p. 175) ? 

90. Repeat the conversation between Andre and Tallmadge. Repeat what is said 
of Andre's trial and execution. Describe the picture on page 196. 



196 



Revolutionary Period. 



clear. He was a spy, and, by the laws of war, was condemned 
to be hanged. He walked to the place of execution, and, step- 
ping into the wagon under the gallows, took off his hat, put 
the rope around his neck, and tied a handkerchief over his 
eyes. The wagon was moved away, he swung in air, and died 
almost without a struggle (October 2). (See map p. 175.) 




REASlNli ANDllE'ri DEATU-WABKANT TO HIM. 



91. Let us turn to the South once more, where a great 
change in the fortunes of the war was in rapid progress. 
This had its beginning at King's Mountain, 
South Carolina, in the defeat and capture of 
twelve hundred Tory house-burners (October, 
1780). It was greatly helped by General Morgan (§ 30), at 
the Cowpens, where eleven hundred of England's best troops, 



The War 
at the South. 



91. Give an account of the King's Mountain battle. Of the Cowpens battle. Of 
Cornvvallis'e pursuit of Morgan and Greene. Where did we hear of Morgan before 
(p. 159; ? Where Is King's MouutaXu (map a; t The Cowpeua y 



Revolutionary Period. 197 

commanded by Tarleton, Cornwallis's favorite, were com- 
pletely routed (January, 1781). Knowing that the main 
body of the enemy was not far distant, Morgan, with six 
hundred prisoners, hurried off, and in North Carolina was 
joined by General Greene, Gates's successor. As Morgan had 
expected, Cornwallis gave pursuit. For two hundred miles, 
in storms and across rivers, the chase was kept up, but in 
vain. (For some particulars of battles, see table page 212.) 

92. With additions to his force, and encouraged by the 
excellent spirit among his men, Greene turned about and 
attacked his baffled enemy. The action, known as the battle 
of Guilford [gliil'-furd) Court-house, lasted more than two 
hours, and though Greene could not claim a victory, the 
British army was so cut up that Cornwallis, fearing another 
attack, left his wounded to be cared for by the Americans, 
and hastened to get beyond the reach of his new tormentor 
(March 15). We shall next meet him at Yorktown, Virginia 
(§ 94). At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Lord Eawdon, in 
commaiuT of the British in South Carolina, attacked Greene 
and compelled him to retreat (April 25).* Though Greene 
was again defeated, this time by General Stuart at Eutaw 
{u'-taiv) Springs, he was in better condition than his adver- 
sary to renew the contest (September 8). Greene had not 
gained great victories, it is true, yet during his brief career at 
the South, all of the Carolinas and Georgia, with the exception 

-X- " This same Rawdon soon sailed for England, but not till after a last act 
of vengeful inhumanity. Isaac Hayne, a planter, whose affections were 
always with America, had, after the fall of Charleston, surrendered himself, 
but avowed his resolve never to meet a call for military service under the 
British flag. When the British lost his part of the country and could protect 
him no longer, he resumed his place as an American citizen, and led a regi- 
ment against them. Taken prisoner, he was condemned to an ignoble death. 
Against the entreaties of his children and of the women of Charleston, Raw- 
don sent him to the gallows." — BancrofVs History of the United States. 

92- Give an account of the Guilford Court-house battle. Of the second battle of 
Camden. Of the battle of Eutaw Springs. Where are those three places (map 2) ? 
What is said of General Greene ? (Read note 14, Appendix, p. 46.) 



198 



Revolutionary Period. 



of three seaport towns, was restored to the patriots. He stood 
next to Washington in the affection of his countrymen, and, in 
their opinion, next to him for ability, as a general in the army. 

93. Do we care to know anything further of the traitor 
Arnold ? He had fought with zeal and courage against the 
king ; now, with revengeful feelings, he fought for the king. 
During a short time he commanded a British force in Vir- 
ginia, when he set fire to Richmond (January, 1781). To one 
of his prisoners, it is related, he put the question: '*'If the 
Americans should catch me, what would they do with me ?" 
The prompt rei)ly was : "They would cut off your leg that 
was wounded at Saratoga, and bury it with the honors of war, 
but the rest of you they would hung." Eight months later, 

in command of an expedition, he invaded 
his native State, Connecticut, and plun- 
dered and burned New London. Fort 
Griswold, commanded by Colonel Ledyard, 
brother of the celebrated traveler, repulsed 
several assaults, but was finally carried by 
storm. '' Who commands this garrison?" shouted Arnold's 
Tory captain. "I did, sir, but you do now," replied Led- 
yard, as he delivered up his sword. Instantly the malignant 
captain grasped the weapon, and plunged it through the body 
of Ledyard, killing him upon the spot (September 7, 1781).* 

94. It was the opinion of Clinton, the head of the king's 
forces in America, that Chesapeake Bay. with 
the country about it, should be fully in possession 
of the British. Yielding to this opinion, Corn- 




Snrrender 

of 
Cornwallis. 



wallis occupied Yorktown, then a small village of Virginia. 



* Arnold went to England and received a large sum of nionej- from the 
British government, but his life afterward was neither prosperous nor happy. 
Men of honor shunned him, and he was often insulted. He died in obscurity. 



93. Give the furtlier history of Arnold. Where is Kichmoud (map 3i ? 

94. At what place did Cornwallis make a final stand ? What injury had he inflicted 
upon the patriots ? Where is Yorktown (map 2) ? 



Revolutionary Period. 199 

This place, as well as the point of laud on the other side of 
the York Eiver known as Gloucester [glos'-ter), he fortified 
as speedily as possible. During his march from the Caro- 
linas (§ 93) he had plundered dwellings, burned barns, de- 
stroyed growing cro]3s, and carried olf horses and slaves. 
Now, with Greene south of him, Lafayette west of him, and 
French ships in Delaware Bay, his entire business was to 
guard against capture. In the hope of capturing Arnold, 
Washington had sent Lafayette with about twelve hundred 
men to Virginia (note p. 171). 

95. Deluded with the conviction that Washington was 
making preparations to attack New York, Clinton delayed 
to send help to Cornwallis. Washington, rapidly followed by 
American and French regiments, hastened to the new scene of 
war, and Yorktown was soon completely surrounded. The 
French ships were commanded by De Grasse {gras) : their 
troops were under Rochambeau {ro-sham-bo'). The siege 
lasted nearly a month, during which there was much hard 
fighting, and many lives were lost. Cornwallis, losing all 
hope of aid from Clinton and no longer able to resist, offered 
to surrender. The terms being agreed upon, the event, so 
mortifying to Cornwallis, so cheering to Washington and his 
allies, took place on the 19th of October, 1781. The land 
forces were surrendered to the Americans, the ships to the 
French. More than eight thousand soldiers and sailors, the 
flower of the British army and navy, became j^risoners of war.* 

96. Great was the joy of the patriots as the good news 
spread throughout the land. "' Cornwallis is taken! " shouted 
the delighted people. One of Washington's aids, riding night 
and day as fast as horse could carry him, took the glad tid- 

* "On that very day the lingering armament intended for the relief of 
Cornwallis sailed from New York. Clinton hovered off the mouth of the 
Chesapeake several days, wlien, finding that lie had come too late, he turned 
his tardy prows toward New York." — Irving'' s Washington. 

96- f^ive the particulars of the siege of Yorktown, and its closing events. 

96- How was the ne^s of the result received ? What occurred in Philadelphia ? 



200 Revolutionary Period. 

ings to Philadelphia. It was midnight when he entered the 
city. The watchmen shouted : " Cornwallis is taken!" The 
cry, ringing out upon the frosty air, aroused thousands from 
their beds, and soon the streets were thronged witli happy 
men and women, " The old State House bell rang out its 
notes of gladness, and the first blush of morning was greeted 
with the booming of cannon." 

97. The rejoicings in France, as the welcome tidings were 
received, were hearty and general. Congratulations from 
every quarter were showered upon Dr. Franklin. Ilis friends 
gathered about Iiim, and one, a grand duke, kissed him for 
joy. Said Franklin : "' Could I have hoped at such an age to 
have enjoyed so great happiness ? " In England, the vexed 
and disappointed people exclaimed, as with one voice : ""Let 
the war be stopped ! Let us not kill any more of our kindred 
in America ! " King George, as stubborn as ever, again de- 
clared that he would "never agree to a separation from 
America." (Read note 13, Appendix, p. 45.) 

98. Public sentiment, however, in time influenced both 
king and Parliament. A new ministry was formed, and a 

1 commissioner was sent to Paris to confer with 

Franklin. A movemeut was thus begun, which. 



Peace. 



reaching the first stage, a preliminary treaty (November 30, 
1782), ended in a complete treaty between the United States 
and Great Britain (September 3, 1783). Associated with 
Franklin in these important negotiations were John Adams 
and John Jay, Adams had been in Holland, performing 
valuable service for his country by making treaties, and by 
borrowing money to meet the wants of Congress. By the 
terms of the treaties with Great Britain, the independence of 
the United States was fully acknowledged. Great Britain gave 
up all claim to the territory from the St. Croix to the Missis- 

97. What took placp in Frince ? In England? Wliat said King George ? 

98. Wlicn, where, and liy whom on the part of our country was the treaty of peacs 
made 7 What were its terms ? What is said of John Adams ? 



Revolutionary Period. 201 

sippi, from the great lakes to Florida, and ceded to our fish- 
ermen "equal rights with British fishermen to take fish on the 
coast of Newfoundland, and on the coasts, bays, and creeks 
of all other British dominions in America." (N. 4, Ap., p. 42.) 
99. While Franklin, Adams, and Jay were engaged in the 
slow business of making treaties, Washington and his army 
were in quarters at Newburgh, on the Hudson. 
Congress had borrowed large sums of money, yet 
was in great need of more. There was hardly 



Washington 

Refuses to be 

a King. 



enough at command to buy sufficient meat and bread from 
day to day for the needy soldiers. A faction of the officers, 
attributing their distress to the republican form of govern- 
ment under which the States were ruled, thought that a 
monarchy, with Washington as king at its head, would be 
decidedly better. Said they : "' We want a patriot king at the 
head of a united people." A letter to that effect was sent to 
Washington, but he, astonished and pained, declined to be a 
party to the proposed scheme, and, by his decided refusal and 
timely rebuke, speedily put an end to it. 

100. The war was ended. As the British troops and nu- 
merous Tories left the city of New York, in November, 1783, 
Washington, at the head of a large procession of 
citizens and soldiers, entered it. A scene of re- 
joicing followed, ending at night with a grand 



Resigns 

his 
Command. 



display of fireworks. And now, what more is there for Wash- 
ington to do ? Eight years before. Congress intrusted him 
with a commission. Now, the object of his efforts being 
attained, he resolves to carry out his original intention. He 
will lay down his authority, retire to his home on the Poto- 
mac, and become a private citizen. 

101. The parting with his officers in the city of New York 

99. Where were Washington and his army meanwhile ? What distress was press- 
ing upon them ? Give an account of what followed, the offer to him, and his refusal. 
Where is Newburgh (map p. 175) ? 

100. Describe New York's first Evacuation Day. How is New York situated ? 
101- Describe Washington's parting with his officers. His surrender of his com- 
mission. Where is Annapolis (map 5) ? Do you know of another Annapolis (map 2) ? 



202 Revolutionary Period. 

was sorrowful. " With a heart full of love and gratitude," 
said he, " I now take leave of you, most devoutly wishing that 
your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your 
former ones have been glorious and honorable." Affected to 
tears, he took General Knox's hand, and gave him a brother's 
embrace, and in the same manner took leave of each of the 
others. At the ferry a barge was in waiting. " Washington 
entered it, turned, took off his hat, and waved a silent adieu." 
Everywhere, on his journey to Annapolis, where Congress was 
in session, the people hailed him Avith enthusiasm. Appear- 
ing before Congress, he delivered a short address, and resigned 
his commission as commander-in-chief of the army (Decem- 
ber 23, 1783). 

102. On Christmas eve, twenty-four hours later, he reached 
his home, his beloved Mount Vernon, ''in a frame of mind 
suited to enjoy the sacred and genial festival." There, as a 
farmer and planter, he hoped to spend the remainder of his 
days, free from all public cares. While in this retirement he 
was often spoken of as the "Cincinnatus of America," in al- 
lusion to the illustrious hero of ancient times, who, according 
to the story, was called from his farm, which he cultivated 
with his own hands, to be the Dictator of Eome when the 
city Avas threatened by a hostile army. Cincinnatus, having 
gained a great victory, and thus freed his country from dan- 
ger, resigned his office, and returned to his farm and his plough. 

103. The States of the Union were held together by the 
compact known as the Articles of Confederation, but expei'i- 

ence had proved it to be of little worth (§ 64). 
It did not meet the needs of government. Con- 
gress had borrowed money, but did not have power 



Defects of the 

Form of 
Government. 



to i)rocure funds to pay the debt. If the States were called 
upon for money, and did not respond, there was no power to 

102 To what place did 'Wasliington retire ? What is eaid of his life there ? Where 
is Mount Vernon (map 7) ? How did Washington resemble Cincinnatus ? 

103- Give the history of the Articles of Confederation. J^ame their defects. 



Revolutionary Period. 203 

compel them. They had war debts of their own, in addition 
to their every-day expenses, and could not easily raise money 
for general purposes. Congress could not regulate commerce 
with foreign countries, nor even between the States. Such 
were some of the defects in the existing form of government. 
104. The men who with word, pen, or sword had fought 
the battles of the Revolution saw with deep concern that the 
Ship of State, as then rigged, was not suited to 
the voyage before her. A serious outbreak, known 



The Constitution. 



as Shays's Rebellion, occurred in Massachusetts. People there 
were dissatisfied with their State government. They said that 
the taxes were burdensome, that the governor's salary was too 
high, and that the legislature was aristocratic. Two thousand 
men in arms, with Daniel Shays as their leader, defied the 
rightful authority (1787). This outbreak was put down 
with little bloodshed, but might not another, a more serious 
one, occur, and who could tell what the consequences would 
be? It was agreed that the Articles might be so altered as to 
give Congress greater power. With that object delegates from 
the States met in Philadelphia. Washington was drawn from 
his retirement, and, by the unanimous vote of the delegates, 
was chosen to preside over the convention. Before him sat 
statesmen and soldiers, of whose service in the cause of free- 
dom the people were justly proud. Among them were James 
Madison, afterward President of the United States ; Alexander 
Hamilton, soon to be the first Secretary of the Treasury ; and 
the venerable Dr. Franklin, now more than eighty years of age. 
105. Franklin had passed through every change of for- 
tune, and seen every phase of human nature. "The son of 
a tallow chandler, his early years were spent among the chil- 
dren of laborers and mechanics. While still a stripling, with 
only a few pence in his pocket, he went forth to seek his 

104. What is said of Sh^ays's Rebellion ? What steps were takeii to correct the de- 
fects in the Articles ? Who was chosen to preside ? Who else were in the convention? 

105. What is said of Dr. Franklin ? Give an account of his part in the history of 
his country. (He was born in Boston in 1706 ; he died in PhDadelphia in 1790.) 



204 



Revolutionary Period. 



fortune, slept in cellars and garrets, and ate that bread which 
is the bitterest of all food. l\\ liis old age he came to stand 
before kings and 2)arliaments, was lionored by all manner of 
U'unied societies, and was made the friend of powerful states- 



lucu and of men 
every walk of 
(§ 97). From 
wliich w u 1 d 
ordinary being, 
rounded and 
the iiu).st kind- 
mo s t genial, 
suming of mor- 
106. These 
men met to im- 
cles of Oonfed- 




renowned i n 
science and art 
this school, 
have ruined an 
he came forth a 
perfect man, 
li e a r t e d , the 
the most unas- 
tals."' 

gDod and true 
prove the Arti- 
eration (May, 



1787). As, ho\ve\er, their discusbions progressed, they slowly 
discovered that the Articles were too imperfect for mend- 
ing, and that a very different form of government was 
necessary. So, at the end of four months, they gave to the 

106. What grand work was doiie by the Constitutional Convention ? What did 

Gladstone many years after say of that work ? Who was Gladstone ? 



Revolutionary Period. 205 

people the Constitution of the United States, "the most won- 
derful work/' says Gladstone, one of England's eminent 
statesmen, "ever struck off at a given time by the brain and 
purpose of man." With a few amendments, made in yiter 
years, it is the same Constitution we still have (see the Ap- 
pendix, p. 6), 

107. It was not to be expected that every man in the land 
would at once be satisfied with the proposed form of govern- 
ment. Some persons said that it gave too much power to 
Congress, others said that it did not give enough. Some 
thought that it took too much ^^ower from the States, others 
that it took too little. Its friends were called Federalists ; its 
opponents were known as Anti-federalists ; and these names 
continued to be used to designate political parties long after 
the Constitution had become the law of the land. It must 
not be inferred that those who disliked the Constitution were 
not good patriots. In their ranks were Patrick Henry, and, 
at first, Samuel Adams, Edmund Randolpli, and Thomas 
Jefferson. 

108. When, after a deal of discussion, the merits of the 
Constitution came to be understood, much of the opposition 
to it ceased. Eleven of the States ratified it, and as by its 
terms the consent of nine States was to be sufficient for its 
adoption, it went into effect. Maryland, one of the eleven, 
had refused to ratify till all the States claiming lands west of 
their State limits had ceded such lands to the general govern- 
ment for the general good (map 3). In bringing about the 
happy result, no one deserved more credit than Hamilton, 
Madison, and Jay, who, in a series of essays published in the 
newspapers, explained and defended the Constitution. The 
first of these papers was written by Hamilton as he came down 



107. What opposition did the Constitution encounter ? What name was given to 
Its friends ? To its opponents ? 

108- What is said of its ratification ? Of Maryland's opposition ? Of The Federal- 
let papers ? By whom were they written ? What is said of tlieir teachings f 



206 Revolutionary Period. 

the Hudson in the cabin of a sloop. They were afterward 
published, in one volume, called The Federalist; and to 
that book Webster, Calhoun, Clay, Benton, Cass, and our 
other great law-makers resorted in after years, when they 
wanted light upon disputed points in the Constitution. Two 
of the authors of the fainous wa'itings, Hamilton and Madi- 
son, were members of the Convention that framed the Consti- 
tution, hence they wrote as having authority. 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 



109. The measures on the part of Eiifjland to monopolize all trade 
witli iier colonies, to stifle all their manufacturinjr ojjerations. and to im- 
pose taxes upon them without their consent, were the primary causes of 
the Revolution. The immediate causes were the Stamp Act (17G5) and 
the Tea Tax (1767). The principal preliminary incidents were the Boston 
Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), and the First Continental 
Congress (1774). 

110. The battle of Lexington began the war (1775). The second im- 
portant event was Allen's capture of Ticonderoga, which gave the patriots 
guns and ammunition, and put into their possession a barrier against 
British invasion from Canada. The election of Washington to command 
the army took place just two days before the battle of Bunker IXill. The 
expedition against Canada, with Arnold leading one of its wings through 
the wilderness of Maine, was intended to silence the menaces from that 
quarter, and to win its inhabitants to liberty's side. Montgomery's death 
at Quebec defeated the plan. 

111. The departure of Howe from Boston set his troops at liberty to 
attack Charleston and New York (1776). Charleston's fort of palmetto 
logs punished them severely; and this timely victory encouraged the pa- 
triots in Congress to press for independence, which was declared si.K 
days after the victory. Now we are no longer colonists. We are citi- 
zens of an independent nation. Before tlie British can secure New York 
they must fight an opposing army on Long Island. They are victorious, 
and it is their most decided and important victory of the wliole war. It 
gives -to them, in its consequences. Brooklyn and New York, and makes 
it necessary for Washington to retreat to the Delaware. It also gives 



Revolutionary Period. 207 

them, in New York, a place for receiving and distributing supplies, for 
repairing ships, for fitting out expeditions, and for the protection of rene- 
gades and Tories. Now they fully expect to bring the war to a speedy 
close. They plan to occupy Philadelphia, when Wasliington's army, they 
believe, will be captured if it does not break up of itself and disperse. 
They plan to send an army from Canada into New York, cut the colonies 
into two parts, and so prevent one part from helping the other. 

112. But how their plans are frustrated by Washington's success at 
Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777) ; by Burgoyne's reverses at Benning- 
ton, on the Mohawk, and at Saratoga ! Bui-goyne's surrender marks an 
epoch in the war (1777). It gives new courage to the patriots, it brings 
France to their assistance (1778), and now they are recognized in Europe 
as a nation. Washington's failure at Brandywine to prevent Howe's 
march to Philadelphia (1777), also his failure to drive the enemy from 
Gerniantown, are amply compensated by his success in bringing the Brit- 
ish to leave Philadelphia, and by the hurtful blow he inflicts upon them 
at Monmouth, as they are retreating to New York (1778). Because of the 
fiendish acts committed by Tories and Indians at Wyoming and Cherry 
Valley, and to prevent further acts of the kind, Sullivan destroys many 
Indian villages (1779). 

113. At the South the British are active. Their capture of Savannah 
is tlieir last success of the year (1778). In several small encounters they 
are successful, and the attempt on the part of French and American 
forces to recover Savannah is defeated (1779). The year's score finds two 
brilliant victories on liberty's side. Wayne's capture of Stony Point 
stands out as the most gallant achievement of the war ; and Paul Jones's 
daring exploit in the North Sea, within sight of the island of Great 
Britain, is recorded as its most desperate naval acliievement (1779). 

114- Now, in 1780, the British are again active at the South. Charles- 
ton, after a long siege, is surrendered to them ; and Cornwallis, in battle, 
steals Gates's northern laurels ; but his allies, the Tories, are terribly 
chastised at King's Mountain. In this year Arnold's treason is dis- 
covered and is frustrated. The traitor receives a king's commission, 
and in Virginia and Connecticut does a traitor's dishonorable work 
(1781). 

115- The war in the South continues, and early in the new year the 
ever- reliable Morgan wins a great victory at Cowpens (1781). He is pur- 
sued, but outgenei'als his pursuer. And now the Quaker blacksmith. 
General Greene, takes Gates's place. He fights three battles, and though 
victory, as commonly understood, does not declare for him, he is master 
of the country. Cornwallis shuts himself up in Yorktown. He is sur- 



208 Revolutionary Period. 

rounded by French ships and French and American soldiers, and com- 
pelled to surrender (1781). The war is ended, a treaty of peace is con- 
cluded, and the British troops go home (1783). The Articles of Confede- 
ration which held the States together during the war are put aside, and 
the Constitution of the United States is adopted (1789). 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act (§5) March 8. 

The Colonial Congress met in New York (§7) October 7. 

1766. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act (§ 8) March 18. 

1767. Parliament passed Bill taxing Tea, Glass, etc. (^J)). . .June 29. 

nt)8. British troops arrived in Boston (§ 11) Sept. 27. 

]77(). The Boston massacre occurred (§12) ^March 5. 

1770. Parliament abolished all taxes except tea tax (§10) April. 

1773. The Tea for Boston thrown into the harbor (§14; Dec. 16. 

1774. Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill (§ 15) March 31. 

1774. The first Continental Congress met in Phila. (^ 16) . . .Sept. 5. 

1775. The War began with the Battle of Lexington (§ 19). .April 19. 

Ethan Allen captured Ticonderoga (§30) May 10. 

Washington was elected to command the armies (§26) June 15. 

The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought (§ 23) , .Time 17. 

Montreal surrendered to Montgcmiery (§ 30) Nov. 13. 

MoiitTOinery was defeated and slain at (Quebec (§ 80) Dec. 31. 

1776. Boston was evacuated by the British (§ 31). March 17. 

1776. The British were defeated at Fort Moultrie (g 32).. June 28. 

The Declaration of Independence was adopted (§34) July 4. 

Battle of liong Island— Americans were defeated (§ :^9) .\ug. 27. 

Battle of White Plains— Americans were defeated (§45) Oct 28. 

Fort Washington was captured by the Britis^h (§ 45i Nov. 16. 

Battle of Trenton — British were defeated (§47) Dec. 26. 

1777- Battle of Princeton — British were defeated (g 49).. Jan. 3. 

Ticf)nderoga was taken by Burgoyne (§ 57) July 5. 

Battle of Hubbardton — Americans were defeated (§ 57) July 7. 

Battle of Oriskany— British were repulsed (§ .59) Aug. 6. 

Battle op Bennington — British were defeated (§ 60) Aug. 16. 

Battle of Bkandywink — Americans w-eue defeated (§51) Sept. 11. 

Battle OF Be.mis Heights— first OF Stillwater (§ 62) Sept. 19. 

Battle of Paoli— Americans were defeated (§53) Sept. 20. 

The British army entered Philadelphia (§ 53) Sept. 26. 

Battle OF CiEitMANTOwN— Americans were defeated (§ 54) Oct. 4. 

Battlk OF Saratoga or second of Stillwater (§ 62) Oct. 7. 

Surrender OF Burgoyne (§62) Oct. 17. 

Washington's army went into quarters at Valley Forge (§ .55) Dec. 11. 

1778. France acknowledges Independence of the U. S. (g (53). Feb. 6. 

The British army evacuated Philadelphia (§66) June 18. 

Battle OF Monmouth— British rktreated (§ 66) June 28. 

The Massacre at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania (§ fill) July 3, 4. 

The Massacre at Cherry Valley, in New York i§ 69) Nov. 11. 

Savannah was captured by the British (§ 73) Dec. 29. 

1779. The British were driven from the Northwest (^ 70). .Febr'y. 

Battle OF Stony Point-British were defeated (§ 74i July 16. 

Paul Jones's Victory off the Coast of England (§7.")) Sept. 23. 

British repulsed Americans and French at Savannah (,§73) Oct. 9. 



Revolutionary Period. 



209 



1780. Charleston was surrendered to the British (§ 78)... May 12. 
Battle of Sanders Creek (1st Camden)— Americans were defeated (§ 82) . August 16. 
Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British (§ 84). . . . 

Andre was executed as a spy (§90) October 2. 

Battle or Kino's Mountain^Bkitish were defeated (§91) October 7. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens — British were defeated (§ 91). . . .Jan. 17. 

Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States (§ 64) Mnrcli 1. 

Battle of Guilford Court-house — Americans were defeated (§92) March 15. 

Battle of Hobkirk's Hill (2d Camden)— Americans were defeated (§92). April 25. 

British expedition a.gainst New London (§93) Sept. 6. 

Battle of Eutaw Spruigs— last in the Carolinas i§ 92) Sept. 8. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown (§95) October 19. 

1782. Preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris (§98) Nov. 30, 

1783. Savannah was evacuated by the British July 11. 

1783. Definitive Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris (§ 98). . Sept. 3. 

New York was evacuated by the British (§100) Nov. 25. 

Charleston was evacuated by the British Dec. 14. 

Washington resigned his command to Congress (§ 101 > Dec. 23. 

1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts (§ 104) January. 

1787. Constitution of U. S. adopted by Convention (§ lOG). . .Sept. 17. 

1789. Eleven States having adopted the Constitution, Congress decided 

that it should go into effect on the 4th of March, 1789. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical.— IVi'/ who they weir, for irJtat (hey ivere noted, and tvith 
what events they tvere connected. 



page. 
Adams, J ... 151-200 
Adams, S.151, App. 6 

Allen l.-)4 

Andre 193-196 

Arnold 154-198 

Baum 177, 178 

Barton 180 

Burgoyne. . .173-179 
Clinton.. IGO, 181, 189 

1!;9 

Clark 184 

Cornwallis. .166-199 

Conway 173 

D'Estaing.. .185, 186 

De Kalb 191 

De Grasse 199 

Franklin. 108, 146-203 
Gage.... 149, 151, 154 

159 
Gates. 157,173,178,191 
Greene 154-197 

14 



page. 
Hale.... 165, 166, 19." 
Hamilton, A. 203, 205 
Hamilton, Gov.. 184 
Henry... 123, 143, 150 

205 

Herkimer 176 

Howe (3) 156-181 

Hayne 197 

Hancock. 142, App. 5 

Jasper 160 

Jay l.-)l-205 

JefiEerson....]62, 205 

Jones 187 

Kosciusko 179 

Knox 202 

Lafayette.171.181,199 

Ledyard 198 

Lee, C ..157, 167, 181 

182 
Lee, R. H....151, 161 
Lincoln 186, 189 



page. 

Livingston 162 

McCrea 175, 176 

Marion 190 

Madison 203 

Mercer 170 

Montgomery .157, 159 

Morgan 159, 196 

Morris 169 

Moultrie 160 

Otis 144 

Oliver 145 

Paulding 194 

Percy 152 

Pickens. 186, 190, 212 

Pitcairii 152 

Pitt 115. 145, 181 

Prescott 155 

Pulaski 171,186 

Putnam . 154, 157, 164 

Pearson 188 

Randolph, P.... 150 



PAGE. 

Randolph, E.... 205 

Rawdon 197 

Rochambeau .199 

St. Clair 175 

St. Leger....l74, 176 
Schuyler.157, 175, 178 

Sherman 162 

Stark 154, 178 

Steuben 1S2 

Sumter 190 

Sullivan 183 

Shays 203 

Tallmadge 195 

Trumbull 142 

Tarleton .... 197, 212 

Van Wart 194 

Wayne.. 172, 186, 187 

Ward 154, 157 

Warren 157 

Warner 178 

Williams 194 



210 



Revolutionary Period. 



Geographical.— 7'eZZ tvhere they are located and with what events they 
were coinwcttd. 



Annapolis 202 

An^'iista 185 

Baltimore 180 

Bennington 178 

Bemis Heights.. 179 

Boston 145-160 

Breed's Hill.... 155 

Brooklyn 164 

Brandywine Cr'k 171 
Cambridge ..131, 158 

Camden 192, 197 

Chad's Ford .... 171 
Charleston... 148-212 
Cherry Valley .. 183 

Concord 152 

Cowpens. ...196, 212 
Charlestown.l.5;i, 156 
Champlain, Lake 154 
Crown Point. .. 175 
Chemung River. 185 



Detroit 184 

Dorchester H'ts. \h9 
Eutaw Sp'gs.l97, 212 
Faneuil Hall. 147, 149 
Flamboro' Head, 

188, 212 
Guilford C.H.197,212 
Germanto\vn.l72, 212 
Griswold, Ft. 198, 212 

Gloucester 198 

Hubbardton .175,212 
Harlem Heights. 166 
Hobkirk'sHill.. 

197, 212 

Kaskaskia 184 

King's Mt... 196, 212 
Kennebec Riv..')2, 159 
Lexington ... 152, 212 
Long Island .164, 212 
Lancaster 180 



Moultrie, Ft. 160, 212 

Mt. Vernon 202 

Monmouth. .181, 212 

^lorristown 170 

Montreal 159 

Mohawk River.. 176 

Newport 185 

New York... 14.5-201 
Narrag'n^iett Bay 148 

New London 198 

Newburgh 201 

Oriskany 176 

Paoli 172, 212 

Princeton ..170,212 
Philadelphia. 145-203 

Paris 180, 200 

Quebec 159,212 

Richmond 198 

Saratoga 179, 212 

Savannah. 185,186-212 



PAGE. 

Stony Point. 186, 212 

St. John's 159 

Sullivan's Lsl'd.. 160 
Stillwater ...179,212 

Sunbury 185 

St. Croix River. 200 
Schuyler, Ft.... 176 
Statenlsl'd..l63, 171 
Ticonderoga, Ft. 

154-175 

Trenton 167, 212 

Valley Forge.... 172 

Vinccnnes 185 

White Pla«is.l66, 212 

West Point 193 

Wash 'ton, Ft.166,212 

Wyoming 183 

York 180 

Yorktown 

198, 199, 212 



Historical. — 1. The causes of the Revolutionary War. — 2. Events that 
led to the Declaration of Independence. — 3. Ten of the most distin- 
guished signers of the Declaration with the colonies they represented (Ap- 
pendix p. 4). — 4. Account of the four battles that had already been fought. 
— 5. Account of the battle of Long Island with its train of disasters. — 6, 
When, how, and by whom Washington was placed at the head of the 
army. — 7. Account of Washington's movements from that time tiU the 
(ilose of the war. — 8. Account of Greene's movements. — 9. The com- 
manders who surrendered their armies, when, where, and to whom. — 10. 
Account of the military events that took place in Massachusetts. — 11. In 
Rliode Island. — 12. Connecticut. — 13. New York. — 14. New Jersey. — 15. 
Pennsylvania. — 16. North Carolina. — 17. South Carolina. — 18. Georgia. 
— 19. The four successive chief commanders of the king's troops during 
the war, with what they did (Carleton was the last). — 20. Length of the 
war, with first and last dates, how the war began and ended, naming th«. 
final actors. — 21. The battles in which the Americans were successful, 
«vith the names of the commanders on both sides. — 22. Same in which 
the British were successful. — 23. The two greatest victories to the 
Americans, and why, naming tlie consequences. — 24. Their two greatest 



Revolutionary Period. 211 

defeats, etc. — 25. Which generals on both sides were taken prisoners, 
when, where, and by whom. — 26. Which generals were killed, with other 
facts about them. — 27. Which four countries of Europe furnished offi- 
cers for the American array, giving the names and nationality of the offi- 
cers, and stating what they did. — 28. Name twelve Americans renowned 
as statesmen during the war, stating what they did. — 29. Name the most 
important service rendered by Franklin, giving the particulars of the 
service. — 30. By Jefferson, — 31. By John Adams. — 32. By Richard 
Henry Lee^. — 33. What important treaty was made, stating what events 
led to it, and how it was of benefit to the Americans. — 34. The treaty 
closing the war, when, where, and by whom it was made, its date and 
terms. — 35. The boundaries of the United States then, and how they 
differ from the present boundaries. — 36. The history of the Articles of 
Confederation, stating its defects, and what took its place (see the Appen- 
dix, ji. 7). — 37. Give the names of four of the men who helped to frame 
the Constitution, and state how they labored to have it adopted. — 
38. What objections were urged against it, naming its enemies and 
friends. — 39. Name the five leading Federalists and the five on the other 
side. — 40. Name in chronological order thirty of the most important 
events of the Revolution, with the year in which each occurred. — 

41. State what Congresses were held during the Revolutionary Period, 
what measures they adopted, what they accomplished, and why they 
were not always held in the same place (see also the Appendix, p. 7). — 

42. Name the places in which Congi-ess met, stating where they are 
located. — 43. State what kind of money was used during the Revolution- 
ary Period (pp. 124, 125, 169, 216).* 



* " lu 177-1: Connecticut directed the issue of £15,000 (about $75,000) in bills 
of credit of the colony. This was the first issue of paper money in the colo- 
nies preparatory to war. During the war the other colonies and States issued 
paper money. There were in circulation many pieces of silver whose values 
bore no relation to their names. They bore the stamps of many foreign mints, 
were called by all manner of names, and possessed different values in different 
places. A shilling in New England was a very different sum of money from a 
shilling in New York. In 1784 the entire coin of the land, except coppers, 
was the product of foreign mints. English guineas, crowns, shillings, and 
pence were still paid over the counters of shops and taverns, and with them 
were mingled many French and Spanish, and some German coins. In July, 
1785, a resolution of Congress was reached, making the dollar the unit of our 
decimal system of money. The plan of Morris, as amended by Jefferson, thus 
became the basis of our present coinage. What changes were made in after 
years are to be ascribed to Hamilton." — 3fc3faster''s People of t/ie United States. 

(For Tabulated Review see end of the History.) 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



Dates. 


Battles. 


Commanders. 


Men Engaged. 


American. 


British. 


Amer'n. 


British. 


1775. 

Apr. I'J, 


Lexington (map p. 69). 
Hunker Hill (p. 156) t. 
t^uebec (map 1) 


Parker 


Smith* 


unknown 
1,.'500 
900 


1,700 


June 17, 
Dec. 31, 


Prescott 

Montgomery 


(ien. Howe* 

Carletou* 


3,(HX) 
1,200 . 








1776. 

June 2.S, 


Ft. Moultrie (map 2).. 
r^oHLr I-huid (p. 175).. 
Wliiti' Pl.iins (p. 175). 
Ft. Wash'gtou (p. 175) 
Trenton (map 2) 


Moultrie * 

Putnam 

McDougall 

.\I aga w 


Parker 


400 
5,000 
1,600 
3,000 
2,400 


4,000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1,000 


Aug. 27. 
Oct. 2S. 


Gen. Howe* 

Leslie* 


Nov. 10, 


Gen. Howe* 

Rahl 


Dec. 20, 


Washington*. . . 






1777. 

Jan. 3, 
July 7, 
Aug. 6, 
Aug. 10, 


Princeton (map 2) 

Kubbardton (p. 174).. 
Oriskaiiy (map p. 170). 
Meimiiigton (map 2) . 
13rand> wine (map 2). . 
Stillwater (map p. 175). 

Paoli (map p. 90) 

(k-rniiuitovvn (p. 90) . . 
Saratoga (map p. 174). 


VVasliington * . . 

Warner 

Herkimer * 

Stark* 


Mawhood 

Fraser* 

St. Leger 

Baum 


3,000 

■700 

1,000 

1.4(10 

11,000 
2,500 
1,500 

11,000 
8,000 


1,800 
1,200 
1,500 
1,400 


Sept. 11, 
Sept. li). 


Wasliington 

Gates* 


Gen. Howe*.... 
Burgoyne 


18.000 
3.000 


Sept. 20, 


Wayne 


3,000 


Oct. 4, 
Oct. T, 


Washington.. .. 
Gates* 


Gen. Howe* 

Burgoyne 


15,000 
4,500 






1778. 

June 28, 
July 3, 


Monmouth (map 2). .. 

WyoniinL': (map 2) 

Savannah (map 2) 


Washington*... 
Col. Z. Butler . . 
Robert Howe.. . 


Clinton 

Butler*.... 


12,000 
400 
900 


11.000 
1,100 


Dec. 29, 


Campbell* .... 


2,000 


1779. 
Feb. 14. 
July l.i. 
Aug. 2ii. 
Sept. 23, 
Oct. 9, 


Savannah R. (p. 186) . 
Stony P't (map p.l75i. 
< 'lK'niini<j;(ma() p. 175i 
Flamboro' H'd (p. 188) 
Savannah (map 2) 


Pickens* 

Wayne* .. 


Boyd 

Johnson 

Brant 

Pearson 

Prevost* 


300 

1,200 

4,000 

squadron 

4,500 


700 
600 


Sullivan* 

Paul Jones* 

Lincoln 


1,500 

2 vessels. 

2,900 


1780. 

May 12, 
Aug. 16, 
Oct. 7, 


Charleston (map p. 92) 
Sanders Creek (p. 191) 
King's M't'n (map 2). 


Lincoln 

Gates 

Campbell* 


Clinton* 

Cornwallis * 

Ferguson 


.'..700 

3.000 

900 


9.000 
2,200 
1,200 


1781. 

Jan. 17, 
Mar. 1.5. 
Apr. 25, 


Cowpens (map 2) 

<Tiiilf'd C. H. (map 2). 
Hobkirk's Hill (p. 197) 


Morgan* 

(ireene 

Greene 


Tarleton 

Cornwallis* .... 

Rawdon* 

Eyre* 


900 
4,400 
1,200 

150 
2,000 
16,000 


1,100 

2,400 

900 


Sept. (i, 


Ft. (Jiiswold (p. 198). 
Kutaw Sp'gst (map 2). 
Vorktown (map2)... 


Led yard 


800 


Sept. 8, 


Stuart 


2,800 


Oct. 19, 


Washington*.. . 


Cornwallis 


7,500 



* The successful party. tDoubtful. 

t It would be more correct to call this contest the battle of Breed's Hill. It was the 
intention of the patriots to build their earlh fort on I?nnker Hill, but, after reaching that 
eminence, they decided in favorof Breed's Hill, from which they could more easily annoy 
the king's troops in Boston and his ships in the harbor. 



Mai- No. 4. 




SECTION IV. 

CONSTITUTIOXAL PEKIOD. 



PART I. 



■WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION". 

1. The first election for President and Vice-President of 
the United States took place in the early part of 1789. 
Electors were chosen in the several States, and 
these voted directly for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. In voting, they did not name their choice 



First 

Presidential 

Election. 



for the higher position, as electors do now. The Constitu- 
tion then said that '• the person having the greatest number 
of votes shall be President, 
if such number be a ma- 
jority " (see Apj^. p. 20). 
2. New York city was 
then the nation's capital. 
There the new Congi'ess 
should have met on the 4th 
of March, but when that 
da}' came there were only 
about twenty senators and 
representatives p r e s ent. 
These did not make a 
quorum, that is, they were 
not sufficient in numbers, 
according to the Consti- 
tution, to do business. Do we realize how difficult it was to 

1. Where did the first election for President take place ? Describe the election pro- 
cess as it was then conducted. 

2- Which place was then the nation's capital ? When should Congress have met, 
and what caused delay ? What is said of the mode of traveling in those days ? 




GEOBBE WASHINGTON. 



214 Washington's Administration. 

travel in those days ? One of the members of Congress came 
from Georgia to New York in a sloop, and was two weeks on 
the ocean. From Virginia, one came on horseback. A stage, 
described as " a covered Jersey wagon,'' came from Philadel- 
phia in three days, nor would the trip have been made in that 
time if the passengers, one and all, had not alighted more 
than once and assisted the driver to tug the vehicle out of 
the mud. 

3. At last, in the early part of Ajiril, Congress was able 
to begin work. The electoral votes being counted, it was 
found that Washington had been unanimously chosen Presi- 
dent, and that John Adams had received a sufficient number 
of votes to make him Vice-President. Messages were at once 
sent to inform them of their election. Washington was at his 
home on the Potomac when the communication from Con- 
gress was put into his hand. Bidding adieu to Mount Ver- 
non with regret, he set out. ''Ilis progress was a continued 
ovation. Old and young thronged the highways to welcome 
and bless him. At Trenton, the scene of his victory in the 
darkest hour of the war, he passed under a triumplial arch 
of evergreens and laurel, and A^oung girls, dressed in white 
and crowned with garlands, strewed flowers before him." 
Across the Bay of New York, accompanied by numerous 
boats gay Avitli flags, his barge was rowed by thirteen ship- 
masters in white uniforms. In the streets of New York the 
houses were decorated with flags and banners, and crowds of 
people lined the sidewalks. 

4. The inauguration took place on the last day of the 
month. Standing on the balcony of Federal Hall, in the 
presence of a multitude of men and women, who, from the 
street in front, watched every movement of the solemn 
ceremony, Washington took the oath of office, saying, as he 

3. What was the result of the election ? What act was next performed ? Give an 
account of Washington's journey to New York. 

4- Give an account of his inauguration. When did that take place ? 



Washington's Administration. 215 

kissed the Bible, ''I swear, so help me God." A strong 
voice exclaimed :.»"Long live George Washington, President 
of the United States ! " Immediately a flag was displayed 
from the top of the building, a shout of gladness went up 
from the people, and all the church bells rang out Joyful 
peals (April 30, 1789). (See Appendix, p. 8.) 

5. Congress could now go to work. New machinery was 
to be provided for a new government. By what title should 
the President be addressed, what should be his 
salary and the pay of Congressmen, how should 
money for the government's wants be raised. 



The 
Work of 
Congress. 



should foreign-built ships entering our ports be taxed, should 
a duty be laid upon slaves brought from abroad, what depart- 
ments should be formed to aid the President in carrying out 
the laws, should the Constitution be amended, where should 
the nation's capital be permanently established ? 

6. These and other questions were discussed with great 
earnestness. Thougli Washington said that he did not de- 
sire any pay for his services, it was decided that the salary of 
his oflftce should be twenty-five thousand dollars a year. Six 
dollars a day were allowed to a. Congressman. Duties were 
imposed on rum, wine, tea, molasses, and other things 
brought into the country ; ships were required to pay a ton- 
nage tax ; a judicial system and amendments to the Consti- 
tution were adopted, and four executive departments were 
provided for. 

7. It being the duty of Washington to appoint the heads 
of these departments, Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of 
State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; 
Henry Knox, Secretary of War ; and Ed mund Eandolph, 
Attorney General. John Jay, " a man of pure morals, a 



5. What subjects demanded the first attention of Congress ? 

6. What did Congress accomplish without delay? 

7. What departments were organized, and who were appointed at their head 
What is said of John Jay ? State what the government was now doing. 



216 Washington's Administration. 

hard student, an able writer, and a ready speaker/' was 
appointed Chief Justice (p. 205). The government was now 
organized. Congress, the law-making power, was enacting 
laws ; the President, the executive power, was enforcing 
them ; and the Chief Justice, with his associates of the Su- 
preme Court, the judicial power, was explaining them where 
their meaning was in dispute (see the Appendix, p. 34). 

8. The money question was the most difficult to solve. 
Tlie treasury was empty. The debt incurred by the war 
amounted to twenty-five million dollars. Part of this was 
owed to France and Spain, and to persons in Holland ; and 
part to soldiers, contractors, and others. The greater Y^avi 
was owed ])y the States to individuals. Hamilton was equal 
to the occasion. He reported a plan for the payment of the 
entire debt. What a change at once took place in every 
channel of trade ! How bright the future appeared ! The 
paper money in the hands of shopkeepers, which had been 
looked upon as worthless, was now brought out. It bought 
meat, flour, fuel, and other things, and was finally redeemed 
at its full face value. In conformity with Hamilton's plan, a 
tax was put upon domestic whisky, a national Inmk was estab- 
lislied, and the State debts were assumed by the general 
gcjvernment. From tlie mint in Philadelphia eagles, dol- 
lars, dimes, and cents were issued, and began to take the 
place of the Euglish and Spanish coins that had so long been 
in use (pp. 135, 311). 

9. North Carolina was tlie twelfth State to ratify the Con- 
stitution (November, 1789). Khode Island was the last (1790). 

Before this act of Rhode Island was completed, 
Vermont, whose Green Mountain Boys had ren- 



Veimont. 



dered such timely service in the Kevolution, knocked at the 
door of Congress and asked to be admitted to the Union. New 

8. state fully the money question and how it was solved. 

9. When did Rhode Island join the Union ? What State came next ? Give Ver- 
mont's early history. 



Washington's Administration. 217 

York^s Congressmen would not consent. They said that the 
Vermont territory belonged to I^ew York ; and for evidence 
of this they pointed to the royal grants which had been made 
to the Duke of York (p. 88). In the colonial times, the 
governor of New Hampshire, believing that this territory of 
Vermont belonged to his colony, disposed of numerous plots 
to settlers. These plots came to be known as the New Hamp- 
shire Grants, a name that was soon applied to the entire Ver- 
mont region. Meanwhile settlers from New York were 
making clearings in the disputed region, laying out farms, 
building houses, and paying taxes to New York. 

10. Two parties, we see, were thus contending for the 
ownership of the land. The contestants under the New 
Hampshire Grants, among whom were Ethan Allen and Seth 
Warner, patriots of the Eevolution, were called Vermonters. 
The others were called Yorkers. We now see why the New 
York Congressmen were unwilling to let Vermont become a 
member of the Union. An agreement, however, was finally 
reached. Vermont consented to pay $30,000 as compensation 
to the settlers from New York who had suffered from the 
acts of the other settlers. Vermont, with laws against 
slavery, was then admitted to the Union (1791), only nine 
months after Rhode Island's admission. Its mountains were 
called by tlie early French explorers Monts Verts {vert, 
green, and mont, mountain), hence Vermont. (App., p. 43.) 

11. In one year (1790) a million of dollars were received 
by the general government from the sale of the public 
lands. These lands were of the West, a domain 
stretching from the States to the Mississippi. 



Pnblic Lands. 



They had belonged, so it was claimed, to Virginia and four 
or five of the other States. The claims were old : they went 
back to the earliest colonial times, being based upon royal 

10. state the particulars of Vermont's admission to the Union. 

11. What is said of the pnblic lands ? Of the Northwest Territory and th^ anti- 
slavery ordinance ? What were the boundaries of the Northwest Territory (maps 3, 4) ? 



218 



Washington's Administration. 



grants which named the South Sea, meaning the Pacific 
Ocean, as the western limit of the ceded territory (map 3). 
New York put forth a claim, but on other grounds. It had 
for its support an old treaty made with the Six Nations of 
Indians (p. 107). All these claims, one after another, were 




surrendered for the common good, 
and the United States then had 
lands to sell (p. 205). In 1787, while 
the States were united under the 
Articles of Confederation, five mil- 
lion acres of these surrendered lands were sold at two-thirds 
of a dollar per acre. In this same year Congress passed an act 
for the government of the Northwest Territory, the region 
north of the Ohio River (map 4). Because of its clause against 
slavery, the act became noted as the Ordinance of 1787 (§ 90)- 



Washington's Administration. 219 

12. At once a great rage for migration to the West began. 
The accounts of the region were glowing. Its climate was 
delicious. Its rains were abundant. Its rivers 
were broad, and deep enough to float large boats 
laden with corn and wheat. Its soil was fertile. 



Western 
Migration. 



Game was plentiful. From New Hampshire to Virginia the 
''Western fever" prevailed. Thousands of persons, selling 
their homesteads for what they would bring, started to begin 
life anew in what they called the "boundless West." On 
flat-boats, heavy with cattle and household goods, they glided 
down the Ohio. Some settled south of the river, others 
north. In one year alone ten thousand persons went to 
Marietta, Ohio, and its vicinity (1788). They built houses 
of rough logs, ground corn between two stones, and j^rocured 
meat in the forest. Year by year emigrant trains, trudging 
along highways and across prairies, ventured further west- 
ward. Their covered wagons carried the women and chil- 
dren, also the most necessar}^ household goods. The men 
walked, or rode on horseback, driving cattle and sheep. 
Sometimes, as a protection against Indians and wild animals, 
several parties went together, making a train a mile or more 
long (see the picture on p. 218). (Notes 16, 17, Ap., p. 47.) 
13. Already the Kentucky region had a considerable pojiu- 
lation. As early as 1775, Daniel Boone, explorer, pioneer, 
hunter, and guide, had been there and built a 
fort. Claimed by Virginia, the region became a 



Kentucky. 



county of that State. But its people, not satisfied with the 
connection, begged Virginia to let them go, and asked Con- 
gress to make a State of their district (map 4). For a time 
Virginia would not consent, but at length relented, and Ken- 
tucky was duly admitted into the family of States (1792). 
14. Tennessee, at first a part of North Carolina, then an 

12. What is said of the West and emigration to it ? Where is Marietta (map 4) ? 

13. What is said of Kentucliy, it* history, and admission to the Union ? 

14. Wliat is said of Tennessee, its history, and admission to the Union ? 



220 Washington's Administration. 

independent State rejoicing in its name, Franklin, established 
within its borders several thriving towns. The inhabitants 
of these, having no money, used the skins of wild 
animals instead. A raccoon skin bought a pound 



Tennessee. 



of sugar or a yard of linen. ^'The salary of every officer of 
the State, from the governor down to the hangman," was paid 
in raccoon, beaver, otter, or deer skins. After being a second 
time united to North Carolina ; then ceded to the general 
government ; then under territorial rule, first united with 
Kentucky and afterward alone (map 4), Tennessee began a new 
existence as a member of the Union (1796). (N.17,Ap.,p.47.) 
15. During these years the great valley of the Ohio was 
little better than a wilderness. Its wild beasts and roving 
Indians outnumbered by far its domestic animals 
and their peaceful owners. The gun, in the hands 



Indian War. 



of the settler, brought meat for his table and peltry for barter, 
but it did not make a friend of his savage neighbor. Bands 
of Indians lurked in the woods, burned houses, destroyed 
crops, and killed or carried into captivity men, women, and 
children. Two expeditions, sent by President Washington 
against the hostile tribes north of the Ohio, met with defeat. 
A third, commanded by General Wayne, the '^Mad Anthony 
of the Revolution" (p. 186), proving successful, a treaty was 
made at Greenville, Ohio, by which peace was secured, and a 
large tract of land was surrendered to the United States 
(1795). 

16. Ah-eady, on almost every sea, the stars and stripes were 
beginning to wave. A Boston ship, the Columbia, 
with a cargo of Yankee notions, had sailed around 
the southern cape of South America, and thence 



Discovery 

of the 

Columbia River. 



up the Pacific and along the coast to Oregon. Here Captain 

15. What is said of the Indian War, the treaty that closed it. and result? Who 
commanded the flr!?t expedition against the Indian;- ? Ans. General Rarmar. Who 
commanded the second ? Ans. General St. Clair. What do yon know of St. Clair's pre- 
vious history (§ 57, p. 175) ? 

16- Give an account of Gray's voyage aronnd the world and his discovery of the 
Columbia River. Give the particulars of what he did. 



Washingtoris Administration. 221 

Gray, commiinding the Columbia, traded his notions for furs, 
then crossed the Pacific to China, exchanged his furs for teas, 
sailed around the southern point of Africa, and across the 
Atlantic to Boston, thus carrying the American flag for the 
first time around the world (1790). jN^ext year Captain Gray, 
in command of the same vessel, discovered the great river of 
Oregon. Later he explored it for a distance of twenty miles, 
and named it the Columbia from his ship (1792). At the 
foot of a tree he buried some pine-tree shillings (p. 125). 

17. The cotton plant was found by Columbus on the 
islands discovered by him {]). 21). On one of these islands 
Cortes gathered enough cotton to quilt the jack- i 

ets of his soldiers as a protection against In- I " 

dian arrows, and, when he reached Mexico, Montezuma sent 
him cotton robes fine as silk and of rich colors (p. 30). As 
early as 1G21 cotton was cultivated in the Carolina region of 
the South, but at first it had a place only in gardens among 
the flowers. More than a hundred and fifty years passed be- 
fore it began to be produced in large quantities in that re- 
gion. When, in 1784, a ship took eight bags of the fiber 
to England, men there shook their heads, and said that so 
much cotton could not be grown in all the United States. 
They accused the Americans of deception, and the eight bags 
Avere seized by the custom-house officers. 

18. At that time England's principal supply of cotton 
came from the East Indies. To manufacture cloth of it, a 
thread was made of the fiber by means of a hand spinning- 
wheel, until Arkwright and other Englishmen gave to the 
world a better contrivance known as the spinning-jenny. By 
means of this machine a great many threads could be spun 
at the same time. So excellent is it in its present form that 
a pound of cotton can be spun out to the length of a thousand 

17. What is said of American cotton in its wild state ? Of its production in our 
country ? Of the first lot sent to England ? 

18- What is said of the hand spinning-wheel ? Of the spinning-jenny ? 



222 



Washington's Administration. 



miles. For a number of years after the invention of the jenny 
it was unknown in America. The English government would 
not allow a single machine, or even the model of one, to be 
taken from the British realm. This shows how determined 
were the English to be the manufacturers of all the cotton 
goods that could be sold in the markets of the world. The 
secret, however, could not be kept forever. A boy spent 
seven years in English cotton-mills, learned the business 
thoroughly, and, when he was twenty-one years of age, 
brought his knowledge to New York (1789). 




IN A COTTON FIELD. 



19. As the jiroduetion of cotton in the United States in- 
creased, the cotton spinning-wheel at the farmer's hearth 
came to be as common as had formerly been the wliecl for 
spinning flax or wool. With the jenny came the cotton-mill, 
which dei3ended for its power on the wind-mill or the water- 
wheel. The hand-loom for Aveaving the cotton into cloth 
was not displaced till a later period. It was soon found that 
there was not enough cotton ready for the mills. To sepa- 



19. What is said of the cotton spinning-wheel in our country ? The wind cotton- 
mill ? Its inability to do the required work 7 What question was asked ? 



Washington'' s Administration. 



223 



rate cotton from its seed, the work being done by liaud, 
was a slow process, because the fiber clings to the seed with 
great tenacity. The demand for clean cotton was greater 
than the supply. 

20. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, " a born mechanic," 
went to Georgia. He saw what was needed, and studied out 
an invention to meet the need. With his own hands he made 
the tools to enable him to work ; and in 1793 crowned his 
labors by constructing the first cotton-gin. The cotton fiber 
could now be separated from the seed with great rapidity and 
with trifling cost. The inven- 
tion quickened every step of 
labor, from the planting of the 
cotton-seed to the weaving of 
the fiber. Thousands of acres 
were now devoted to the culti- 
vation of cotton where before 
only a few had been so em- 
ployed. (Note 14, App., p. 46.) 

21. Because of the new life 
thus put into this most profit- 
able industry of the South, the 
supply of slave labor could not keep, pace with the demand. 
Cotton was cultivated, picked, cleaned, pressed into bales, 
and taken long distances to ships, by slaves. Only a few 
years longer could the growing demand for slave labor be 
met by the importation of slaves. Congress, by special au- 
thority from the Constitution, had declared that no more 
slaves should be brought to the country after the year 1807 
(Appendix, p. 17), but the buying and selling of slaves at the 
South continued more than fifty years longer, and the slave 
population increased. The children of slaves were slaves 
(§ 98). 




ELI WHITNEY. 



20- Who was Eli Whitney ? What did he accomplish ? The consequence ? 

21- What is said of the cultivation of cotton in connection with slave labor ? 



224 



Washington's Administration. 



22. Wasliiugton was now about to retire from tlie Presi- 
dency. He had served one term, had been chosen 
again by unanimous vote as before, and was now 
in the closing year of his second term. He 



Washington 

Retires 
from Office. 



was weary of public cares, and longed for the repose which 




WASUINUTON AT MOUNT VERNON. (FKOM A I'AINTINU liV J. U. STEAKNS.) 

he felt could nowhere be found so couiplctcly as at his ]\Iount 
Vernon. Men of botli parties urged him to be a candidate 
for a third term, but he could see no sufficient reason for con- 
senting. 



22. Washington, his second election, and retirement from olSce ? 



John Adams's Administration. 225 

23. The people had escaped being drawn into the great 
French Eevolution that was agitating all Europe ; the In- 
dians had buried the hatchet ; an armed outbreak in Penn- 
sylvania, known as the '•' Whisky Insurrection," in oppo- 
sition to the tax on domestic liquors, had been put down 
(1794) ; and serious disiDutes with England had been settled 
by an agreement brought about by Chief Justice Jay, and 
hence known as Jay's Treaty (§ 27). There Avere no domes- 
tic troubles, and all branches of industry were prospering. 
Adhering to his resolution, Washington issued a farewell ad- 
dress to his countrymen. 

24. The election of Washington's successor resulted in 
the choice of John Adams, who had been Vice-President 
during Washington's two terms. Thomas Jefferson was 
elected Vice-President. Congress had early decided that 
Philadelphia should be the next capital, but only for a period 
of ten years, after which the permanent capital should be 
somewhere on the Potomac. In accordance with this de- 
cision Washington had resided in Philadelphia the last six 
years of his administration, which ended on the 4th of 
March, 1797. 

JoHjiT Adams's Administration. 

25. We have alluded to the great French Revolution. This 
had its beginning in 1789, when a mob destroyed the Bastile 
[bas-teeV), a noted prison in Paris. Mark the 1 TrouWe 
date. It was the year in which Washington en- i with 
tered upon his first presidential term. Four years I ''^°''^' 
later France declared war against England. The American 
people, grateful for the aid which France had extended to 
them in their struggle for independence, wanted to help 

23. What had his administration accomplished ? What is said of his address ? 

24. What is said of the election that followed ? Of the changes in relation to the 
nation's capital ? 

25. What is said of the French Revolution, and why we were not involved in it ? 

15 



226 



John Adams's Administration. 



their former all}', but "Washington, then President, said it 
would not do. " Wc must keep ourselves aloof from Euro- 
pean wars. Europe has interests," said he, '"with whicii 
we have little concern. If we would prosper we must mind 
our own business." 

26. Some of our people said that France was right in her 
contest with England : others said that England was right. 

The former made noisy speeches 
and loud promises which 
deceived the French rulers 
into the l)elief that the Ameri- 
cans were ready to help them. 
So believing, they sent an 
agent mimed Genet, who be- 
gan to fit out war vessels in 
the ports of the United States 
to capture English vessels. 
Washington said this was 
wrong, and Genet was not al- 
lowed to go on. In conse- 
quence of this interference 
on the part of Washington an 

unfriendly feeling against the United States soon found its 

way among the French rulers. 

27. This feeling was aggravated by the news of the Jay 
Treaty, for it was seen that, friendly relations being estab- 
lished between the United States and England, the United 
States could not help France in any Avay in her contest with 
her enemy. What was that treaty ? Let us go back a little. 
The treaty of 1783, closing our struggle with Great Britain for 
independence, contained many provisions (p. 98). Some were 




JOHN ADAJIS. 



26- State why Genet was sent to this country. How he was resisted, and the consc' 
qucnces. 

27. What effect did the Jay Treaty have in France ? Why was that treaty made 1 
What were its advantaires to ns / What hostilities were committed by the French ? 



John Adams's Administration. 227 

carried out, others were not. This neglect led to misunder- 
standings and angry feeling between the two governments. 
Each accused the other of wrong, and so threatening was the 
attitude of the English that, to avert war, Washington sent 
John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty that would settle 
the questions in dispute (§ 7). England claimed the right to 
search American vessels for deserters from her navy (§ 51). 
She kept possession of Detroit and other posts in the West, 
which, being within our territory, rightfully belonged to us. 
She was not willing that our merchants should trade with her 
islands in the West Indies. The task before Mr. Jay was 
difficult, but he acted with wisdom, procured the best treaty 
he could, and returned home. Never was a treaty more un- 
popular.* Believing that if it were rejected war would fol- 
low, the Federalists gave it a hearty support ; but their leaders 
were accused of having been bought with British gold. The 
Senate, after an earnest discussion, approved the treaty, and 
Washington signed it (August, 1795). Though it did not 
dispose of England's claim to search our vessels, though it did 
not give our merchants full liberty to trade with British 
islands, it gave us possession of all our Western jjosts, and 
averted war. Time proved it to be a wise measure. The 
election of Adams to the presidency was another cause of 
irritation to the French rulers. They preferred Jefferson, 
who, they thought, was in hearty sympathy with them. 
Soon American ships were seized in French ports, and 
American ships were captured on the high seas by French 
cruisers. (Read note 18, Ajjpendix, p. 48.) 



* "On the 4th of July (1795) a g^reat mob paraded the streets of New York 
with an effigy of Mr. Jay. From the mouth of the figure proceeded the words, 
Come up to my price and I will sell you my country. At a meeting held in the 
open air Hamilton attempted to address the crowd in vindication of the treaty, 
but the orator was answered with stones. The mob, with American and 
French flags flying, marched to a spot opposite Jay's residence, and there 
burned a copy of the treaty." — William Jay^s Life of John Jay. 



228 John Adams's Administration. 

28. Anxious to avoid war, Adams, now President, sent 
three envoys to Paris. These were told by an agent of the 
French government that before any terms of a treaty could 
be considered it would be necessary for them to pay a large 
sum of money. Said Charles C. Pinckney, one of the envoys, 
in quick reply : '*' War be it, then ! Millions for defense, but 
not a cent for tribute." Every newspaper in the United 
States published an account of this affair, and at once "Mil- 
lions for defense, but not a cent for tribute," was echoed 
from the heart and mouth of every patriot in the land. 

29. This indignation of the people had its effect upon 
Congress, and war measures against France were adopted. 

It was decided to form a large army ; and Wash- 
ington, then living the life of a planter on his 
Potomac domain, was called upon to be its com- 



Death 

of 

Washington. 



mander. He accepted the appointment with reluctance. 
Loving France and hating war, he lingered on his planta- 
tion, hoping that war would be averted. While attending 
to some outdoor duties, a storm of snow and rain came on, 
and the clothing about his neck and shoulders became wet. 
Next day he was not able to take his usual ride, and at night 
he awoke, suffering from sore throat and a fever. The fol- 
lowing night he died (December 14, 1799). He, " first in 
war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country- 
men," whom the people had loved to call the Father of liis 
Country, was no more forever. Honors were paid to his 
memory in every part of the land. Beneath a tomb at 
Mount Vernon, in full view of the Potomac, repose his re- 
mains. It is the shrine which men of all parties, creeds, and 
colors visit with feelings of veneration.* (Note 19,Ap,,p.48.) 

* More than eighty years after this sad event, England's great states- 
man, Gladstone, said: "Washington, to my mind, is the purest figure in 

28. What efforts did President Adams make to secure peace ? How were his efforts 
met ? 

29. What preparations for war were made ? Give an account of Washington's 
death. Repeat what is said in the note. 



Johii Adams's Administration. 229 

30. One of the results of the French Kevolution, already 
mentioned, was the bringing of Napoleon Bonaparte to the 
head of the French government. It was then 
possible to make a treaty ; and one was accord- 
ingly sigiaed which restored friendly relations be- 



Peace 
with Fraace. 



tween the land of Washington and the land of Lafayette 
(September 30, 1800). 

31. The term Anti-federalist was still applied to the 
party of which Jefferson was considered the leader,^ though 
the original reason for so using it no longer ex- 
isted. The Constitution was the rock on which 
the nation was now built. No one desired to de- 



Election 

of 
Jefferson. 



stroy it. No one was ojiposed to the Federal Union. Soon 
to preside over the Supreme Court was John Marshall, of 
whom, after his death, it was said : " He found the Consti- 
tution paper and made it power ; he found it a skeleton and 
clothed it with flesh and blood." 

32. The Anti-federalists came to be known as Democrats, 
also as Republicans. They preferred to be called Democratic 
Republicans. In the quarrel between England and France, 
their sympathies were with France. The Federalists, in 
control of Congress, had lost favor by the passage of two 
acts known as the Alien and Sedition Laws. These were 
aimed against the schemes of French emissaries, who, in 
newspapers and pamphlets, were exciting the people against 
Adamses administration. They gave the President power to 
banish all such aliens, as, in his opinion, were dangerous to 

history ; " to which England's distinguished scholar, Canon Farrar, added : 
" Yes. He was the best of great men and the greatest of good men." 

"Alone of all white men," says a tradition of the New Tork Indians, 
" Washington has been admitted to the Indian heaven, because of his justice 
to the Red men. He lives in a great palace, and is dressed in his uniform 
with a sword at his side." — Parker'' s Historic Americans. 

30- How and when was peace with France secured ? 
31. Who was John Marshall, and what is said of him ? 

32- What is said of the Anti-federalists ? The Federalists ? Of the Alien and 
Sedition Laws ? Opposition to those laws ? What is said of State rights ? 



230 John Adams's Administration. 

the peace of the country, and to imprison all persons guilty 
of abusing the freedom of speech or of the press. Jefferson 
and his party did not like these laws. They said it was not 
right to put so much power into the hands of the adminis- 
tration. They repeated the arguments which had been used 
against the adoption of the Constitution (p. 205). Less 
power, they thought, should be given to the general govern- 
ment and more to the individual States, hence they came to 
be known as State Eights men (§ 110). 

33. The unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Laws had 
much to do with the defeat of the Federalists in the next 
presidential election. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, 
tlie Republican candidates, received the largest number of 
electoral votes, the one, as it happened, just as many as the 
other. Which of the two men should be President ? As the 
Constitution then stood, it was the duty of the popular 
branch of Congress, the House of Representatives, to decide 
the question, each State having one vote (§1). At first, of 
the sixteen votes cast, Jefferson received eight, not a major- 
ity. After numerous ballots he received ten votes, and was 
declared elected. According to the Constitution, Burr be- 
came Vice-President (see the Appendix, page 20). 

34. These proceedings of Congress took place in the city of 
Washington, the nation's new capital, during its first session 

1 there. Adams had moved into the building 

^ •. T^'^ ,„«« known as the President's Mansion, commonly 

Capital in 1800. 

I known since as the White House. In a letter to her 

married daughter, Mrs. Adams wrote : " The house is upon 
a grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to 
attend and keep the apartments in order." The city then 
comprised only a few scattered buildings, "most of them 
small, miserable huts not ready for occupation." Not one of 
the streets was paved. Not a fence could be seen in any di- 
ss. Give a full account of Jefferson's election to the presidency. 

34. Wliat is said of the President's mansion and the city of Washington ? 






Jefferson s Administration. 



231 



rection. A member of Congress wrote : " We want nothing 
here but houses, collars, kitchens, well-informed men, amiable 
women, and other little trifles of the kind to make our city 
perfect" (1800). (See Appendix, p. 17.) 

Jefferson's Administration-. 

35. When Jefferson was a young man he dressed in a 
" flowered waistcoat, a silk coat, silk stockings confined at 
the knee by fancifully worked garters, and nsed 
powder. In after years he wore severe black, 
discarded powder and silk stockings," prac- 



Jefferson's 
Habits. 



ticed simplicity in all things, and became what friend and 
foe alike styled " The Apostle of Democracy." The day for his 
inauguration as President ar- 
rived. Escorted by citizens 
and soldiers, he rode to the 
capitol on horseback. His 
dress, as was now his custom 
on all occasions, was that of a 
'• plain citizen." It was Avith- 
out badge or ornament of any 
kind. He delivered an ad- 
dress, took the oath of office, 
and went to live in the man- 
sion provided by the nation 
(March 4, 1801)." 

36. At the White House he 
would have no ceremonies, no 

formal levees, no invited guests. Any person who wanted to 
see him could call at any time. Instead of going to Con- 
gress to read his messages, .as had been the custom with 
Washington and Adams, he sent them by a messenger. To 
all titles of honor he was decidedly opposed. He did not like 




85. What is said of Jeflerson, his dress, and inauguration ? 

86- What changes did Jefferson effect, and with what consequences ? 



232 Jefferson's Administration. 

to be addressed as Excellency or Ho;aorable, or even Mr. All 
this example was not without its influence. A change toward 
simplicity in the dress and manners of the people followed. 

37. We have seen how the '• Western Lands" came to be 
owned by the general government (§ 11). Connecticut, when 
ceding her claim, reserved a large tract along. Lake 
Erie, known as The Eeserve, often called the 



Ohio. 



The 
Louisiana 
Purchase. 



Connecticut Reserve (map 3). This she sold to a company of 
speculators, and the money received from the sale, more than 
a million of dollars, was the first contribution to the com- 
mon-school fund of the State. The victory gained by Gen- 
eral Wayne (§ 15) gave peace to the West. New life was 
imparted to the migration from the sea-board States. The 
first outgrowth of this was Ohio, admitted to the Union in 
1803. It includes the Connecticut Reserve.(N.16,A23.,p.47.) 
38. Of the many boats, loaded with corn, flour, tobacco, 
'and bacon, that floated down the Mississippi to Natchez anrl 
New Orleans, scarce one, because of the rapid cur- 
rent, ever returned. They were sold as lumber. 
The day of steamboats had not yet arrived. There 
were no large towns on the west side of the great river. St. 
Louis, where a company of French fur dealers had built a 
liouse or two forty years before, was still little more than a 
settlement of fur traders. It and New Orleans, though the 
latter had ten thousand inhabitants, were as mere dots on the 
Louisiana Territory, whose western limits were the Rocky 
Mountains. TJiis territory had belonged to France (p. 137), 
but since 1762, when that power ceded it to Spain, it had 
been a Spanish possession. The loss of this immense domain 
being greatly lamented by the French, Napoleon offered, to 
Spain, in exchange for it, certain lands wliich France owned 
in Italy. The offer was accepted (1800). 

37- What is said of tlie Connecticut Reserve ? Wayne's victory (map p. 250) ? 
How was Oiiio formed and wlien was it admitted to tlie Vnion ? 

38- What is said of the trade of the Mississippi ? What is said of St. Louis ? 
New Orleans ? WTiat was known as the TiOuisiaiia Territory ? Give its early history. 



Jefferson's Administration. 233 

39. The news of this bargain was not relished by the peo- 
ple of the United States. They asked : " Is not Napoleon a 
great conqueror ? Has he not brought the powerful govern- 
ments of the continent of Europe on their knees before him ? 
And now, is he not planning to create a French nation in 
the wilds of America? Will he not, being in command of 
the mouth of the Mississippi, the key of the Western waters, 
cut off the trade of the States with New Orleans, and prevent 
ships other than his own from carrying cargoes out of the 
river to the Atlantic States or to foreign ports ? " 

40. Said Jefferson: "We must marry ourselves to the 
British Heet and nation "' to drive France away. He sent a 
special envoy, James Monroe, to Paris, to assist the American 
minister there, Robert R. Livingston, to do — what ? To 
purchase New Orleans, and so much of the land about it as 
would secure to the United States the free navigation of the 
Mississippi — that, and nothing more. It happened to be a 
very fortunate time for the undertaking. Napoleon was 
about to renew his war with England, and was afraid his 
American property would fall into the hands of his enemy. 
He would not reason with his ministers on the subject, but 
passionately exclaimed : "The English have twenty ships of 
war in the Gulf of Mexico ! I have not a moment to lose ! '" 
In sore need of money, he offered to sell the whole of the 
Louisiana Territory. Livingston and Monroe were surprised. 
They had no authority to purchase a domain so extensive, 
but fearing that the favorable opportunity would pass, and 
pass forever, they accepted the offer ; and for fifteen millions 
of dollars the transfer was made (1803). Napoleon was de- 
lighted. Said he: "This accession of territory strengthens 
forever the power of the United States ; and I have Just 

39. How did the transfer of the territory to Napoleon touch the interest and feel- 
ings of the people of the United States ? 

40. What did JefEer^on say ? What did he do ? Why was the moment fortunate ? 
What said Napoleon ? What offer did he make ? What was the result ? What then 
did Napoleon say ? Repeat in full what is stated in the note on page 234. 



234: Jefferson's Administration. 

given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later 
humble her pride." Henceforth the Louisiana Territory, or, 
as we are in the habit of calling it, the Louisiana Purchase, 
was a part of the great domain of the United States (map 8).* 
41. Already, before the first hint of Napoleon^s offer had 
been received in the United States, Jefferson had started off 
an expedition to find a way across the continent 
to the Pacific Ocean. It was commanded by two 
Virginians, Lewis and Clarke. The welcome 



Expedition 

Across 

the Continent. 



news of the purchase overtook the party at St. Louis. Up 
the Missouri, for months and months, the explorers toiled in 
canoes against its strong current. At a distance of nearly 
three thousand miles from its mouth, they left tbeir boats. 
Procuring horses from Indians wliom they had met, they 
crossed the Rocky Mountains, struck the Columbia, the river 
discovered by Captain Gray thirteen years before (§1G), and 
descended it in canoes for six hundred miles to the Pacific 
Ocean (1805). (Read note 20, Appendix, p. 48.) 

42. Six years later a company of fur dealers, whose 
operations were conducted by John Jacob Astor, of New 
York, established a trading post where the town of Astoria 
now stands. It was the first settlement in all that region. 
Nowadays a journey from St. Louis to Astoria can be ac- 
complished in four or five days or less. It took Lewis and 
Clarke eighteen months to do it. Soon explorations were 



* What was its western limit ? No one could answer that question better 
than Jefferson. He declared that the territory purchased "extended to the 
main chain of the mountains (Rocky) dividing the waters of the Pacific from 
the waters of the Atlantic." It did not go to tlie Pacific. In a controversy 
with Spain, the United States claimed that this purchase included the gulf 
land south of Alabama and Mississippi (see map 4). Spain, owning Florida, 
denied this ; but all disputes on this point were finally put at rest by our 
purchase of Florida in 1819 (§ 94). (Read note 4, Appendix, p. 42.) 

41. Give a full iiccount of the Lewis and Clarke expedition. 

42. Who was John Jacob Astor ? What town is named after him 1 Give the be- 
ginning of its history. How is it located (map 8) ? 



Jefferson's Administration. 235 

made to different parts of the distant territory. The term 
Unknown Eegion was omitted on the future maps to desig- 
nate that far-off region. 

43. Tlie presidential electors at the present time are re- 
quired to •'•'name in their ballots the person voted for as 
President, and, in distinct ballots, the person 
voted for as Vice-President.'' Such was not the 
case during the contest between Jefferson and 



Hamilton 
and Burr. 



Burr (§ 33). The change was made in the Constitution 
within the next three years after that contest (see the 
Appendix p. 20). Jefferson and Burr were Republicans. 
Burr's willingness to be put into the presidential chair by the 
votes of the Federalists, knowing, as he did, that the Repub- 
licans had intended and desired the place for Jefferson, 
turned the leaders of his party against him. They could 
not, however, prevent his elevation to the second place, that 
of Vice-President. To mend his fortunes, he courted the 
favor of his former political opponents, the Federalists, and 
offered himself as a candidate for governor of the State of 
New York. He was defeated, a large body of Federalists, 
including Hamilton, having refused to vote for him. 

44. To Hamilton he attributed his defeat. Bent upon 
revenge, he sent an angry letter to the Federal leader, follow- 
ing it with a challenge to iight a duel. They met at a se- 
cluded spot on the Jersey shore. Burr raised his pistol, took 
aim, and fired. "Hamilton sprang upon his toes with a 
convulsive movement, reeled a little, involuntarily discharged 
his pistol in the air, and then fell forward headlong upon 
his face." The surgeon approached him. The pallor of 
death was on his face. "Doctor," he said, "this is a mortal 
wound," and immediately fainted. He was carefully carried 
across the river to New York, where, after lingering a few 

43. Wliat is the present mode of electing a President (Appendix p. 20) ? How 
does it differ from the first mode '! State what is said of Burr. 
44- Give an account of the duel between Hamilton and Burr. 



236 



Jefferson's A dministration. 



hours, he died. Amid tlie lamentations of a nation he was 
laid in his grave (July, 1804).* 

45. Thus passed away the great leader of the Federalists. 
He had performed valuable service in the war of the Revolu- 
tion, winning for himself among his comrades the title of 
"the Little Lion ; " he had contributed important aid in the 
framing of the Constitution ; he had, more than any other 

man, induced the States to 
accept the Constitution ; and 
he had devised and put into 
force the admirable plan of 
finance that was giving 
strength and stability to the 
government. As a speaker, 
no less than as a writer, was 
he eminent, charming all 
hearts by the warmth, va- 
riety, ornament, and grace of 
his thoughts and words. 

46. Burr Avas regarded as 
no better than the worst of 
murderers. After keeping 
himself in a hiding-place two or three days he stealthily left 
New York to find a more secure hiding-place in Philadel- 
phia. We next hear of him as the head of a mysterious 
movement at the West. At Blennerhassett Island, in the 
Ohio Eiver, he stopped awhile, made the acquaintance of its 

* "The impression made upon tlie public mind by this fatal duel did not 
easily subside. The absurdity of the sacrifice of a life like Hamilton's to the 
honor of a profligate like Burr was too gross, and a strong impulse was thus 
given to that growing sentiment of civilized common sense wliich has nearly 
extirpated the practice of dueling throughout the States of America." — Hil- 
dreth's History oftfw U. S. 




ALEXANUEU HAMILTON. 



45. Repeat fully what is recorded of Hamilton. When and where was he born f 
Am. In one of the West India islands, in 1757. 

46- What movemeuls did Burr make, and what ischeme did he start ? 



Jefferson's Administration. 237 

owner and occupant, Harman Blennerhassett, and enlisted 
him in his scheme. Exactly what that scheme was we do 
not know. It was reported that Burr meant to seize a large 
part of Mexico and the Louisiana territory, and over it estab- 
lish a government with New Orleans for its capital. 

47. Boats were built for Burr, and men assembled at dif- 
ferent places to do his bidding. Reports of his doings 
reached Jefferson, who was then serving a second term, he 
having been re-elected by a large majority. By Jefferson's 
orders. Burr was arrested. At Richmond, Virginia, he was 
tried on a charge of high treason, but, for want of suf- 
ficient evidence, was not pronounced guilty. Gaining his 
liberty, he went to Europe. A few years later he returned 
to America, where, in obscurity and poverty, he died at the 
age of eighty. 

48. Nobody knows when or by whom the first steamboat 
was invented. At the beginning of this year of 1807 there 
is not a steamboat in use in all the world. 
Spanish writers assert that one was launched upon 
the waters of Barcelona about fifty years after 



The First 
Steamboat. 



Columbus discovered America. Two hundred years later 
a steamboat was put upon a river of Germany, but a mob of 
boatmen, thinking that they saw in the strange craft the ruin 
of their business, captured and destroyed it. French, En- 
glish, and American inventors afterward succeeded in mov- 
ing boats by steam, the experiments in some cases being re- 
markably successful. 

49. Not, however, before Robert Fulton^s side-wlieel 
steamer, the Clermont, went up and down the Hudson River 



47- State how the scheme was brought to an end, and what is said of the trial and 
the after years of Burr. (Blennerhassett was born in England.) 

48- Give the history of the early efforts to invent steamboats. 

49. Who was Robert Fulton ? Give an account of his success. Of success on the 
Delaware and Mississippi. What other Americans besides Fulton made early experi- 
ments in steamboats ? Ans. James Rumsey and John Fitch, They both moved boats 
by steam as early as 1786. 



238 



Jefferson's Administration. 



in 1807, did the opinion begin to prevail that steamboats could 
be used witli profit to carry freight and passengers. The 
Clermont was the great wonder of the day. People traveled 




many miles to gaze upon tlie 
mysterious vessel, as it puffed 
fire and smoke, and moved 
through the water againe 
wind and tide, without sai 
])addle, or oar. Great activit\ 
in steamboat building fol- 
lowed. The Phoenix, anothci- 
l)addle-wheel boat, built l)y 
John Stevens, was put u])on bobert fulton. 

the Delaware (1808). The 

Orleans, with a stern wheel, the first steamboat on tlie Mis- 
sissippi, went from Pittsburgh, where she was built, to New 
Orleans in fourteen days (1812). By this invention rivers 
and lakes were made available, and the whole continent was 
thrown open to commerce (§ 103). 



Jefferson's Administration. 239 

50. The war between England and France, as we shall 
see, began troubles which, growing worse year after year, led 
to war between England and the United States. 
Bonaparte had become the most powerful ruler 
in Europe. He was now an emperor, and two 



Injury 

to American 

Commerce. 



of his brothers were kings. One of his war measures had for 
its object the destruction of England's commerce. He issued 
decrees forbidding all vessels of every nation from entering 
British ports. From England came like decrees, forbidding 
trade of every kind with French ports. American merchant- 
men, being more numerous than the merchant ships of any 
other country, were the greatest sufferers. They were placed, 
it may be said, between two fires. So many of them were 
seized by the war vessels of both powers that the anger of the 
people rose to a high pitch. Public meetings were held in 
every city of the Union to condemn the outrages, and urge 
the government to protect the country's commerce. 

51. The people's anger was greatly aggravated by reports 
that commanders of British war ships had stopped American 
vessels on the high seas, and forcibly taken seamen from them 
to serve on their own ships. England, asserting that "a 
man once an Englishman is always an Englishman," claimed 
to have the right of searching American ships for deserters. 
This was what was called in the United States impressment 
of American seamen, for sailors who could not at once prove 
themselves to be Americans and not Englishmen were im- 
pressed into the English service (§ 37). Merchant ships were 
not the only vessels that were stopped and despoiled of their 
crews (§57). Off the coast of Virginia, the American frigate 
Chesapeake was hailed by the British frigate Leopard. The 
American commander refusing to have his vessel searched, the 

50. What is said of injury done to American commerce ? 

51. What do you understand by the impressment question? Give an account of the 
Chesapeake affair. How was the aflfair retaliated ? Ans. Off the coast of Virginia the 
British sloop-of-war Little Belt fired into the American frigate President, but her fire 
was returned and thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded (1811). 



240 Madisoit's Administration. 

Leopard fired iuto her, killing or wounding twenty-one of 
her crew. As the Chesapeake was entirely unpre])ared for 
fighting, and had been seriously disabled by the Leopard's 
broadsides, her flag was struck. She was boarded, and four 
men, claimed as deserters, were taken to the Lc()i)ard (1807). 
It was afterward proved that three of the men had never 
been British subjects. Two were born in the United States, 
the other in South America. 

62. This daring outrage threw the country iuto a tumult 
of excitement. The British armed ships in the waters of the 
United States were compelled to leave. An Embargo was laid 
upon American vessels, that is, they were not allowed to sail 
for foreign ports. In consequence, they rotted at the wharfs, 
while the ships of England and France prospered. The Em- 
bargo soon proved to be a very unwise measure. It was there- 
fore altered so as to let American vessels trade with all the 
ports of the world except those of the two warring nations. 

53. Meanwhile the time for the sixth presidential election 
drew near. Jeiferson, following the example of AVashington, 

declined to be a candidate for a third term. 
The Republicans then turned to James ^ladisou, 
whom Jelferson favored, and he was elected by a 
large majority. The retiring President then went to his 
home at Monticello, Virginia, where he expected to live the 
life of a hermit. He was mistaken. A ceaseless stream of 
visitors from all parts of the world passed in and out of his 
house. His wisdom gained for him in his old age the title 
of the Sage of Monticello. 

Madison's Administration. 

54. When Madison was inaugurated (March 4, 1809) ''he 



Election 

of 
Madison. 



52. What was the Embargo Act « What is said of its working ♦ 

53. M'ho \va* Jefferson's successor as President? When and where did we meet 
Aladisoii iH-fore (pp. 303, 205^ ? To what place did Jefferson retire ? What is said of 
his life there ? 

64. How did Madison appear when he was inaugurated ? What was his object ? 



Madison's Administration. 



241 



was dressed in a full suit of woolen cloth, the wool being from 
sheep raised in the United States, and the cloth | ^a^t, 
from American factories." His intention, so he I of 
said, was "to show what Americans can do when 



the Tariff. 



the tariff protects their work against the work of their English 
competitors." 

55. After cutting off Ohio from 
the Northwest Territory, the rest 
was called the Indiana Territory 
(map 4). General William Henry 
Harrison was its governor. The 
wild tribes of the forest were again 
dissatisfied (§ 15). They were 
not getting good prices for their 
furs, the white settlements were 
crowding them off their lands, 
game was scarce. Tecumseh, a 
great warrior, and his brother, 
commonly known as tho Prophet, 
were trying to form a union of 




JAMES MADISON. 



the tribes. Both were opposed 

to selling any more land to the whites. They wanted to see 

their race restored to its ancient power. Tecumseh was an 

orator as well as a warrior. He was crafty, and 

he never stopped at the means for carrying out 

his plans. His brother also was an orator. As 



Indian 
Troubles. 



a "^medicine man," regarded as a medium between the Great 
Spirit and the Indians, the Prophet's influence among his 
people was almost unbounded. •' They believed that he 
could make a pumpkin as big as a wigwam spring out of the 
ground at a single word." 

56. Wanting blankets and other things, some of the tribes 

55- Who was Harrison ? Tecumseh ? The Prophet ? What is said of the charac- 
ter, plans, and efforts of the two Indians ? 

56- Give an account of the bai tie of Tippecanoe. Was Tecuni.seh in it? Am. He 
was not (§ 74), Where is the Wabash River (map 5. The Tippecanoe flows into it) ? 

16 



242 



Madiso n's A dmin istration. 



met Harrison/ and sold to the government a large tract of 
land along the Wabash Eiver. Tecumseh and his brother 
would not consent to the transfer. They said that "all the 
Indian lands belonged to all the Indians, and, for that reason, 
none could be sold without the consent of all." Being told 
that the Prophet was making preparations for war, Harrison, 




TECUMSEU IIEFUKE TUE PEACE COUNCIL HBI-U AT VIN'CENNES, INDIANA, IN 1811 (MAP 3).* 
(FKOM A PAINTING BY J. B. STEARNS.) 

with a bod}^ of troops, marched against his town on the Tip- 
pecanoe River, in the western part of Indiana. Messengers 
from the Prophet met him. "What is the meaning of this ?" 
they asked. " We do not want war. Halt where you are, and 



* " At the council some person handed a chair to Tecumseh, saying : ' War- 
rior, your father, General Harrison, offers you a seat.' Tecumseh's dark eye 
flashed. ' My father ! ' he exclaimed indignantly, extending his arm toward the 
heavens. ' The Great Spirit is my father, and the earth is my mother. She 
feeds and clothes me, and I recline upon her bosom.' " — Yotes and Moulton's 
History of N. F. 



Madison's Administration. 243 

to-morrow we will have a talk with you/' The troops halted 
and formed a camp, but, suspecting treachery, slept on their 
arms. It was a fortunate precaution, for, just before day- 
break, the Indians, with fearful yells, rushed upon the camp. 
The contest was brief. The assailants were repulsed, and 
the town was destroyed (November 7, 1811). 

57. All this time our merchants and ship-owners were ut- 
tering loud complaints. Their property was seized by English 
and French cruisers, and no jjrotection came to 
them from the government. In addition, the 
English would not abate the least from their 



War 
with England. 



wrong impressment claim (§ 51). Already they had taken 
more than six thousand seamen out of American vessels. A 
large number, being Americans and refusing to fight for the 
king, were cast into prison. Two nephews of Washington, 
who were on their way home from Europe, were seized, and 
put to work as common seamen on board one of the king's 
ships.* 

58. Were we forever to submit to this man-stealing ? 
Was not the flag of the Union, by sea as well as by land, to 



* " In 1811 the American frigate Constitution and the British frigate Mada- 
gascar were at anchor in the harbor of Portsmouth, England. One night a 
man belonging to the Constitution let himself down into the water and swam 
to the Madagascar. A cutter was sent in the morning to ])rocure him, but its 
officer was told that the deserter claimed protection as an Englishman and 
could not be given up. ' Have you any evidence beyond the man's own 
word,' asked the officer, 'that he is an Englishman?' 'No,' was the reply. 
'The man's declaration is sufficient.' About the middle of the following 
night a man was seen in the water near the Constitution. He was rescued, and 
confessed that he was a deserter from the Madagascar. He was asked what 
countryman he was, and he answered in a strong Irish accent : ' An Ameri- 
can, your honor.' The next day be was inquired after, but it was intimated 
that, as he said he was an American, he could not be given up." — Cooper''s Na- 
val Histonj of the U. S. 

67. What injury was done to our commerce and seamen? What doctrine did the 
English pioclaim (§ 51) ? Acting upon that doctrine, what followed ? 

58- What questions are asked ? What cry went up ? Why and when was war de- 
clared ? Who objected to war and why ? What says the note on page 244 ? 



244 Madison's Administration. 

protect all beneath it ? A war cry went up from every part 
of the country. It was : " Free trade and sailors' rights." 
There being no longer any hope of redress, Madison advised 
Congress to appeal to arms, and, accordingly, war was de- 
clared against Great Britain (June 18, 1812). The declara- 
tion was warmly approved by the .South and the West, but 
7iot by the Federalists of New England. The war would in- 
jure their commerce and fisheries.* The impressment ques- 
tion, wo see, was the turning point in the cause of the war, 
but other questions of great importance were involved. 

59. Unfortunately, no preparations had been made for the 
conflict. Its first events were consequently far from encour- 
aging. British troops surprised and captured the 
fort at the outlet of Lake Michigan, and defeated 
a detachment of the army under General Hull, 



First 
Land Events. 



the Governor of the Michigan Territory (map 4). British 
troops, with six hundred Indians led by Tecumseh, appeared 
before Detroit, where Hull had taken up his quarters. The 
Americans were in good spirits, and ready to make a resolute 
defense, when, to their astonishment, a white flag was hoisted 
over their heads in token of submission. By this act the 
bewildered Hull sent an army into captivity, and surrendered 
Michigan to the enemy (August IG). 

60. Was Hull a coward at Detroit ? A court-martial 
tried him two years after, and said that he was. He was 
sentenced to be shot, but the President, reminded of his age 
and his many brave deeds during the Revolution, saved 

* Delegates held a secret convention in Hartford, December, 1814. It was 
generally believed that their object was to break up the Union, and form a 
separate government for New England. " The thought of dissolving tlie 
Union never entered into the head of any member. The gentlemen who 
composed it, for talents and patriotism, have never been surpassed by any 
assembly in the United States." — Noah Webster'' s Sketches of American Policy. 

59. Relate the first events of the war inchiding null's .surrender. 

60. State all else you can of Hull. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. 
Where is Queenstown (map p. 353) ? Detroit (map p. 350) ? 



Madison's Administration. 245 

his life. " It is hard to affix the stain of cowardice on 
the man who moved beside Washington in the perilous 
march against Trenton, who stood firmly amid the hottest 
fire of Princeton, who gallantly led his men to the charge at 
Saratoga, who faced without flinching the fiery sleet at Stony 
Point. Gray hairs do not make a coward of such a man." 
About two months after his surrender, a body of Americans 
crossed the Niagara River to Canada, and at first gained some 
success at Queenstown (map j). 352), but fresh troops arriv- 
ing to the aid of the British, the invaders were overjjowered 
with serious loss (October 13). 

61. On the land, during the first year of the war, the 
Americans met with nothing but disaster. On the ocean 
the result was quite different. England owned 
more than a thousand war ships. The United 
States less than twenty. England was not 



Victories 

on 
the Ocean. 



only the greatest marine power in the world, she was more 
powerful on the ocean than all the other nations of the 
world united. Such was the reputation of her great ships 
that it was believed, in other lands as well as her own, that 
any of her frigates could never be else than conqueror. And 
yet the little fleet of less than twenty sails, big and little, 
boldly put out from shore to encounter the " Mistress of the 
Sea." 

62. Captain Porter, commanding the frigate Essex, began 
the proud record which shows the names of a dozen good 
ships that gained honorable victories during the war. The 
Alert, of the king's navy, the first national vessel captured, 
was Porter's trophy (August 13). Captain Hull was next to 
perform a service that went far to wipe out the disgrace at- 
tached to his name by his uncle's surrender at Detroit. In 
command of the frigate Constitution, he met the Guerriere 
{gare-e-are'), one of the finest of the king's frigates, and, after 

61. What ia said of the naval forces of the two countries ? 

62- Give an account of Captain Porter's success. Of Captain Hull's success. 



246 Madison's Administration. 

a contest of two hours, the first serious contest of the war, 
compelled her to strike her flag (August 19). 

63. An officer, sent on board the prize, returned with the 
report that she Avas so badly cut up as to be in a sinking condi- 
tion. The prisoners were hastily removed to the Constitu- 
tion, and the wreck was set on fire. " The flames leaped up 
the broken masts and Avrapped the hull in a sheet of fire. As 
the guns became heated they went off, one after another, 
firing their last salute to the dying ship." At length the fire 
reached the magazine, when a tremendous explosion and a 
huge column of smoke ended the history of the Guerriere. 
The victor in this famous battle was the very frigate Consti- 
tution that an English writer had previously described as 
''a bunch of pine boards sailing under a bit of striped bunt- 
ing." Gaining other laurels, the Constitution grew to be 
the pet ship of the navy, and came to be known by old and 
young, from one end of the land to the other, as Old Ironsides. 

64. Theiurtlier history of the old ship interests us. There 
came a time when, by reason of her age, it w^as thought that 
she Avas unfit for longer service. It was therefore decided to 
break her up and sell her timbers. Public opinion at once 
condemned the decision. Poets and newspaper Avriters gave 
earnest expression to this opinion. The heart of the chief of 
the navy department was touched, and his hand Avas stayed. 
The pet was saved and turned into a schoolship, where boys 
were taught the three R*s, as well as practical seamanship. 
(Note 21, Appendix, p. 49.) In bringing about this happy 
result the magic wand of the poet, Dr. Holmes, was most 
effective. This is the closing strain of his song : 

"O! better that her shattered hulk should sink beneath the wave : 
Her thiinder shook the mighty deep, and tliere should be her grave. 
Nail to the mast her holy flag, set every tlireadbare sail. 
And give her to the God of storms, the liglitning, and the gale.'" 

63. What is said of the Constitution's fame and name ? 

64. What is said of the farther history of the frigate ? Repeat the lines. 



Madison's Administration. 247 

65. T\yo important events of the year 1812;, neither, how- 
ever, having any direct relation to the war, were the admis- 
sion of Louisiana to the Union and the election 
of Madison for a second term. The State of 



Looisiana. 



Louisiana was thus the first piece taken from the immense 
territory sold to us by Napoleon in 1803 (§ 40). Its chief city. 
New Orleans, was started into existence by the French in 
1718. Its first houses having been built on the convex side of 
a bend in the Mississippi, the city, now the largest in the South, 
came to be known by its familiar name, the Crescent City. 

66. The second year of the war opened with operations for 
the recovery of Michigan. An American detachment was 
captured at Frenchtown (map p. 350), but, later. 
General Harrison, at Fort Meigs, on the Maumee 



Land Battles. 



Eiver, bravely withstood a long siege. Later still, the youth- 
ful Major Crogan, in command of Fort Stephenson, on the 
Sandusky Eiver, made such good use of the only cannon he 
had that his assailants, British and Indians, were forced to 
retreat in great haste (August 3, 1813). 

67. Meanwhile an American force, embarking at Sackett's 
Harbor, New York, crossed Lake Ontario and captured York, 
now called Toronto (map 3). The soul of this expedition was 
General Pike, who, just as victory was deciding in his favor, 
was mortally wounded from the explosion of the enemy's 
magazine. The captured flag being brought to him, he made 
a sign to have it put under his head, and so the hero expired 
(April, 1813). Sackett's Harbor seeming to be defenseless, a 
thousand Canadians and Indians, under General Pre'vost, 
crossed the lake to attack it. They were resisted by General 
Brown, commanding a hastily formed force, and driven back 
to their ships (May 39). 

65. What is said of Louisiana and its admission to the Union ? Of New Orleans ? 

66. What took place at Fort Meigs ? On the Sandusky ? What was the name of 
the fort (map p. 2.50) ? \Vhat town now occupies its site ? Ans. Fremont. Where were 
both forts (map p. 250) ? 

67. Where is Sackett's Harbor ? State what took place there. Where is York ? 
What took place there ? What is York's present name (map 2) ? 



American 
Privateers. 



248 Madison's Administration. 

68. The success of the Americans on the ocean incited 
the British to send more of their war ships against their 

adversary. These, sailing along the eastern 
coast of the United States and hovering off the 

I great business ports, succeeded in capturing 

many small trading vessels. The greater number of prizes, 
liowever, were not on their side. From Boston, New York, 
C!harleston, and other jiorts, went lorth privateers that cap- 
tured more than a thousand vessels. "These bold rovers, 
being swifter sailors than the English, asked only an open 
sea and a gale of wind to outstrip their pursuers or overtake 
them in flight. Every pathway of commerce was familiar to 
them, and they passed from sea to sea, appearing and disap- 
pearing with a suddenness and celerity that baffled 2)ursuit, 
At one time they cruised so daringly in English waters that 
sixty dollars were paid in England to insure five hundred 
across the channel.^' 

69. The rejoicings of the Americans over their many 
naval successes were checked for a moment by a reverse that 

befell them in Massachusetts Bay. Captain 
Lawrence for gallant service had been promoted 
to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then 



Defeat 

on 

the Ocean. 



lying in Boston harbor. The Shannon, one of King George's 
best frigates, manned by a select crew, appeared off the 
harbor to fight tlie Cliesapeake. Though his ship was not 
yet properly equipped, and he was almost a stranger to his 
officers and men, Lawrence felt imjjelled to accept the 
challenge. Toward evening the two vessels met. The con- 
test was brit'f, only fifteen minutes, yet in that short time, 
"^botli ships were made charnel-houses." Every superior 
officer of the Chesapeake was killed or wounded. As the 
dying Lawrence was carried below, he exclaimed, ''Don't 
give up the ship !" The ship was not given up. There was 



68. Give an account of the exploits of Americim privateers. 

69. Give an account of tlie contest between the Chesapeake and Shannon. 



Madison's Administration. 249 

no officer left to give her up. She was boarded, and the flag 
which had never yet been struck to anything like an equal 
foe, was hauled down by a lieutenant of the Shannon (June 
1, 1813). 

70. "The capture of a single ship of war probably never 
produced a greater effect upon the contending parties than 
this victory of the Shannon over the Chesapeake. The al- 
most uninterrupted success of the little navy of the United 
States had made the Americans believe that it was invincible, 
and a similar idea was taking hold of the British mind." 
The spell was now broken. The Americans moderated their 
opinion : the English were jubilant. In England bells were 
rung, guns Avere fired, and honors were lavished upon the 
Shannon^s captain and crew. The prowess of the American 
navy never received a greater compliment. 

71. That prowess was about to deserve a compliment not 
so agreeable to British feeling. The recovery of Michigan still 
being in view (§ 66), a fleet of nine vessels was 
fitted out on Lake Erie, and the command given 
to Captain, afterward Commodore, Perry. This 



Victory- 
oil 
Lake Erie. 



fleet was to cope with the enemy's fleet commanded by Com- 
modore Barclay (see table p. 256). The American vessels 
were lying in Put-in-Bay, among the islands in the western 
part of the lake (map p. 250), when the cry of "Sail ho!" 
rang out from the mast-head of the Lawrence, Perry's flag- 
ship (September 10, 1813). 

72. Perry's battle flag was brought out. On it was painted 
in large letters, ''Don't give uj^ the ship." Mounting a gun 
slide, he addressed his crew: "My brave lads," said he. 



70. What was the effect produced bj- the result of the battle ? 

71- Where is Lake Erie? Put-in-Bay ? Who commanded the American fleet on 
the lake '; How many vessels and guns were in the two fleets (p. 257) ? 

72. How did Perry address his men on the eve of the battle ? Give an account of 
the battle. State what is said of Perry's message. Where is the battle held in special 
remembrance ? Ans. In Cleveland. Ohio, where a beautiful statue of Perry was erected 
in 1860. How is Cleveland situated (map p. 250) ? 



250 



Madison's Administration. 




•'this flag contains the last words of Captain Lawrence. 
Shall I hoist it?" "Ay, ay, sir!" they all shouted. Up 

it went, amid cheer 
after cheer, at first from 
the flag-ship, and then, 
as the words were read, 
from the rest of the fleet. 
It was the signal for 
battle. The combat 
lasted about three hours, 
and ended in a complete 
victory to the Ameri- 
cans. Not one of the 
enemy's ships escaped. 
Taking off his cap, and 
using it for a writing 
desk, Perry wrote with a 
pencil on the back of an 
old letter his famous dis- 
patch to Harrison : " We have met the enemy and they are 
ours." Does not this message fairly rank in brevity with the 
renowned one, "I came, I saw, I conquered," sent by the 
great Roman general, Julius Cajsar, after a victory he had 
just gained ? 

73. The consequences of this victory were near and of 
great importance. All that Hull had lost was now recovered. 
The British troops and their savage allies in 
alarm blew up their fort on the Detroit Eiver, in 

Canada, and fled along the Thames River. 

Harrison's army, transported by Perry's fleet across the lake, 
overtook the fleeing foes and attacked them with great fury. 
Resistance was useless. The British regulars threw down their 



f'j'^xft. Meigs I , — <5jjL_ .x. 



^ U I o 



Events Fol- 
lowing 
Perry's Victory. 



73. What did the British do in consequence of their defeat ? Into what water 
does the Thames Kiver flow f Give an account <«f the battle. What is said of Tecum- 
seh f Give the previous history of Tecumseh (§ 55). 



Madison's Administration. 



251 



arms and surrendered, but the Indians, two thousand in num- 
ber, held out till their great leader, Tecumseh, was slain. Then 
tliey suddenly fled (Octo- 



ber 5).* 

74. The death of this 
remarkable chief broke 
up the combination 
among the Indian tribes. 
Tecumseh had been for 
years a most determined 
foe of the United States. 
He had gone from tribe 
to tribe, even to those 
far away in Alabama, and 
incited them to war 
against the whites. Ex- 
peditions were sent to 
subdue these Southern 
Indians, called Creeks, 

and several battles were fought, in every one of which they 
were routed. Not, however, till General An- 
drew Jackson defeated a thousand warriors, with 
terrible slaughter, in the battle of To-ho-pe'-ka, 




War with 

the 

Creeks. 



could the white man sit with safety at his cabin door (March, 



* "Who killed Tecumseh?" When Richard M. Johnson, in 1836, was a 
candidate for Vice-President, his partisans asserted that he was the slayer of 
Tecumseh. His Whig opponents denied this. In the battle of the Thames, 
he led a body of horsemen. "The riders plunged with a yell on the British 
line. Their five hundred rifles cracked at once, strewing the ground with 
men. It was a single blow, and tlie battle was over in that part of the field. 
* * * Tecumseh led his men gallantly forward, and for a few minutes the 
contest was sharp and bloody. At length he fell, when the savages, with a 
loud whoop, turned and fled." — Headly^s Second War with England. 

74. How had Tecumseh shown his enmity against the United States ? Who were 
the Creeks ? How did the Creek War begin ? Ans. In August. 181-3, fifteen hundred war- 
riors surprised Fort Mims, and massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and chil- 
dren. Where was that fort (map p. 251) ? Give an account of the closing event of the war. 



252 



Madison's Administration. 



1814). Then, Tecumseli being dead, the tribes of the South 

as well as those of the North were ready to smoke the pipe of 

peace. 

76. We now come to the third year of the war. Some 

operations against Canada, conducted in a faint-hearted 
manner from New York, accomplished nothing. 
Others, under Generals Brown and Scott, be- 
ing prosecuted with skill, vigor, and courage, 

were among the most illustrious of the war. Brown and 



Operations 

on the 

Niagara Frontier 



Scott crossed the Niagara Eiver, their first achievement be- 
ing the capture of Fort Erie. General Ki'-all, commanding a 

force of British regu- 
lars, Avas on his way to 
the fort, when, hearing 
of its surrender, h e 
halted at Chippewa, and 
there Scott attacked 
him. After a series of 
attacks and counter at- 
tacks the British re- 
treated across Chippewa 
Creek, destroying the 
bridge behind them 
(July 5, 1814). 

76. Twenty days later 
the British were again 
met, this time at Lun- 
dy's Lane, within hear- 
ing of the roar of Niagara Falls, and though they were to 
the Americans as three to one, Scott resolved to fight. At 




75. Where was Fort Erie (map p. 252) ? Cliippewa ? State wliat took place at 
both places. What had Brown previously done (§ 67) ? Into what water does the Ni- 
agara River flow (map p. 252) ? 

76- Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. By what other name is the 
battle also known ? Ans. Bridgewater or Niagara. When; is Lundy's Lane (map 
p. 252) t 



Madiso7i's Administration. 253 

sundown the battle was not half over. A battery on a hill 
gave the British a decided advantage. If not captured, the 
victory would certainly be theirs. " Can you take that bat- 
tery ?" asked General Brown, who had recently arrived on 
the battle ground and taken the command. The question 
was put to the gallant Colonel Miller, and his prompt reply 
was, "I'll try, sir." With three hundred men as brave as 
himself, he charged up the hill, and, despite grapeshot and 
musketry, gained the coveted battery. Quickly the British, 
with fixed bayonets, advanced to regain it. They were re- 
pulsed. Again they advanced. It was a hand-to-hand con- 
test. A second and a third time the British were repulsed. 
At midnight the conflict was over (July 25). 

77. Brown and Scott, having been severely wounded in 
the battle, retired with their victorious soldiers to Fort Erie. 
In vain did the British try to recover the fort. It was held 
against siege and assault, and only abandoned Avlien its brave 
defenders decided to find more comfortable quarters for the 
winter on their own soil. 

78. While the Americans were in possession of Fort Erie, 
a large British force, comprising an army and a fleet, left 
the northern end of Lake Chami)lain. Its object 
was to capture or destroy the fleet ou the lake, 
commanded by Captain MacDoQough ; and to oc- 



Victory 

on Lake 

Champlain. 



cupy Plattsburg, situated on a bay of the lake. In this bay 
a desperate battle took place between the two fleets. It lasted 
more than two hours, and ended in a complete victory for Mac- 
Donough. While the fight on the water was in progress, the 
British troops tried to enter the town, but being met with 
spirited resistance from a force of volunteers under General 



77. Give a further account of the operations at Fort Erie. 

78. What invasion took place by way of Lake Champlain ? Who commanded the 
American fleet ? How long did it take to create that fleet ? Ans. The largest and best 
vessel in it, the Saratoga, was launched on the fortieth day after the first tree used in 
its frame was taken from the forest. Give an account of the battle. What is the name 
of Lake Champlain's outlet ? Into what river does it flow ? 



254 



Madison's Administration. 



Macomb, and seeing the fate of their fleet, they lost lieart 

and fled in great haste (September 11). 

79. Events in another quarter 
did not give the Americans so 
much cause for rejoicing. A 
British fleet ascended Chesa- 
peake Bay, and handed an army, 
wliich, meeting with little op- 
position, marched to Washing- 
ton (August 24). The invaders 
spent the thirty hours they were 
in possession of the city in riotous 
excesses. The capitol, with its 
valuable library, was given to 
the flames. The President's 
house and other buildings were 
also reduced to ashes. As if to 
rebuke these vandals, as they 
have been called, a tremendous 
tornado passed over the city. 
Thirty were buried in the ruins 
of falling buildings, and a hun- 
dred others were killed by a 

magazine explosion. Fearing an uprising of the people, the 
vandal army, in the gloom of night, stole out of 
the city. 

80. Their next object for attack was Balti- 




The Capital in 

the Hands 
of the British. 



more. Troops were landed at North Point, a few miles from 
the city, to co-operate with the fleet. In a skirmish, General 
Eoss, their commander, was killed. His forces, checked for a 
time by the militia, succeeded in getting near the defenses of 
the city, where they halted to hear from their ships, which 



79. Give an account of the enemy's doings in Washington city. 
80- How is Baltimore located (map p. 254) ? Describe how it was attacked by 
and land. What is said of the Star-Spangled Banner song f 



Madison's Administration. 255 

had meanwhile been pouring shot, shell, and rockets upon 
Fort McHenry, the city's princi]3al harbor defense. Tlie 
firing lasted from sunrise to sunrise (September 
13, 14). It was under the excitement of this bom- 



Baltimore Saved- 



New Orleans 
Saved. 



bardment that the popular song of the Star- Spangled Banner 
was composed, its author, Francis S. Key, being then de- 
tained on board the British fleet. All day long and into the 
night he watched the banner as it floated in triumph over 
the fort, and next morning his glad heart began its song. 
Seeing no prospect of success, the British troops embarked, 
and their ships sailed away. 

81. A second object in the enemy's operations on the 
Atlantic coast was to divert attention from New Orleans, 
against which city they were fitting out a formi- 
dable expedition. With New Orleans in their 
possession, the whole of Louisiana and the trade 
of the Mississipi^i would be under their control. ' 

82. General Jackson, the hero of the Creek War, had re- 
cently driven the British from the Spanish port of Pensa- 
cola, because they were allowed to use it for fitting out expe- 
ditions against the United States. He had also frustrated 
their attempt to capture Mobile ; and now, having heard of 
their design against New Orleans, was laboring night and 
day to 23ut that city in the best possible state of defense. 
After a sharp contest on Lake Borgne {born), below New 
Orleans, the British captured a flotilla of gunboats. Advan- 
cing, their army encountered the defenders of the city in 
three engagements. The great and final battle took place on 
the 8th of January, 1815. The invaders were defeated with 
terrible loss, their commander, Oeneral Pak'-en-ham, wdio 
had won distinction on battlefields in Europe, being among 
the slain (see table p. 256). 

81. What is said of the design against New Orleans ? Where is New Orleans 
(map p. 263) ? 

82. What had Jackson already accomplished at the South (§ 74, 88) ? Give an ac- 
count of his success in saving New Orleans. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Dates. 



1812 

Oct. 13, 
1813. 

Jan. 22 

April 27, 
May 5, 
May 29 
Aug. 2 
Oct. 5, 

1814 
July 
July i 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 1.3, 
Sept. 17, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 



1812. 

Aug. 13, 

Aug. 19, 
Oct. 18, 



Land Battles. 



Queenstown 



Frenchtown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor. 
Fort Stephenson. 
Thames 



Chippewa 

Lundy's Lane 

Plattsbur^ 

North Point 

Fort McHeiiry . . . 
Fort Erie (sortie). 



New Orleans. 



Commanders. 



American. 



Van Rensselaer.. 



Winchester . 

Pike* 

Clay* 

Brown*. .., 

Croghan* Proctor 

Harrison* Proctor 



British. 



Brock* 



Proctor*. 
Shcafife... 
Proctor . . 
Prevost . , 



Brown* iRiall 

Brown * Drummond , 

Macoinl)* Prevost 

Strieker Brooke* . . . . 

Arniistead* Codnane . . . 

Brown* Drummond . 



Men Engaged. 



Amer'n. British 



1,200 



800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 

L-iO 
2,500 



Jackson* Pakenham , 



1,900 
3,.5i 
3,000 
2,000 

i,noo 

2,.500 
6,000 



2,500 



1,500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,0C0 



2,100 
5, COO 
14.000 
5,000 
16 ships. 
3,500 



12,000 



Naval Battles. 



Off Newfoundhiiid j 

Off Massachusetts i 

Off North Carolina -j 

Near Canary Islands . . . . . \ 



Off San Salvador. 



Off Demarani , 



Massachusetts Bay. 



„ ... , „, , I.Am. Briff Argus I Allen. 

British Channel -| L^ g,^^| p^f^^^^ Maples.* 

nff „, , . e iiir„!„ , ) 'Aui. Brig Enterprise Burrows.* 

Off coast of Maine "j I Br. Brig Boxer.! iBIythe. 

TnkpTTri,. * 1^™' » vessels, 54 giMis Terry. * 

i.aKe Jiric -j gj. g vessels, 63 guns Barclay. 



Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1813. 

Vvh. 24, 

June 1, 
Aug. 14, 
Sept. 5, 
Sept. 10, 

1814. 
March 28, 

April 29, 

June 28, 

Sept. 11, 

Sept. 27, 

Dec. 14, 
1815. 

Feb. 20. lOff Island of Madeira . . 

March 2:i, Off Brazil 



■■\ 



Vessels. 



Commanders. 



Am. Frig. Essex Porter.* 

Br. Sloop Alert Langhame. 

Am. Frig. Constitution HuH.* 

Br. Frig. Giierriere Dacres. 

Am. Sloop Wasp Jones.* 

Br. Brig Frolic Whinyates. 

Am. Frig. United States iDecatur.* 

Br. Frig. .Macedonian Carden. 

Am. Frig. Constituiion Bainbridge.* 

Br. Frig. Java Lambert. 



Am. Sloop Hornet 'Lawrence.* 

Br. Brig Peacock jPcake. 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake . . JLawrence. 

Br. Frig. Shannon Broke. 



Harbor of Valparaiso -, 

Off coast of Florida -} 

Near British Channel - 

Lake Champlain -j 

Fayal, Azore Islands < 

Lake Borgne -J 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Brig Phoebe 

Br. Sloop Chenib 

Am. Sloop Peacock 

Br. Brig Epervier 

Am. Slonj) Was]) 

Br. Sloop Keindeer 

Am. 14 ve.>^sels, 86 guns 

Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns 

Am. Brig Gen. Armstrong. 

Br. 3 ships, 136 guns 

Am. 5 gunboats 

Br. 40 barges 



( Am. Frig. Constitution. 

Br. Ship Cyane 

Br. Ship Levant 

.\m. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Penguin 



Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington.* 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

McDonough.* 

Downie. 

S. C. Reid. 

Lloyd.* 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 



Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Bidtfle.* 

Dickenson. 



* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



Madison's Administration. 257 

83. In a few days rumors of Jackson's great victory began 
to arrive in Washington, but, before the wliole of the welcome 
story was known there, a fresh piece of news 
pushed the rumors aside. British and American 



Peace. 



commissioners liad met in the ancient city of Ghent {gent), 
in Europe, and arranged a treaty of peace (December, 1814). 
The vessel that brought the good news was a sloop that took 
forty days to cross the ocean to New York. It was late of a 
Saturday night when the sloop came to anchor. In less than 
an hour the whole city was alive with rejoicings. " Thou- 
sands and tens of thousands of persons were marching with 
candles, lamps, and torches, making Broadway appear like a 
gay and gorgeous procession." 

84. The war was ended, but had we gained what we had 
fought for ? The treaty made provision for running the 
boundary line between the United States on the one side and 
New Brunswick and Canada on the other, but nothing was said 
in it respecting the "impressment question." The omission 
was not much regretted, for it was believed that the splendid 
success of the American navy had disposed of that question 
forever (§ 58). 

85. Thus far we have said nothing about the injury which 
certain powers, known as the Barbary States, were inflicting 
upon our commerce. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, 
and Tripoli, northern countries of Africa, were 
the offenders. They were in truth pirate States, 



War 

with the 

Barbary States. 



for their living was gained in large part by piracy. They 
sent forth cruisers which scoured every part of the Medi- 
terranean, and ventured upon the Atlantic, for the purpose 
of capturing vessels of other countries. The passengers and 
crews of the captured vessels were reduced to slavery. I71- 



83. Where is Ghent ? What was done there ? How was the news received ? 

84. What did the treaty include and what omit ? 

85- What is said of the piratical practices of the Barbary States 1 Which were the 
Barbary States ? How wen- they bounded ? Wh:it was trihute-money ? 
17 



258 



Madison's Administration. 



stead of sending war ships against these lawless countries, the 
Christian powers of Europe were in the habit of sending 
bribe-money, '*' tribute " they called it, in order to preserve 
their trade-ships from seizure. 

86. The United States, following the bad example set by 
Europe, sent presents to the African pirates. In addition. 




KKCAFTURE OV THE PHtLAUELrillA !,§ Si). 

Congress agreed to pay to the 
Dey of Algiers a yearly tribute, 
as England and other nations 
were doing. Every year money 
was likewise given to the other Barbary States, but, as they 
did not get as much as Algiers and their demand for more was 
not complied with, they seized American vessels as formerly. 
87. A fleet was sent from the United States to bring the 
sea robbers to terms. Four or five of their largest ships were 
captured, but, unfortunately, the American frigate Philadel- 



86' What was done by our government to avert war witti the Barbary States ? 
87. Describe the loss, recapture, and fate of the frigate Philadelphia. 



Madison's Administration. 259 

phia, while blockading the harbor of Tripoli, ran upon a 
sunken rock, and, after a hard fight, fell into the hands of 
the Tripolitans. The next high tide floated her off, and 
gave to the pirates a fine addition to their fleet. As it did 
not seem possible to recapture the frigate, an attempt to 
destroy her was decided upon. The capture of a small Tri- 
politan vessel favored the project. In this prize, Stephen 
Decatur, a young lieutenant, with a volunteer party of eighty 
men, entered the harbor at night, and made fast to the 
frigate's side. All his men, except two or three, were lying 
flat upon the deck. Suddenly they arose, boarded the 
frigate, and in less than ten minutes killed or drove into the 
sea every one of the piratical crew. Setting her on fire, by 
the light of the blaze they escaped from the harbor without 
losing a man (February, 1804). 

88. Jefferson was then President. The war was carried 
on till a treaty was made with the Dey of Algiers (1805). 
During the nest seven years the Barbai*y States behaved 
better ; but when the war between England and the United 
States broke out they believed that the navy of the latter 
would be crushed by its powerful antagonist, and American 
merchantmen thus be left without protection. So believing, 
they lost no opportunity to seize our trading ships. Algiers, 
indeed, went so far as to make a formal declaration of Avar 
against the United States. 

89. Our war with England being ended, Decatur, now 
commodore, was sent against our African enemies (1815). 
He captured two of their largest ships, and appearing be- 
fore Algiers with his formidable fleet, compelled the terrified 
Dey to surrender all the American prisoners in his hands, to 
promise that he would not capture any more Americans, to 
pay for the vessels he had seized in violation of his treaty 
agreement, and to give up all future claim to tribute of every 

88. When was a treaty made ? What produced a renewal of hostile acts ? 

89. Give an account of Decatur's final successes. 



260 Monroe's Administration. 

kind from the United States (June 30). Proceeding to 
Tunis and Tripoli, Decatur brought both powers to satis- 
factory terms. The Barbary States made no more captures 
of American vessels. 

90. Madison's second term of office was near its close. 
Declining to be a candidate for a third, thus 
following the example of Washington and Jeffer- 
son, he was succeeded by James Monroe, also a 



Election 

of 
Monroe. 



Republican and a Virginian. In December of tlie election 
year (181G), Indiana became a State of the Union. Thus far 
two States, Ohio and Indiana, had been taken 
from the Northwest Territory (see maps 3 and 4). 



Indiana. 



In neither, so said the Ordinance of 1787, could slavery 
exist (§ 11). (Note IG, Aj^pendix, p. 47.) 

Monroe's Administration". 

91. For sixteen years the strife between the two great 
political parties had been angry. Now all was changed. 
"Hot-tempered leaders, who had hardly deigned 
to speak to each other, or even to walk on the 
same side of the street, now met with smiling 



Era of 
Good Feeling. 



faces. The era of good feeling had begun." Monroe had 
received all the electoral votes, except those of three States. 
His election, for a second term, four years later, was still 
more indii-ative of '"the era of good feeling." The elioiee 
would have been unanimous, if one elector had not voted 
for John Quincy Adams. The Federal party was no more. 
The war with England, with its attending circumstances and 
results, had swept away all party lines. Monroe's first term 
commenced on the 4th of March, 1817. 

92. An Indian war made the first break into the com- 



90. Who succeeded Madison as President ? What is said of Indiana ? Of Ohio? 
of slavery in the two Stales ? Name the principal laud battles of the late war with 
England, tlieir commanders and results (table p. S.ili). Same of the naval battles. 

91. What is said of the era of good feeling? WHien did Monroe's term begin ? 

92. Who were the Seminolcs ? Of what were they guilty ? 



Monroe's Administration. 



261 



placency of the people. Florida then helougecl to Spain. 
The larger part of its inhabitants were Indians, known as 
the Seminoles, meaning the runaways, a name 
given to them by the Creeks, from whom they had 
separated several years before (§ 74). They pos- 



War with 
the Seminoles. 



sessed not only horses and cattle, but numerous slaves. To 
increase their possessions they 
invaded Georgia, returning to 
their homes with scalps as 
well as with plunder. 

93. The first measures 
against them not proving suc- 
cessful, General Jackson, with 
four thousand men, many of 
whom were Creeks, begaii 
what he afterward aptly called 
''a war of movements." He 
entered Florida, drove t h e 
Seminoles from place to place, 
and captured the Spanish 
forts in which they were find- 
ing protection. Two British traders, who had supplied them 
with guns, powder, and shot, and had incited them to hos- 
tilities, were arrested, and executed. 

94. This invasion of a province of Spain, while we were at 
peace with that nation, was resented by the Spanish govern- 
ment in very strong language. The letters that 
passed between the two governments, at first 




JAMES JIONUOE. 



Pnrchase 

of 
Florida. 



warlike, then pacific, led to a treaty by which 

Spain agreed to sell the whole of Florida for five million dol- 



93. Give an account of Jackson's operations in Florida. Where were the Spanish 
forts? ylw*. At St. Mark's and Pensacola (map 4). 

94- What treaty was made with Spain ? Why was the treaty particularly valuable f 
In what three ways had we already won a title to ihat region (§ 16, 41, 42) ? What is 
said of Black Hawk (note p. 262) ? Osceola ? (Read note 4, Appendix, p. 42.) 



262 Monroe's Administration. 

lars (1819). One clause of the treaty was worth more to the 
purchaser than ten times the five millions. It gave to the 
United States all the rights and claims of Spain to the terri- 
tory west of the Louisiana . Purchase, north of the forty- 
second parallel of latitude (map 8), thus completing our title 
to the domain west of the Rocky IMountains, of which the 
State of Oregon is now a part (§ 42). The king of Spain 
was slow to ratify the treaty, but he jjut his name and seal to 
it at last ; and, just two years from its date, President Mon- 
roe announced that Florida belonged to the United States.* 

95. The President made anotlier announcement, one that 
was intended to be heard on the other side of the Atlantic. 
In a message to Congress, he asserted that ''as a 
principle, the American continents are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colo- 



The 
Monroe Doctrine 



nization by any European power" (1823). This declaration 
has became famous as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a notifi- 
cation to the nations of the old Avorld that the governments 
of the new world were fully competent to take care of them- 
selves. (Read note 22, Appendix, p. 49.) 

96. The territory of Mississippi and Alabama, before its 
division into the two States, was called the Mississippi Terri- 

* Five years earlier the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, in the Northwest, soid 
their land along the Mississippi to the United States ; but, in 1832, made an at- 
tempt, by massacring the white settlers, to possess it again (map 1). Their 
chief. Black Hawk, was captured, and a treaty was made which ended the 
war. Two years later the Seminoles renewed their hostilities. They refused to 
go to lands west of the Mississippi, as had been agreed by treaty with some of 
their chiefs. Their principal warrior, Osceola, who would not sign the treaty, 
did not consider it bound the tribe. Using threatening language, he was 
put in irons, but, promising submission, was set free. In revenge, he attacked 
the whites and several battles were fought. Appearing in the American camp 
•with a flag of truce, he was seized, and confined in Fort Moultrie till his 
death. The Indians were defeated by Colonel Taylor (afterward President) 
in the most desperate battle of the war, O-kee-cho'-bee, Dec. 25, 1837, but, 
though they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied in large force. 

95. Repeat what is said in relation to the Monroe Doctrine. 

96. What is said of Mississippi, Alabama, and Illinois ? 



Monroe's Administration. 



263 



tory. Its upper part, a strip twelve miles wide, was ceded 
by South Carolina (§11). Its lower part, from the thirty- 
first parallel to the Gulf of Mexico, was claimed by 
the United States as a part of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase (§ 40), Spain^s cession in 1819 gave us a clear title 
to it (§ 94). All the rest of the territory was ceded by 
Georgia. Mississippi became a State in 1817, as did Ala- 



New States. 




bama two years later. Both were slave States. Between 
these, in 1818, came Illinois, which, by the Ordinance of 
1787, was a free State (§11). 

97. Meanwhile the first of the great debates in Congress 
touching slavery was well under way. It began over a pe- 



97. What requests came from Maine ? What two objections were made ? State 
the facts in relation to the Mason and Dixon Line (note). 




264 Monroe's Administration. 

tition from the people of Maine, who, having adopted a con- 
stitution for a State government, asked to be admitted to the 
Union. An objection at once came from tlie 
Massachusetts representatives. Maine, they said, 
belonged to Massachusetts, the connection dating 
as far back as the colonial times (map 4).* Presently a more 
serious objection Avas raised. This time it came from rep- 
resentatives of the slave States. The constitution which the 
people of Maine had adopted contained a clause against 
slavery. To admit Maine would be to increase the power of 
the free States in Congress. f 

98. The discussion was complicated by a movement on 
the i^art of the people of Missouri, who, willing to have 
slavery in their midst, also asked for admission to the Union, 
At length an agreement was reached, which is often referred 
to as the Missouri Compromise, or the Compromise of 1820. 
No restriction was put upon Missouri in respect to slavery, 
but all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36" 30', 
was set apart to be free territory, into which, it was declared, 
slavery should never be allowed to enter. The adoption of 
this agreement and the admission of Maine took place in 1830. 
Missouri wiis admitted the following year (§ 119). 

99. Before Monroe retired from office he had the great 



* In 1635 the Plymouth Company divided its territory among its members, 
Ferdinando Gorges getting the western part of Maine (p. 72). The claims 
of his heirs and of other parties to the other portions of Maine, were bought 
by Massachusetts in 1677. 

t The phrase. Mason and Dixon's Line, began now to be heard. It 
originated with John Randolph, an eccentric member of Congress, from 
Virginia, and was soon caught up and used in every part of the land. Though 
the boundary between Pennsylvania on the one side, and Maryland and 
Virginia on the other was at first intended, the phrase came to mean the 
separating line between the free States and the slave States. It was derived 
from two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, by whom most of the botmdary line 
was run (1763-9). (See note 2H, Appendix, p. 49.) 

98. Give the particulars of the Missouri Compromise. 

99. Give an account of Lafayette's visit in 1834. Of the battle of Brandywine. 



John Quincy Adams's Administration. 



265 



pleasure of shaking hands with America's distinguished 
friend, the Marquis of Lafayette, who, by resolution of Con- 
gress, had been invited to visit the United States. 
Accompanied by his son, George Washington 
Lafayette, he visited every one of the twenty- 
four States then composing the Union (1824). 



Lafayette, 

the Nation's 

Guest. 




Every city, 

village, and hamlet poured out its inhabitants to meet him. 
On the spot, Avhere, just fifty 



years before, a band of patriots 
combatted an army of King 
George's well-trained soldiers, 
he laid the corner-stone of the 
Bunker Hill monument, 
Daniel Webster, America's 
most gifted orator, completing 
the day's ceremony with an 
eloquent address. For his re- 
turn to France, a national 
ship was provided. It was 
not forgotten that, fighting 
gallantly beside Washington 

in the battle of Brandywine, he had been severely wounded 
(p. 171). The new ship was named the Brandywine. In it 
he embarked, and, as her sails were hoisted to the breeze, and 
she left the waters of the Potomac, a thousand voices filled 
the air with parting cheers (Sept. 1825). 

JoHsr Quincy Adams's Administration. 

100. The next election for President had very little of a 
political nature in it. Monroe's wise policy had nearly wiped 
out party lines. The electoral votes were cast for four can- 
didates, and were consequently so divided as to give no one 
a majority. The duty of completing the election then went 



LAFAYKTTE. 



100. Give an account of the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency. 



266 



John Quincij Adamses Administration, 



to the House of Representatives (Appendix, page 20) ; and 
Joim Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, eldest son of the 
nation's second President, was chosen. His term commenced 
on the 4th of March, 1825, as did that of John C. Calhoun, 
the Vice-President. 

101. AVe may be certain that it gave the father much 
pleasure to see his son occupying, as lie had done himself, 
the highest position in the nation's gift. But it 
was not his privilege to enjoy this satisfaction 
many months. On the 4th of July, 1826, John 



Death 



High Places. 



Adams died, and on that very day, the fiftieth anniversary of 
American independence, the venerable Thomas Jefferson, the 

Father of the Declaration, 
also died. What a wonderful 
coincidence I The one had 
written the Declaration, the 
other, by argument and elo- 
quence, had done more than 
any other man to secure its 
adoption (p. 161). Each had 
since been Vice-President and 
President, and now, full of 
honors, they departed together 
just as the nation had reached 
its half-century of growth. 

102. As yet there is not a 
railroad in the United States, if 
we except a rude affair, two miles long, built to convey blocks 
of granite from the quarries of Quincy, Massa- 
chusetts, to tide-water. Its cars were drawn by 




JOHN yUINCT ADAMS 



First Railroad. 



horses. A few steamboats were on the rivers and lakes (§ 49). 



101- What is said of the death of two ex-Presidents ? Has the death of any other 
ex-President occurred on our national anniversary ? Ang. Monroe died on the 4th of 
July, 1831. 

102. What is said of our first railroad 1 Of our first ocean steainship ? 



John Quincy Adams's Administration. 267 

One, built at New York and named the Savannah, had been 
to Europe, and was thus the first steamship that crossed the 
Atlantic (1819). As she approached the coast of 
Ireland the people on shore thought she was on 
fire, and a king's cutter was sent to her relief. 



First Ocean 
Steamboat. 



Internal 
Improvements. 



She carried sails, just as did the first English steamers that 
entered the port of New York about twenty years afterward ; 
and these sails she set when the wind was fair, just as every 
ocean steamer has done from that day to this. 

103. Of canals, there are only three or four in use, the 
largest, in fact the longest in the world, being the Erie Canal, 
just opened for traffic (18'25). It is three hun- 
dred and sixty-three miles long, extending across 
the State of New York from the Hudson Eiver 
at Albany to Lake Erie ; and is one of the means for making 
the city of New York the greatest commercial city on the 
continent. To the untiring eflEorts of the State's enterpris- 
ing governor, De Witt Clinton, was its construction princi- 
pally due. 

104. This Erie Canal was built by the State of New York, 
and is one of the numerous works that come under the name 
of ''internal improvements." Though many persons in the 
early history of our country, believed that the right of the 
general government to make such improvements was confined 
to very narrow limits, Congress, with the hearty approval of 
President Adams, the younger, directed a number to be 
made. Millions of dollars were spent to better the means of 
getting from one part of the country to another. A road, 
for the use of Western emigrants, was built during Monroe's 
administration from Cumberland, Maryland, to Ohio. 

105. All through Adams's administration there was a deal 
of ill-feeling among the men who had voted against him, 

103. What is said of the Erie Canal ? Of De Witt Clinton ? 

104. Repeat what is said of internal improvements. 

105- What is said of the formation of political parties? Of Jackson's election ? 



268 Administrations of Jackson and Van Buren. 



They thought that his election had been brought about un- 
fairly, and that the people preferred Jackson. This, with 
other causes, led to the formation of two parties, 
the friends of Jackson being called Democrats, 
those of Adams were known as National Kepub- 
licans or Whigs. A most animated canvass followed, ending 
in the success of the Democrats. Jackson entered upon his 



Eleventh 
National Elec- 
tion. 



administration on the 4th of March, 1829, Calhoun, for a 
second term, being in the Vice-President's chair. 



of doinp," ImsinoRs. 



Administrations of Jackson and Van Buren. 
106. There was nothing timid or halting in Jackson's way 
He acted promptly and with vigor. Be- 
lieving, as was expressed in 
after years, that " to the vic- 
tors belong the spoils," he 
turned out of office the men 
who had not voted for him 
and put in his friends. In 
two years he made as many 
removals as his six predeces- 
sors had made in forty. Thus 
l)L'gan the custom called " rota- 
tiiui in office." 

107. Jackson took a Ixjld 
stand against the United States 
Bank (§ 8). He said that it 
had too much influence upon the affairs of the country, and 
was getting more powerful and dangerous every year. Con- 
gress voted to renew its charter, but he vetoed the bill. In- 
stead of depositing the money belonging to the government 

106. What is saiil of rotation in ofiBce, its beginning and evil ? Has anything ever 
been done to check the evil ? Ans. A reform was begun in 1883, when Congress passed 
an act giving the President power to appoint Civil Service Examiners, and to make 
appointments on their recomniciidation. 

107. Give an account of Jackson's war against tlie Vnited States Bank. 




AKDREW JACKSON. 



Admiiiistrat ions of Jachson and Van Biwen. 269 

in its vault, as had been the custom, he sent it to certain 
of the State banks, which, because they were thus favored, 
came to be called Pet Banks, These institutions, being now 
in possession of large amounts of gold and silver coin, freely 
lent the money to mercliants and others. 

108. So much money in circulation had the effect of mak- 
ing everything dear. A wild spirit of speculation followed. 
Men, striving to become rich suddenly, under- 
took to build new cities in a few months. They 
bought farms and laid them out into building lots. 



Wild 
Speculation. 



The Tariff. 



which, in the frenzy that prevailed, were sold at fabulous 
prices. The purchasers themselves, in most cases, were specu- 
lators. They did not intend to build. They bought, expect- 
ing to sell at higher prices, giving their notes, instead of 
cash, in payment. Do we not foresee the end ? It did not 
come at once, but when it did come it was with a mighty 
crash (§ 114). 

109. Congress had more than once altered the tariff, that 
is, had changed the duty on imports. The duty on articles 
formerly taxed was not only increased ; other 
articles were brought under the tariff. This was 
done to increase the revenue (§ 6). A secondary object was to 
encourage the manufacturing industries of the country, hence 
the law with that intent cante to be known as a protective 
tariff. The South, in early times, favored such a tariff ; the 
North did not. The cotton of the South was sent to the 
North, and thence transported to England to be manufac- 
tured. The South began to manufacture its own cotton. A 
new vision unfolded itself to the men of New England. Said 
they: ''If the South can prosper by running factories, why 
cannot the North ? " Cotton-mills were accordingly started 
in New England, and they flourished. Then the North and 
the South exchanged convictions. The North favored the 

108. What is said of the wild speculation during his administration ? 

109. What is said of the tariff, and discussion and changes in relation thereto ? 



270 Administrations of JacTcson and Van Buren. 



protective principle in the tariff ; the South did not. The 
Southern planters sent cotton and tobacco to Europe, and, in 
return, received cotton fab- 
rics, harness for their horses 
and mules, and other things 
on wliich a heavy duty was 
paid. They wanted the duty 
to be reduced. The North- 
ern manufacturers objected, 
saying that ''if that wore 
done their business would be 
ruined, for the imported 
goods could be sold 

a less price than 

they could afford ^^HF 9^^ ^"^^^ brought 

to sell their own ^HHp^ ^^ ^^^^^ forth the doc- 
goods. "" fl^^^^r* '^"I^^^^H ^^^^^ ^^ State 
110. T h e n ^^Ht^^^^i^^H Bights, or State 

Sovereignty. It 
was no new doc- 
trine (§ 32) ; but 
now it had for its 
advocates two of tlie 
South's most able 





statesmen, Robert L 



state Rights. 



Y. Hayne and John C. Cal- 
houn, both of Soutli Carolina. 
They asserted that the "United 
States were a confederacy, its 
parts being held together by a 
treaty or league.'" From this it 
was argued that " a State had 
the right to disobey any act of Congress which, in its opin- 



JOHN 0. CALHOUN. 



HENRY CLAV. 



DANIEL WEBSTBB. 



Adtninistrations of Jackson and Van Buren. 271 

ion, was oppressive, and so, by the disobedience, to annul it." 
Hence, those who so believed were called Nullifiers, 

111. The doctrine, we see, did not stop here. It meant 
that a State had the right to leave the Union. Hayne made 
several speeches in Congress, to which Daniel AVebster re- 
plied with so much ability as to win for himself the title of 
Expounder of the Constitution (1830). His words, ''Liberty 
and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable," were 
often repeated by those who were opposed to the doctrine of 
State Eights. Hayne left the United States Senate to be 
governor of South Carolina, and Calhoun, resigning the vice- 
presidency, Avas elected to fill the vacant place in the Senate. 
A convention of delegates, elected by the people of South 
Carolina, declared the tariff law to be null and void, and re- 
solved that if any attempts were made within the limits of 
the State to collect the duty under it, the State would se- 
cede from the Union. 

112. President Jackson was prompt to act. Said he : 
'* Nullification is treason. The Union must be preserved." 
He issued a proclamation against the Nullifiers, in which 
argument, advice, and warning were wisely blended (Decem- 
ber, 183^). He sent General Scott to Charleston, and ordered 
war ships to be stationed before the city. It Avas feared that 
the next movement would be the beginning of a civil Avar. 
MeanAvhile Henry Clay, in Congress, Avas trying to effect a 
compromise. Calhoun accepted Clay's offer, the tariff AA'as 
modified, and there Avas no war. 

113. The next President,. Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, had been in public life since his eighteenth year. 
During Jackson's second term he was Vice-President. Both 

110. What was the doctrine of State Rights ? Who were Niillifiers ? 

111. What is said of Hayne? Calhoun? Webster? What stand was taken 
by South Carolina ? What reasons were given for so doing ? 

112. Give an account of President Jackson's course. How was the trouble averted ? 
AVhere did we meet Scott before (§ 75) ? 

113- Who was the next President ? What is said of him ? 



272 Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. 

men were of the same jjoliticul faith, and between them 
a warm friendship existed. It was said of Van Buren, as 

President, that " he trod in 
the footsteps of his illustrious 
predecessor." 

114. The new administra- 
tion had hardly begun, ]\Iarch 
4, 1837, when the financial 
crash came of Avhich we have 
spoken (§ 108). Wild specu- 
lation and overtrading did it. 
To satisfy the demands of 
creditors, property of every 
kind was sold as fast as pos- 
sible. Merchandise, stocks, 
houses, and lands were dis- 
posed of for Avhatever they 
would bring. Thousands of men, who, a short time before, 
thought they were rich, now found themselves without a 
cent. The banks, having lent so much coin, 
were unable to redeem their notes in gold or 
silver as jjromised ; nor were they able to meet 
other obligations. In consequence, the government became 
embarrassed, and Congress had to provide for the safe-keep- 
ing of its money in sub-treasuries. It was Van Buren's 
boast that, at the end of his administration, March 4, 1841, 
the countrv did not have a national debt nor a national bank. 




MARTIN VAN BLKEN. 



Financial 
Distress. 



Administratioxs of Harrison and Tvler. 

115. The election of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, 
to the presidency, Avas a triumph of the Whigs. He owed 

114. Give an account of the events during Van Buren's admini:^tration. 

115. Who succeeded Van Buren as Presidi'nt? Wliere did we meet Harrison before 
(§ 55) ? When did his administration begin jind end ? State wh it you can of him and 
his death. When and by whom was he succeeded in the presidential chair 't 



Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. 



273 



his election, in large part, to his military reputation. Like 
Jackson, he had fought the Indians and the British, and was 
a hero (§ 73). He entered the White House on 
the 4th of March, 1841, but was permitted to oc- 
cupy it only one month. Sickness, the result 



General 
Harrison. 



of worry and fatigue, and of a change in his habits, pros- 
trated him. Office-holders beset him. He did not like to 
see men dismissed from office, and in the delirium of his last 
hours he would cry out: ''My dear madam, I did not know 




wili,ia:« uenry harkison. 



JOHN TTLER. 



that your husband was turned out. It is wrong. I will not 
consent.'"'' Death came to his relief, April 4tli, and the Vice- 
President, John Tyler, then became President. 

116. Though Tyler owed his position to the Whigs, he 
was soon out of favor with them. They wanted to establish a 
national bank, but he vetoed two bills passed by 
Congress for that purpose. All the members of 
his cabinet resigned, except Daniel Webster, who 



Tyler 



President. 



remained only long enough to bring to an end, by treaty, a 

116- How did Tyler disappoint the Whigs ? Wlmt is said of the treaty with En- 
gland ? Where hav« we met Webster before (§111) ? 

18 



274 Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. 

long and angry dispute with England (1842), By this treaty 
the northern boundary line of the United States, from Maine 
to tlie Rocky Mountains, was agreed upon. * (N. 27, Ap., p. 51.) 
117. Two States had joined the Union since the admission 
of Missouri. The first, Arkansas, a slave State, admitted in 
1836 (map 6), was formed from the Louisiana 
Purchase (§ 40). The other, Michigan, a free 
State (map 4), following the next year, was the 



Arkansas 

and 
Michigan. 



fourth piece from the Northwest Territory (§ 11). Now 
came a request from Texas for admission to the Union. 

118. Texas was once a part of Mexico, and Mexico be- 
longed to Spain. A revolt took place, and Mexico became in- 
dependent (1822). Settlers from the Southern 
part of the United States flocked to Texas, the 



Texas. 



most noted among them being General Houston (hu'-stun). 
A large number, being slaveliolders, took their slaves with 
them. Hence Texas, which, as a part of Mexico, did not 
contain a single slave, soon came to have many. Presently 
the people of Texas set up a government of their own (1835). 
After hard fighting their success was assured, though jMcx- 
ico, without continuing the contest, still refused to give up 
its claim to the territory. 

119. The question was now presented to the United 



* During this year (1842) a forcible attempt, known as tiie Dorr Rebellion, 
was made in Rhode Island to do away with the charter form of government 
granted by Charles II., in 1663, which had been the foundation law of the 
State the greater part of two centuries ; and in its place to adopt a form of 
government which would extend the voting rights to a larger number of the 
people. Though the attempt failed, and its leader, Thomas W. Dorr, was 
kept in prison a longtime, it hastened the adoption of the Constitution under 
which the State is now governed. 

117. Wliat is paid of Arkansas ? Of Michigan ? Of Texas f 

118. Oive the previous historj' of Texas. 

119. What question came up? Who favored it, and why? Who opposed it, and 
why ? WTiat other objection was made ? Arts. It was believed that the annexation of 
Texas to the United States would lead to a war with Mexico. How stood the great body 
of the people at the North ? Who were Abolitionists f 



Folk's Administration. 275 

States : Should Texas be annexed to the Union ? The people 
of the South, desiring to strengthen the slave power in Con- 
gress, said yes. The 236ople of the Xorth, looking upon 
slavery as an evil, said no. Calhoun, arguing in favor of 
annexation, declared slavery to be "a, positive good." Wil- 
liam Lloyd Garrison, editing an '' abolition paper" in Bos- 
ton, called it " a sin and a curse." Garrison and those like 
him, in favor of giving freedom to all the slaves, thus 
abolishing slavery, were called Abolitionists. The great ma- 
jority of the northern people, however, were not Abolitionists. 
They believed that they had no right to interfere with 
slavery in the States where it existed. So believing, they 
said : " We are willing to let slavery be where it is, but we do 
not want any more slave territory " (§ 129). (N. 24, Ap., p. 50.) 
120. On this issue the next canvass for President was 
mainly carried on. "Fifty-four forty or fight," was also a 
watchword of the Democrats, who asserted that our title to 
the Pacific region as far north as the latitude of 54° 40' was 
superior to England's. The Democrats, favoring the an- 
nexation of Texas, nominated James K. Polk, of Tennessee. 
Of his Whig opponent, Henry Clay, it was said that '' he was 
not pro-slavery enough for the South nor anti-slavery enough 
for the North." The Abolitionists had a candidate for whom 
they cast sixty thousand votes. Polk was elected, and began 
his administration on the 4th of March, 1845. By resolution 
of Congress, Texas, ''The Lone Star State," was added to 
the Union before the close of this year (December 29), about 
ten months after the admissio.1 of Florida (March 3). 

Polk's Admikistkatiox. 
121. The Rio Grande and the Nueces {nwd-seez) are two 
rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico, the former being 

120- What two questions entered into the presidential canvass ? Who were the 
candidates ? What is said of the election ? Admission of Texas and Florida? 

121. Describe the Rio Grande (map p. 277). The Nueces. What territory was in 
dispute ? Explain the dispute. Describe the two battles that took place in May, 1846. 



276 



Polk's Administration. 



the more southern. The Texuns asserted that the bouiulary 
between their territory and Mexico was the Rio Grande. 
The Mexicans said it was tlie Nueces. General 
Taylor, in command of an army of four thousand 
men, sent by President Pollv to protect Texas 



War 
with Mexico. 



against invasion from Mexico, advanced, by orders of the 
President, across the disputed territory to the Rio Grande. 
This brought on war. Tlie first attack was made by the 

Mexicans upon a party of Tay- 
lor's dragoons (April 26, 1846). 
Congress then voted that 
"war existed by the act of 
the republic of Mexico" (May 
13). Meanwhile, in two bat- 
tles on the disputed ground, 
one at Palo Alto ( pah'-lo 
(ihH-to), the other at Resaca de 
Ki Palma {r as ah' -kali da lah 
pahl'-mah), the Mexicans 
A\ere defeated (May 8tli and 
9th, 1846). 

JAMES K. i-oLK. 122. The news from the 

seat of war produced great 

excitement in all parts of the United States. It was feared 

that Taylor's little army would be overwhelmed. Volunteers 

were quickly sent to him. Crossing the Rio 

Taylor's Grande with his increased force, Taylor took 

Campaign. 

I possession of Matamoras, and thence advanced 
along the river's bank, and westward to the fortified city of 
Monterey {mon-id-ray). A siege and a series of attacks 
ended in the capture of that city (September 24, 1846). 




122. How is Matamoras situated (map p. 277) ? Monterey 1 State what took place 
at both places. What oflicer, afterward greatly distiiiguir<liod, fouglit in the tliroe bat- 
tles already mentioned? Ans. General U. S. Grant, lu what other battles did he 
tight y Aim. lu every uue of Scott's Mexican battles. 



Polk's Administration. 



277 



123. Here, while resting, Taylor received an order from 
General Scott, his superior in command, which deprived him 
of many of his best troops. In the full expectation of crush- 
ing Taylor's army, in its 
weakened condition, 
Santa Anna, the Presi- 
dent of the Mexican re- 
public, marched against 
it. At Buena Vista {Mvd'- 
na vees'-ta), a mountain 
2:)ass to which the little 
army had advanced, the 
two forces met. Santa 
Anna summoned his ad- 
V e r s a r y to su rren d er. 
The reply was : " General 
Taylor never surrenders." The battle that followed was long 
and desperate. Disappointed and vexed, the Mexicans gave 
up the contest, and escaped further defeat by making a night 
retreat (February 23, 1847). 

124. Meanwhile the Americans were winning success in 
other parts of the Mexican domain. General Kearny, lead- 
ing an expedition across the wilderness from 
Missouri to Santa Fe, nearly a thousand miles, 
took possession of Xew Mexico (map 6). Leav- 




20 40 60 80 100 



New Mexico 
Taken. 



ing a force to keep possession of the country, he set out 
to repeat his success in California, then a part of Mexico, but 
John C. Fremont, "The Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun- 
tains," was ahead of him.- 

125. Before the breaking out of the war Fremont was 
sent to make western explorations. At length, needing sup- 



123. In what direction is Monterey from Buena Vista ? Give an account of the 
battle of Buena Vista. 

124- Give an account of Kearn}''s success. Where is Santa Fe (map 6) ? What 
knowledge of Santa Fe have you previously gained (p. 47) ? 



278 



Polk's Administration. 



plies, he made his way into California. The war was then 
in progress, but he did not know it. The days for sending 
messages along telegraph wires had only just be- 
gun. In a short time he received news of the hos- 
tilities, and, at the same time, orders from Wash- 
ington. He was directed to protect the interests of the 



California 
Taken. 



United States in California, there being reason to believe, so 

it was asserted, that En- 
gland, taking advantage 
of the war, would try to 
get possession of that 
country. Orders, like 
those sent to Fremont, 
were also sent to the 
commanders of war ships 
on the Pacific coast. 
Many of the American 
settlers in California de- 
termining to set up a new 
government, F r e m o n t 
took sides with them 
(June, 1846). Mean- 
while the war ships were 

not idle, and soon California was in full possession of the 

Americans (August, 1846). 

126. It has been asserted that the reason Santa Anna did 

not spend more time fighting Taylor was because of reports 
that reached him about a great expedition under 
Scott. This expedition, it was reported, was on 
its way to capture Vera Cruz, and thence march 

against the City of Mexico. Thinking that less was to be 




SCOTT'8 
CAM PAI &N 



Scott's 
Campaign. 



125. What is said of Fremont and his doings ? What was accomplished on the 
Pacific coast ? 

126. Give an account of the capture of Vera Cruz. Battle of Cerro Gordo. How 
are those two places located ? Where did we meet Scott before (pp. 252, 271) f 



PoWs Administration. 



279 



feared from the little arm}^ of Taylor than the big one of 
Scott, Santa Anna turned his efforts to oppose the latter. 
The fleet conveying Scott's army arrived near Vera Cruz, the 
troops were landed, and, after a bombardment from ships and 
land batteries lasting several days, the city was compelled to 
surrender (March, 1847). The march to the Mexican capi- 
tal was not easy. Santa Anna was a wily foe, and his army 
was large. At the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo the Mexi- 
cans were strongly intrenched. The Americans cut a road 
around and up the mountains, and then made a daring as- 
sault. The Mexicans fled, and in so much of a hurry that 
Santa Anna, to escape capture, was obliged to leave his 
wooden leg behind (April 18). 

127. The next daj' Scott entered the town of Jalapa 
[hah-lah' -pah) . Advancing, he occupied the ancient city of 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
WERE SUCCESSFUL IX EACH. 



-THE AMERICANS 



Dates. 


Battles. 


Commanders. 


Forces Engaged. 




American. 


Mexican. 


Amer. 


Mex. 


1846. 

May 8, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 


1. Palo Alto (map) 

2. Resaca de la Palma . 

3. Monterey 

4. Bracito 


Taylor 

Taylor 

Taylor 

Doniphan.. 


Arista 

Ari<ta 


2,300 

2,200 

6,600 

500 


6,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 


Anipudia 

De Leon 






1847. 

Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28, 


5. Bucna Vista 

6. Sacramento 

7. Vera Cruz 

8. Cerro Gordo 

9. Contrcras 

10. Churubusco 

11. Molino del Rey 

12. Chapultepec 

13. Huamantla 


Taylor 

Donipban . . 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 

Trias 


4,700 

900 

12,000 

8,500 

4,000 

8,000 

3,500 

7,200 

500 


17,000 
4,000 


March 27, 


Morales. 


6,000 
12,000 

7,000 
25,000 
14,000 
25,000 


AprU 18, 

Aug. 20, ] 

Sept. 8, 
Sept. 13, 


Santa .Anna 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Alvarez 


Oct. 9, 


Santa Anna 


1,000 









4,6. General Kearny, inaiching from Missouri, took possession of New Mexico: 
and a division of his army under Colonel Doniphan, continuing the march, defeated the 
enemy at Bracito and Sacramento. 9-12 were positions fortiliedby the Mexicans for the 
protection of the City of Mexico (map p. 278». General Worth distinguished himself 
while in command of the attack upon the Molino del Rey. 13. General Lane, on his 
march with recruits for Scott, was attacked by Santa Anna, after the latter's flight from 
the City of Mexico. 

127- Give an account of Scott's further march and success. In what direction 
from Vera Cruz is the City of Mexico (map p. 278j ? 



280 Polk's Administration. 

Puebla (pwd'-blah), where, waiting for more troops, he re- 
mained three months. Resuming the march, toward the 
middle of August he caught sight of the capital, the city that 
Cortes had captured more than three centuries and a quarter 
before (p. 30). The approaches to it were guarded by power- 
ful batteries on rocky hills ; but these were captured, one 
after another, after a month of severe fighting ; and on the 
14tli of September the victorious army entered the city. 

128. There was not much fighting after this. A treaty 
was agreed to by which the Rio Grande was made a bound- 
ary line between the two countries, and a vast 
territory between Texas and the Pacific, in- 
cluding the present State of California, was sur- 



Treaty 

with 

Mexico. 



rendered to the United States (map 8). The treaty was 
signed by agents of the two governments in the little town of 
Guadalupe Hidalgo {gwah-daJi-loo'-pa he-dahl'-go), about four 
miles from the City of Mexico (February, 1848). In return 
for this territory the United States paid Mexico fifteen mil- 
lion dollars ; and, in addition, assumed the debts due from 
Mexico to American citizens, amounting to about three mil- 
lion dollars. 

129. David Wilmot, a member of Congress from Pennsyl- 
vania, did not like the treaty. There were no slaves in the 
territory acquired from Mexico, and he had hoped 
that the treaty would declare that there never 
should be any. It did not. Two years before Presi- 



Wilmot 
Proviso. 



dent Polk asked for money to enable him to negotiate a peace 
with Mexico. To a bill in Congress in favor of the request, 
Wilmot offered a proviso, the object of which was to exclude 
slavery from the territory forever. The bill, with the proviso, 
was passed in one branch of Congress, but not in the other 
(1846). That, however, did not end the mission of this Wil- 
mot Proviso. Wilmot's eifort helped to bring into existence the 

128. What treaty closed the war ? What territory did we gain, and how much did 
we pay for it f 

129. Repeat all that is stated of the Wilmot Proviso. 



PoWs Adminisiration. 



281 



Free Soil Party, whose motto was "Free Soil, Free Speech, 
Free Labor, and Free Men" (§ 134). 

130. The close of Polk's administration saw thirty States 
in the Union, Iowa (map 6), taken from the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, having been admitted in 1846 (§ 40), and 
Wisconsin (map 4), taken from the ISTorthwest 
Territory, in 1848 (§ 11). It also saw the loco- 



Railroads 

and 
Telegraphs. 



motive, the iron liorse, running on six thousand miles of 
roads, and telegraph wires stretched in many directions. Who 
thought out the first plan by which messages could be sent 
by electricity along a wire is not 
known. We have records of sue- , ' 

cessful experiments made by Pro- 
fessor Hem-y and others, but the 
invention of Professor Morse, an 
American, was certainly the first 
of any practical importance. His 
telegraph between Washington and 
Baltimore, a distance of forty miles, 
was first put to use in 1844. The 
idea of having telegraphic oom- 
munication with Euroj^e by means 
of a cable stretched across the 

Atlantic was conceived by Cyrus W. Field, a New York mer- 
chant. After two failures a cable was laid upon the bed of 
the ocean from Europe to America, but it worked only a few 
weeks (1858). The j^roject, however, was kept alive by 
Field, whose faith was of the kind which removes mountains 
and abolishes oceans. In 1866 his untiring efforts were 
crowned with perfect success.* 

* The telephone is a more recent invention. The first was made in Ger- 
many, but only musical, not articulate, sounds could be sent by it. The tele- 
phones now in common use throughout the world are American inventions, 
for which we are indebted to A. G. Bell, Elisha Gray, T. A. Edison, and others. 
In 1888 the U. S. Supreme Court decided that Bell's was the earliest. 

130. What is said of Iowa ? Wiscongin ? Railroads ? Telegraph ? Telephone ? 




r.. MOUSE. 



282 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 

131. Two distinguished Whigs, Clay and Webster, had 
been a long time, and were still, the idols of their party. It 
Avus thought, however, by the party managers, that the 
chances of the party's success in the next presidential elec- 




ZACUAliy TAYLOR. 



MILLAKI) riLLJIOUE. 



tion would be best with Zachary Taylor as their standard 
bearer. Taylor had won bright laurels in the war with Mex- 
ico and was very popular with his soldiers, who loved to call 
him " Eough and Ready." He was also jiopular with the 
people in every Jiart of the country. The nomination was 
accordingly made, and he was elected. On the 5th of March, 
1849, tlie 4th being Sunday, he was inaugurated. 

132. At this time a wonderful excitement was spreading 
to all parts of the Avorld. Gold had been discov- 
ered in California. A Swiss settler in the val- 
ley of the Sacramento, while digging a trench. 



The Gold 
Excitement. 



noticed that the sand contained shining particles (1848). 

131. What is paid of General Taylor and his election to the presidency ? Give Tay- 
lor's previous history (pp. 263, 270, 277). 

132- How was the gold excitement started f Give an account of the rush to the 
gold region. What is said of San Francisco ? How is San Francisco located (map 6) f 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 



283 




They were gold. " Gold was everywhere — in the soil, in the 
river sand, in the mountain rock." As fast as reports could 

travel the exciting news spread. 
Men rushed to the gold region. 
They went across the continent. 
They ^vent across the Isthmus of 
Panama. They went around Cape 
Horn. In a short time the popula- 
tion of California rose from twelve 
thousand to a quarter of a million. 
The growth of San Francisco was 
a marvel. In its capacious harbor, 
which had given shelter in past 
days to only a few vessels other 
to be seen ships from every part of 



FRAN 

11 



■^"^^Mt. Diabic 

^ 1.1 inklyil 
~- MlIioso 

oS.Xeandro 
tUvaiado 




than whalers, were now 
the world.* 

133. California soon applied for admission to the Union. 
This led to another violent agitation of the slavery question, 
for the Constitution of the new State prohibited 
slavery. While the discussion was in progress 
President Taylor died, after a sickness of only 



Death 
of Taylor. 



four days, and was succeeded by the Vice-President, Millard 
Fillmore, of New York (July 9, 1850). 

134. The discussion in Congress took a Avide range, em- 



* Its first house was built in 1835, and its first name was Yerba Buena (good 
herb). In 184(5 a war ship of the United States took possession of it (§ 125). 
Next j-ear its name was changed to San Francisco, when it contained just 459 
inhabitants. Six j'ears later its schools had a street procession, one thousand 
children being in the train. In 1800 there were eighteen Spanish missions of 
the Catholic Church in California. After shaking off the yoke of Spain (1823) 
Mexico took possession of the lands belonging to these missions, and the mis- 
sions were then gradually abandoned. 



133. What is said of the death of Taylor ? Of Millard Fillmore ? 

134. What was the Compromise of 1850 ? What did Mr. Clay offer ? Am. A bill 
known as the Omnibus Bill. It was not adopted as a whole. It was divided into five 
bills and so adopted. Where did we meet Mr. Clay before (pp. 271, 275, 282) ? What is 
said of the Fugitive Slave Law ? Of the difficulty of enforcing it ? 



284 Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 

bracing several questions beside the admission of California. 

To satisfy both sides, the pro-slavery men and the anti- 
slavery men, the ''Great Pacificator " and won- 
derful orator, Henry Clay, offered a compromise. 
As a result, California was admitted as a free 



The 

Compromise 

of 1850. 



State, no more slaves were sold by public auction in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and a Fugitive Slave Law was enacted 
(§ 140). This slave law was passed to satisfy slave owners, its 
object being to make it certain for tiieni to recover their 
"property," as they called their slaves, when sucih property 
escaped to the free States. They already had this right, 
under the Constitution, as was quite clear, but the growing 
feeling against slavery in the North made it difficult for 
them to exercise it. The Abolitionists would manage to hide 
slaves and send them away even to far-off Canada (§ 130). 
The new law made it the duty of every citizen, when called 
upon by an agent of the government, to help capture runa- 
way slaves. 

135. Among the people of the North the law soon became 
very odious, for, by its action, a number of free colored men 
were seized, and put in danger of being sent South into 
slavery. This, of course, was an abuse of the law, but it 
gave to its opponents the opportunity to say that " it inter- 
fered with the sacred right of personal liberty," a right 
given by the Constitution. They demanded protection for 
the free negroes. In some of the States their demand was 
heard, and Personal Liberty Bills were passed, Avhicli secured 
a jury trial to every person seized as a fugitive slave. 

136. The compromise, of which the Fugitive Slave Law 
was a part, in its effects reached Utah and New 
Mexico by giving to each a territorial govern- 



The Hormone. 



nient (map G). But already in Utah a religious sect, called 

135. What further is said of it ? Of Personal Liberty Bills ? 
136- Give the history of the Mormons. How is Salt Lake City located (map 
p. 285) ? Give the boundaries of Utah (map 6). 



Pierce's AdministraHon. 



286 




Mormons or Latter Day Saints, was firmly established (1848). 
Some years before, its founder, Joseph Smith, made a settle- 
ment in Missouri. Owing, how- 
ever, to the hostility of the peo- 
ple about him, he left that State, 
and, in Illinois, began to build 
the City of Nauvoo 
(1840). Four years 
later, in a melee he 
was shot, and, under 
a new leader, the 
Mormons prepared to 
move to the Rocky 
Mountain region. In 
the Salt Lake Valley 
of Utah they at last found a home, which they called Deseret, 
but, in 1850, Congress changed tbe name to L^tah. There 
the Mormons cultivated farms, founded a city, and, aided by 
their missionaries in Europe as well as in the United States, 
rapidly grew in numbers, wealth, and power. (N.25,Ap.,p.50.) 

Pierce's Administration. 

137. The Whigs were very unfortunate. The two men 
they had elected to the presidency, Harrison and Taylor, 
died in office ; and now, with General Scott as their candi- 
date, they were badly defeated. Franklin Pierce, the nom- 
inee of the Democrats, was chosen, and on the 4th of March, 
1853, was inaugurated. 

138. Hardly had he assumed the duties of his office when 
a dispute arose with Mexico. It was in respect 
to the ownership of a tract of land in the Me- 
silla Valley, west of the Rio GraTide. The land 



The Oadsden 
Fnrchase. 



was finally purchased by the United States for ten million 



137. What is said of tlie next Presidential election ? 

138. What was the Gadsden Purchase ? What are its boundaries (map 8) ? 



286 



Pierce's Administration. 



dollars (1853). As Mr. Gadsden was the American agent in 
making the bargain, the tract is known as the Gadsden Pur- 
chase. It forms part of Arizona and New Mexico (map 6). 
139. Before this dispute was fairly ended, another, much 
more serious, began. This related to the future of the region 
west of Missouri and Iowa. In Congress a bill 
was introduced for organizing Kansas and Ne- 
braska as Territories. It was opposed by Free 



Repeal of 

the Missouri 
Compromise. 



Soilers (§ 129) and Northern Whigs, because, if adopted, it 
would repeal the Missouri Compromise, a compact that had 

been regarded as made for all 
time (§ 98). The measure was 
known as the Kansas-Nebraska 
liill. 

140. That compact, the 
compromise of 1820, shut out 
slavery from all the nation's 
domain, Missouri excepted, 
north of latitude 36° 30'. The 
new bill made it the duty of 
every Territory, in taking steps 
to become a State, to ascertain, 
by vote of its inhabitants, 
whether they were willing to 
have slavery in their State or 
not. Slaveholders meanwhile were to be permitted to settle 
with their slaves in any Territory, it being asserted that 
"Wherever the flag of the Union goes it carries slavery with 
it.'' Notwithstanding the decided opposition, protracted 
through a discussion lasting four months, the Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill was i:)assed (1854). The consequences, however, 
were not as the Southern leaders had expected. They 




I-'KANKLIN riEUCE. 



139- What was the Kansas and Nebraska Bill ? Why was it opposed ? 

140- What is said of the Compromise of 1820 ? What provision of the Kansas- 
Kebraska Bill is mentioned 't What did the people of the two sectiuus want t 



Constitutional Period. 287 

wanted Kansas and Nebraska to be slave States. Tlie people 
of the North wanted them to be free States. The contest 
that followed was chiefly carried on in Kansas. 

141. Emigration companies were formed at the North, 
and a steady stream of settlers was poured into Kansas, the 
most conspicuous of the new-comers being John Brown, ac- 
companied by four of his sons. The South did not send 
many settlers. Kansas was a next neighbor of Missouri, 
and the pro-slavery Missourians in great crowds crossed the 
border, not, however, to make their home in the new land, 
but to outvote and drive away the Northern settlers. Civil 
war ensued, and during the larger part of six years Kansas 
was a scene of disorder and violence.* (Note 26, Ap., p. 50.) 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 



Presidents' Cabinets.— These first comprised the heads of the three de- 
partments, State, Treasury, and War (§7). Afterward the Attorney- 
Genei'al and the Postmaster-General were added, the latter in 1829. When 
the Navy Department, in 1798, and the Department of the Interior, in 
1849, were established, tlieir heads were also admitted. 

United States Banks.— The first was chartered in 1791 for twenty years. 
The second, chartered in 1816, was also for twenty years. When this 
second charter expired Jackson would not consent to its renewal. Dur- 
ing Tyler's administration Congress passed two bills to establish a na- 
tional bank, but he vetoed both. 

Treaties.— The first under the Constitution was made with Great 
Britain in 1794. It was for commercial and other purposes. The sec- 
ond, for peace, was with Algiers, in 1795. The third, for boundaries 



* With a view to the promotion of commerce, an expedition had been sent 
to Japan, a country then almost unknown to Americans, and but little known 
to Europeans. The efforts of its commancler. Commodore Perry, brother of 
the "Hero of Lake Erie," were crowned with success. Two ports were 
opened as harbors of refuge and trade (1854). By treaties afterward made, all 
the ports of Japan are now open to the commerce of the United States. 

141. Give an account of what followed in Kansas. 



288 Constitutional Period. 

and commerce, was with Spain, in 1795. The fourth, for peace and 
commerce, was witli France, in 1800. Jay's treaty with Enghmd, ratified 
in 1795, gave otfense to France (§ 27). Other treaties were made to 
settle boundary and fishing disputes, for the purchase of Louisiana, 
Florida, and Mexican territory, and for other objects. 

Tariffs.— Acts for imposing duties on goods brought from other 
countries were early passed (§ 6). A protective tarill, passed in 181G, was 
favored by the South but not by the North. The cotton-mills of the 
North brought a change of views. The protective tariffs of 1828 and 
1832 were disliked by the South, and out of this feeling grew tlie nullifi- 
cation troubles in South Carolina. 

State Rights.— When the Constitution was adopted men said that cer- 
tain rights still belonged to the States ; they had not been surrendered to 
the general government (p. 205). This assertion found force during the 
nullification troubles in South Carolina (p. 270), and at other times. 

Compromises.— There were several, beginning with the Constitution. 
The tariff and slavery were the main subjects involved. The first com- 
promise permitted slaves to be imported till 1808. The first ten amend- 
ments to the Constitution may be considered as the result of the second 
(Appendix, p. 28). The compromises of 1820, 1832, and 1850 are the 
most noted. 

Political Parties.— The first, Federal and Anti-Federal, grew out of 
the contest respecting the adoption of the Constitution ; and, thougli 
questions concerning the tariff, commerce, national bank, and the 
French Revolution, blended party lines, these two names continued to be 
used thirty years. The Federalists succeeded in the first three presiden- 
tial elections, but, in 1801, their opponents, calling themselves Repub- 
licans, put Jefferson into the White House. The Reiniblicans were suc- 
cessful in the next four elections. The next contest, 1831, mostly of a 
personal character, i-esulted in the election of J. Q. Adams. Two parties 
were then formed, the Democratic and the Whig. Their first contest 
made Jackson President (1829). lie was a Democrat. Twice more, in 
opposition to a national bank, the Democrats were successful, but at 
length victory declared for their opponents and Harrison became 
President (1841). Four years later, the Democrats, in favor of annexing 
Texas, of "the whole of Oregon or none," and of a "low tariff," elected 
Polk (1845). The slavery question getting to be a disturbing element, 
the Whigs put Taylor into the presidential chair (1849). Next, with 
Pierce as their candidate, the Democrats succeeded (1853). 

Slavery.— Wiien Washington became President there were about 
700,000 slaves in the United States, distributed in all the thirteen States. 



Constitutional Period. 289 

Though the Northern States abolished slavery within their limits, and no 
slaves were legally brought to the country after the year 1807, yet in 1860 
there were nearly four million slaves in the then fifteen slave States. 

Population, Productions, etc.— In 1790, when the first census was taken, 
the jiopulation was nearly 4,000,000, including the slaves. In 1860, the 
population had increased to more than 31,440,000. Of tliis number, 
44,000 were Indians, and 35,000 were Chinese. The cotton crop of that 
year was close upon 1,000,000 tons, the grain crop was 1,200,000,000 
bushels, and the tobacco crop was 500,000,000 pounds. 5,750,000 pupils 
were receiving instruction in 113,000 schools and colleges. 

Inventions, etc.— Whitney's cotton-gin, though by no means the first 
American invention, was the first of universal importance. The demand 
for cotton could never have been met without it or a like invention. 
Fulton's success with steamboats, Howe's with sewing-machines, Morse's 
with the telegraph, and Hoe's with printing presses, we may point to 
with pride. This year of 1860 shows 5,000 miles of canals and 30,000 of 
railroads. 

New Territory.— 1st, The Louisiana region ; 2d, Florida ; 3d, Texas ; 
4th, The Oregon region, California, New Mexico, etc. 

Formation of States.— Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, 
and Wisconsin are from the original territory. Louisiana, Arkansas, 
and Iowa are from the Louisiana Purchase. Florida develops into the 
State. Out of the former Mexican territory comes California. 

Wars with Indians.— The first grew out of the refusal of tribes in the 
Northwest Territory to do as they had agreed. The third expedition 
against them, under General Wayne, brought them to terms. About 
fifteen years later, influenced by Tecumseh, they were again hostile, and 
with the Creeks in the South, became allies of the British in the War of 
1812. Jackson and Harrison brought them to terms. In 1817 the 
Seminoles made hostile incursions into Georgia, and from time to time, 
till 1842, continued theii" depredations. At last they were removed to 
the West. Meanwhile the Sacs and Foxes (map 1), refusing to occupy 
lands west of the Mississippi, as they had agreed, massacred white set- 
tlers. They were subdued and the Black Hawk War was ended (1832). 

War with England,— It had several causes, chief of which was the im- 
pressment of our seamen. What was lost by General Hull was recovered 
by Perry and Harrison. Our reverse at Queenstown was more than offset 
by the victories of Brown and Scott at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. 
MacDonough's victory gave us the control on Lake Champlain, and so pre- 
vented an invasion of the enemy by that route. The destruction effected 
by the British in Washington is recorded to their lasting disgrace. Their 
19 



290 Constitutional Period. 

repulse in the harbor of Baltimore, also before New Orleans, and their 
defeats on the ocean, convinced them that war is a game at whicli two 
can play. 

War with Mexico.- -It was caused by the annexation of Texas. The 
series of victories gained by Taylor. Scott, and others resulted in a treaty 
by which peace was secured, and a vast domain was added to the property 
of the United States. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

1789. Washington was inaugurated President (g 4) April 30. 

1790. Indians defeated General Harniar in Indiana (§15) Oct. 17, 20. 

1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union (§10) ]\Iarch 4. 

Gray discovered the Columbia River (§ 16) May. 

Indians defeated General St. Clair in Ohio (§ 15) Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union (§13) Juno 1. 

1793. Whitney invented the Cotton-gin (§ 20) 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Mauniee (§ 15) August 20. 

1795. Wayne made a treaty with the Indians at Greenville (§ 15) August 3. 

1795. Jay's Treaty with Great Britain was ratified (§ 27) . .June 24. 

1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union (§ 14) June 1. 

1797. John Adams was inaugurated President (§ 24) Marcli 4. 

1798. Alien and Sedition Laws were enacted (§32) 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon (§29) Dec. 14, 

1800. First Meeting OF Congress in Washington City (§ 34) .Nov. 17. 
Treaty of peace was conchided' with France (§30) Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated President (§ 35). .March 4. 

1803. Ohio was admitted into the Union (§37) Feb. 19. 

The Louisiana Territory was purchased of France (§ 38) April 30. 

1804. Decatur (lestrovcd flu- fri<;ate Philadelphia (§ 87) Feb. 15. 

1804. Tile cliK'l betwrcii llainiltiiu mikI Biht (^ 44i July 11. 

1805. Lewis and Clarkt- descended the Cohunbia (§ 41) Kovcmber. 

1807. Frigate Leopard attacked Frigate Chesapeake (§ 51). .June 22. 
Fulton's steamboat Clermont ascended the Hudson (§49) August. 

1809. James Madison was inaugurated President (§ 54) March 4. 

1811. Astoria, Oregon, was first settled (§42) April. 

1811. Battle of Tippecanoe, Indians defeated (§56) Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union (§ 65) April 30. 

War was declared against Great Britain (§ .'i8) June 18. 

Fort Mackinaw surrendered to the British (§ .59) June 17. 

American frigate Essex c.iptured British sloop Alert (§ 62, and p. 256). August 13. 

Hull SU15UENDERKD DETROIT TO THE BRITISH (§ 59) AugUst 16. 

Am. FitiGATE Constitution captured the Gukhriere (§62, ]>. 256). August 19. 

Americans were defeated .it (^uieenstown i§ 60, and p. 256) October 13. 

Am. frigate United States c:i|)tnred the Macedonian (§ 62, and p. 2.")6i. October 25. 

Am. frigate Constiiution (ajitnnd the Java (§ 62, and p. 2i56) Dec. 29. 

1813. Americans caiitnred York (Toronto) (^67, and p. 256) April 27. 

1813. British were repulsed at S:ickett's Harbor (§ 67, and p. 256> May 29. 

Creek War began by the massacre at Fort Mims (§ 74) , August 30. 



Constitutional Period. 291 



1813. Battlk of Lake Erie. Britispt defeated (§ 71, and p. 356). Sept. 10. 

Battle of the Tliames, British defeated ( § 73, and p. 256) October 5. 

1814. Battle of Chippewa, British defeated (§ 75, and p. 256) July 5. 

1814. Battle of Lundy Lane, British defeated ^§ 76, and p. 256) July 25. 

1814. British burx Public Buildings in Washington (>? 79) . . .Aug. 24. 
Battle of Lake Champlain", British defeated (§ 78, and p. 256). . .Sept. 11 

Battle of Pout McHENRr, Bkitish defeated (§ 80, and p. 256} Sept. 13. 

Treatv of Peace was signed at Ghent (§ 83) Dec. 24. 

1815. Battle of Xevv Orleans. British defeated (§ 82, p. 256)..Jan. 8. 
War was declared against Algiers (§85) March 2. 

1816. Indiana was admitted into the Union (§ 90) Dec. 11. 

1817. James Monroe was inaugurated President (§ 91) March 4. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union (§96) Dec. 10. 

1818. Illinois was admitted into the Union (§9(5) Dec. 3. 

1819. A Treaty for the Purchase of Florida was made (g 94). Feb. 22, 
Alabama was admitted into the Union (§96) Dec. 14. 

1820. The Missouri Compromise was passed (§ 98) March 3. 

^Iaine was admitted into the Union (§98) March 15. 

1821. ^Missouri was admitted into the Union (§ 98) Aug. 10. 

1833. Tlie Monroe Doctrine was announced (§ 95) Dec. 2. 

1824. Lafayette vi.-ited the United States (§99) Aug. 15. 

1825. ,Tohn Quincy Adams was inaugurated President (§ 100).March 4. 

1826. Death of John Adams and Jefferson (§ 101) '. July 4. 

1826. First railroad built in the United States (§ 102) : 

1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated President (§ 105). . .March 4. 

1830. Debate in Congress between Webster and Ilayne (§111) 

18.32. The Black Hawk War occurred (note on p. 262) 

18.32. South Carolina adopted Nullification Ordinance (§111) 

1835. Texas declared lier independence (§ 118) Dec. 20. 

1835. War with the Seminole Indians began (§92) Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union (§ 117) June 15. 

1837. ^IicHiGAN was admitted into the Union (§ IIT) Jan. 26. 

Martin Van Buren w^as inaugurated President (§ 113) March 4. 

1841. Wm. Henry Harrison inaugurated President (§ 115). . . March 4. 

The deatli of Hnrrison occurred (§115) A])ril 4. 

John Tvler was inaugurated President (§115 April 6 

Is42. The Dorr ]{eliellion in Rhode Island occurred (note to § 116) 

1K42. Tre.il y with Eiii^laud settled boundary line dispute (§ 116) August 9. 

1S43. Whitman eouducted caravan to Oregon (p. 298) 

1844. 1st Telegraph in practical Use in the U. S. (^ 130). . .May 27. 

1845. Florida was admitted inTo the Uniox (^ 120) March 3. 

.Tames K. Polk was inaugurated President (§ 120) March 4. 

Texas was admitted into the Union (§ 120) Dec. 29. 

1846. Mexicans attacked American dragoons (§121) April 26. 

1846. Battle of Palo Alto, Mexicans defeated (§ 121, and p. 279i May 8. 

1&46. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, Mexicans defeated (§ 121. and p. 279) May 9. 

1846. Congress decl'd "War existed by Act of Mexico" (§ 121). May 13. 

Oregon Boundary Treatv made with Great Britain (§ 298) June 1. 

Santa Fe occupied by United States troops (§ 124) Aug. 15. 

Battle of Monterey. Mexicans defeated (§ 122, and p. 279) Sept. 24. 

Iowa was admitted into THE Union (§ 130) Dec. 28. 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista, Mexicans defeated (§ 123. and p. 279) Feb. 23. 

1847. Vera Cruz captured by General Scott (§ 126, and p. 279) March 27. 

1847. Battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexicans defeated (§ 126, and p. 279) . . . .April 18. 

1847. City of Mexico surrendered to Gen. Scott (§ 127) Sept. 14. 



292 



Constitutional Period. 



1848. The Discovery of Gold in California (§ 132) Jan. 

Theaty with Mexico, peace and lerritory gained i§ 128) Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Union (§ 130). May 29. 

1849. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated President (g 131) . . .March 5. 
ia50. The Death of President Tayior occurred (§ 133) July 9. 

1850. Millard Fillmore was inaugurated President (§ 133). .July 10. 
California WAS admitted into the Union (§ 134> Sept. 9. 

1853. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated President (i? 137'). . .March 4. 
Treaty with Mexico, cedes Mesilla Valley to the U. S. (§138).. Dec. 30. 
1854. Treaty of amity with Japan (note to§ 141) March 31. 

1854. Congress passed the Kansas and Nebraska Bill(§ 140). May 3. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical-— Tf'// }('ho they tvere. 
ivhat events they ivere connected. 

PAGE. PAGE. 

Aster 234 

Black Hawk.... 263 

Blennerhassett. . .236 
Boone .... .... 219 

Brown, Gen . .247, 252 

Brown, John 287 

Burr.... 230, 2.3,-), 237 

Calhoun 270,275 

Clay.271, 275, 282,284 

Clarke 234 

Clinton 267 

Crogan 247 

Decatur 259 

Dorr 274 



for ivhat they were noted, and with 



Field 281 

Fremont .... 277, 278 

Fulton 237 

Gadsden 286 

Garrison 275 

Genet. 226 

Gray 221 

Hamilton.... 215, 235 

Hayne 270 

Houston 274 

Hull, Gen 244 

Hull, Capt 245 

Jay 215,225,227 

Kearny 277 



PAGE. 

Knox 215 

Lawrence 248 

Lafayette 2C5 

Lewis 2.34 

Livingston 2:33 

MacDonough . . . 253 

Marshall 229 

Morse 281 

Miller 2.52 

Osceola 262 

Pakenham 255 

Perry, Capt 249 

Perry, Com 287 

Pike 247, 2.56 



PAGE. 

Pinckney 228 

Porter 24.5,2.5b 

Quincy 266 

Randolph, E 215 

Randolph, J.... 264 

Ross 2.54 

Santa Anna. 277,279 
Scott.252, 271, 277,285 

Smith 285 

Tecumseh...241, 251 

Wayne 209, 220 

Webster.265, 271,273 

Wilmot 280 

Whitney 223 



Geographical.- 

wrre connected. 

PAGE. 

Astoria 234 

Baltimore 254 

Buena Vista 277 

Cerro Gordo 279 

Champlain,L... 2.53 

Chippewa 252 

Cumberland 267 

Detroit 244 

Fort Erie.... 252, 253 
Fort McHenry.. 254 

Fort Meigs 247 

Greenville 220 



■J'ell where they are tocated and with what events they 



PAGE. 

Guadalupe H... 280 

Ghent 257 

Hartford 244 

Jalapa 279 

Lundy's Lane. . . 252 

Marietta 24" 

Mesilla Valley.. 285 

Matamoras 276 

Mobile 2,55 

Monterey 27(1 

Mexico City.... 280 
New York 213 



PAGE. 

New Orleans.247, 255 

Nueces R 276 

North Point 254 

Okeechobee .... 262 

Palo Alto 280 

Pensacola . . .2,55, 261 
Philadelphia.... 225 

Pittsburgh 238 

Platlsbnrgh 2m 

Piiebla 280 

Queensfown . . . 245 
Resaca 276 



I'AGK. 

Richmond 23;' 

Rio Grande 27ti 

Sackett'sH 247 

Santa Fe 277 

Sacramento ... 2'i9 
San Francisco.. 28;3 

Tippecanoe 242 

Trenton 214 

Tripoli 2.59 

Vera Cruz 279 

Washington 254 

York 247 



Constitutional Period. 293 

Historical. — 1. First Congress under the Constitution, when and where 
it met, what it did, and who was its presiding officer in the Senate. — 2. 
Washington's cabinet, the duties of its members, and their previous his- 
tory. — 3. Tlie Indian troubles during Washington's administration, how 
they were caused, the three expeditions against the Indians, previous his- 
tory of St. Clair and Wayne, and the treaty made by Wayne. — 4. The Jay 
Treaty, when, where, and by whom it was negotiated on the part of the 
United States, the opposition at home and in France it met with, when 
and why it was ratified, and what it effected. — 5. The Whisky Insurrec- 
tion. — 6. The cotton-gin, its origin, inventor, use, and consequence. — 7. 
The thirteen original States in the order in which they adopted the Con- 
stitution, stating which adopted it after it went into effect. — 8. The his- 
tory of 'Vermont to the time of its admission to the Union. — 9. Of Ken- 
tucky, stating who was the former owner of its territory, when the State 
was admitted to the Union, and other important facts. — 10. Same of 
Tennessee. — 11. Ohio. — 12. Louisiana. — 13. Indiana. — 14. Mississippi. — 
l.j. Illinois. — 16. Alabama. — 17. Maine. — 18. Missouri. — 19. Arkansas. — 
20. Florida. — 21. Texas. — 22. Iowa. — 23. Wisconsin. — 24. California. — 
25. The Louisiana Purchase, its extent, how acquired, and other import- 
ant facts.— 26. Same of Florida.— 27. Of Oregon.— 28. Of California, etc. 
— 29. Of the Gadsden Tract. — 30. The Lewis and Clarke expedition. — 
31. Wars with the Barbary States, with their preceding events. — 32. The 
Hamilton-Burr duel. — 33. First successes with steamboats. — 34. Causes 
of our second war with England, with events preceding it on the ocean.— 
35. Names, with dates, locations, commanders, and I'esults, of ten of its 
most important land battles. — 36. Same, of ten naval battles. — 37. The 
ti'eaty of peace, when, where, and by whom made, what it secured, and 
what important point it left untouched. — 38, The Seminoles and the series 
of troubles with them. — 39. The Monroe Doctrine. — 40. The Missouri 
Compromise, by whom and why made, how long it lasted, and other facts 
about it. — 41. Cause of the Mexican War, and how hostilities began. — 
42. Ten of the principal battles of the M^ar, with dates, locations, com- 
manders, and results. —43. Two treaties with Mexico, when and where 
made, money paid, and what changes in the ownership of territory were 
effected. — 44. The Mormons. — 45. The history of Jackson' previous to his 
election as President. — 46. Same of Harrison. — 47. Of Taylor. — 48. Name 
the first fourteen Presidents in the order of their succession, stating when 
each was inaugurated, and which succeeded to the position by reason of 
the death of their predecessors. — 49. The history of Washington's adminis- 
tration, naming every one of its important events that are spoken of in 
this book. — 50. Same of John Adams's administration. — 51. Jefferson's. — 



294 



Constitutional Period. 



52. Madison's. — 53. Monroe's. — 54. John Quincy Adams's. — 55. Jack- 
son's.— 56. Van Buren's.— 57. Harrison's.— 58. Tyler's.— 59. Polk's.— 
GO. Taylor's.— 61. Fillmore's. — 62. Pierce's. — 63. In which of them ter- 
ritory was acquired, and what territory. — 64. In which wars occurred, 
what wars, and their results. 

Questions on the Tables, Appendix (p. 33 to p. 40). — 1. Name the Presi- 
dents who served exactly one terra of four years each. — 2. Name tliose who 
served less than one term each. — 3. Whicli of the Presidents served moi-e 
tlian one term each, but not two terms ? — 4. Which served exactly two 
terms each? — 5. Which of the Presidents died while in office? — 6. Name 
the Presidents, who, in consequence of the death of their predecessors, 
became Presidents.— 7. Which of the Presidents, who, not being elected 
in the usual way, were elected by the House of Representatives (App. 20)? 
— 8. Name the Presidents who were born in Virginia. — 9. In New York. — 
10. In tlie other States. — 11. What wars occurred while Washington was 
President ?— 12. While Madison was President ?— 13. Polk ?— 14. Lin- 
coln? — 15. Tell what sobriquets were applied to the Presidents, with the 
reasons for such application. — 16. What States were admitted to the Union 
while Washington was President ? — 17. While Jefferson was President ? 
—18. Madison ?— 19. Monroe ?— 20. Jackson ?— 21. Tyler ?— 22. Polk ? 
—23. Fillmore ?— 24. Buchanan ?— 25. Lincoln ?— 26. Johnson ?— 27. 
Grant ? — 28. State which of the States came by annexation, which from 
purchased territory, and which from territory acquired by conquest and 
purchase. — 29. State in whose administration each domain of acquired 
territory was i)rocured, and how it was procured. 



CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 



Name. 


State whence ai'- 

POINTEU. 


Term of service Length of life. 




New York 


1780 to 179o 

1795 to 1795 

1796 to 1801 
1801 to 1835 
18.30 to 18S4 
1864 to 1873 
1874 to 1888 
1888 to 18— 


1745 to 1829 




South Carolina 


1739 to 1800 




. 


1745 to 1807 






1755 to 1835 


Koger B. Taney 

Salmon P. Chase 

Morrison R. Waite 

Melville W Fuller 




1777 to 1864 


Ohio 


1808 to 1873 


Ohio 


1810 to 1888 


Illinois 


1&33 to 18— 









tPor Tabulated Review see end of History.) 



SECTION V. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PEKIOD. 



PART II, 



ADMINISTRATIOXS OF BUCHANAN, LINCOLN, AND JOHNSON. 

1. We are now on the eve of the presidential election. The 
Whig party is no longer in existence. There are three parties, 
the Democratic, the E e - 
publican, and the American. 
Tlie Democrats contend that 
"wherever slavery finds its 
way by the people's choice " 
it ought not to be disturbed. 
The Eepublicans, looking 
upon slavery as an evil and a 
danger, are not willing to have 
it go into the Territories. 
They do not want to have any 
more slave States. The ob- 
ject of the American J^arty 
may be inferred from its 
motto, "Americans shall rule 

America.'' The election being over, it is found that the 
Democrats have chosen James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, 
though his Republican opponent, John C. Fremont, received 
nearly as many votes. The inauguration takes place on the 
4th of March, 1857. 

1. What is said of political parties in ttie canvass of 1856 ? What further can you 
state of the object of the American party? Am. It wanted foreigners to live in our 
country longer before they could become naturalized. What was the result of the elec- 
tion J When and where did we meet Fremont before (p. 27?) V 



■ 


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K 


Jnl^H^^H^ 


^^1 


WBl '-^ 


9 ' ^wfilHi 


^^^^1 


^m. >! 


f^ J2mU 


W^^^^^M 






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MlsMKuBBSi 


II 


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9 



JAMES BUCHANAN. 



296 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

2. Two Jays after the inauguration an important decision 
conies from the Supreme Court in rehition to a slave named 

^^ I Dred Scott. This decision is the opinion of a 
Dred Scott j majority of the judges. Scott is deckired to be 
°^"^'''°- I in law not a person, but a thing. No colored man 
can become a citizen of the United States, and Congress has 
no more right to stop the carrying of slaves from one State to 
another or into a Territory than it has to stop the carrying 
of horses or any other property. So, in substance, says the 
decision. Speaking for a majority of the Court, the Chief 
Justice asserts that when the Constitution was adopted, col- 
ored men "had no rights which the white man was bound to 
respect." This decision, so at variance with the convictions 
and feelings of the great body of people at the jSTorth, comes 
with startling effect. It sends men iiito the Republican party, 
for there and only there, it seems to them, can the stride of 
slavery be arrested. It unites the Republicans in a more 
compact body, and makes them more resolute. It is one of 
the agents working to divide the Democratic jmrty into two 
factions, and thus making a Republican victory possible in the 
next presidential election (Note, ]). 298, and X. 30, Ap., p. 52). 

3. Already the parties are getting ready for that contest. 
Meanwhile a blow is struck at slavery by John Brown, who, 

we remember, took part in the fight to make Kan- 
sas a free State (§ 141 ]>. 28T). With about twenty 
men, including two of his sons. Brown crosses 



John 
Browo's Raid. 



the Potomac into Virginia. His object is to make Avar upon 
slavery. He wants to free the slaves. At night he enters 
the village of Harper's Ferry (map 7), and seizes the arsenal 
there belonging to the general government (October, 1859). 
His plan is to make the arsenal a rallying place for slaves, 
with whose help he expects to begin the destruction of 
slavery. Before the close of the next day the arsenal is sur- 

2. What was the Dred Scott decision ? What was its effect ? 

3. Give an account of John Brown's raid. Where is Harper's Ferry (map 5) 1 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 297 

rounded by armed men from the Virginia militia and by 
United States forces. Brown is overpowered, some of liis 
men are killed, and he, wounded, is made a prisoner. His 
two sons are among the slain. He is tried by the State of 
Virginia, found guilty on three charges, and hanged (Dec. 3, 
1859). Two of his men 'succeed in making their escape ; the 
rest, six in number, are hanged (§ 17). (Note 2iQ, Ap., p. 50.) 

4. Three States, all free, were admitted to the Union during 
Buchanan's administration. Minnesota (map 6), the North 
Star State, w^as the first (1858). Part of its terri- i 

„,-,,.... Minnesota. 

tory lies east of the Mississippi ; the greater part I ■. 

is west. It thus took to itself the last of the Northw^est Terri- 
tory (p. 218), and a part of the Louisiana Purchase (p. 233). 

5. The next State was Oregon (map tj). The region west 
of the Eocky Mountains, between California and British 
America, now belonging to the United States, was 
known as the Oregon Region. It was acquired, as 



Oregon. 



we have seen, by discovery (p. 221), exploration (p. 234), 
settlement Qd. 234), and treaty with Spain (p. 262). Though 
our title to it was without a flaw Great Britain claimed it. 
The English had made explorations along its coast ; and an 
English fur comjiany liad trapped wild animals within its 
limits, and, by reports, had long contrived to make it appear 
to the outside world that the territory was not fit for the 
habitation of man. 

6. Though the Indians were hostile, emigrants and mis- 
sionaries from the United States made their way up the Mis- 
souri, and through the mountain passes to the far-off region. 
Only the strongest and the most persistent succeeded in get- 
ting there. Thousands never saw the promised land. They 

4. What is said of Minnesota and its territory ? Bound tlie State. 

5. What was the Oregon region ? Name the four steps that gave us our title to it. 
state how our claim was op|)Osed. What did the fur company do and say ? 

6- How w.as the fur company baffled ? How was the dispute with England settled ? 
When did Oregon become a State of the Union ? What are its boundaries (map 6; ? 
How is the rest of the former Oregon region now divided ? 



298 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

fell by tlio way, and their comrades went on and left them, 
lu 1843, l)r. Whitman conducted a caravan comprising two 
hundred wagons. Next year there were three thousand white 
settlers in the valley of the Columbia. In two years more 
there were twelve thousand, and they effectually decided the 
question of ownership. In that sanie year (1846) England 
gave uj) her claim to all the territory south of the 49th parallel. 
The State of Oregon, formed from this region, was admitted 
in 1859 (§ 64). (Kead note 27, Appendix, p. 51.) 

7. Next came Kansas (1861). The slavery strife there was 
at an end (p. 287). All the territory of the State, except 
the corner south of the Arkansas Eiver (map 6), 
had been derived from the Louisiana Purchase 



Kansas. 



(p. 233). That corner, of less than eight thousand square 
miles, was a part of Mexico's cession in 1848 (p. 280). 

8. The Southern leaders, believing that in the growing 
strength of the Republican party there was peril to slavery, 
and, as a consequence, to the jiower of the South, 
thought and talked of secession. They declared 



Secession. 



that in the event of Eepublican success at the next presiden- 
tial election, their States would secede, that is, would leave 
the Union. The threat did not deter the Republicans. It 
was thought to be mere brag and bluster. The Republican 
candidate was Abraham Lincoln, "whose early teachers were 
the silent forest, the prairie, the river, and the stars," and he 
was elected (November, I860).* 

9. It was soon seen that the threat of the Southern leaders 

* The candidate of the extreme pro-slavery party was John C. Brecken- 
ridge, who had been Vice-President under Buchanan. The "Squatter Sov- 
ereignty " party nominated Stephen A. Douglas. These two divided the 
Democratic party. The American party nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, 
with the simple party platform, "The Union, the Constitution, and the En- 
forcement of the Laws." 

7. Wliat is said of Kansas, its admission, and territory ? 

8. What threat did the Southern leaders make ? Why did they make it ? What is 
said of Lincoln and his election ? 

9. Give an account of the first movements toward secession. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 299 

was not an idle boast. They were sincere. At once the se- 
cession movement began, though Lincoln had nearly four 
months before him ere he could enter upon the duties to which 
he had been elected. South Carolina passed the first secession 
ordinance (December 20, 1860). The example was quickly 
followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 
and Texas. These seven States then formed a Confederacy. 
The doctrine of State Rights thus received practical illus- 
tration (jD. 270). Said a distinguished South Carolinian : 
"My first duty is to my State." (Read note 28, App., p. 51.) 
10. In Port Moultrie, near one side of the entrance to 
Charleston harbor, was a garrison of United States troops, 
about eighty men in all, under the command of 
Major Anderson. On a little island near the 



Fort Sumter. 



other side of the entrance stood Fort Sumter in an unfinished 

condition. Seeing that 

preparations were being 

made to attack him, 

Anderson transferred his 

force secretly, at night, 

to Fort Sumter. There, 

he thought, his position 

would be more secure. 

This act made the people 

of South Carolina very 

angry. They demanded 

that Anderson should 

return at once to Fort 

Moultrie, but he refused. 

Then their State sent the 

demand to President Bu- 







TIClNnXOF 

HARLCSTON 



chanan. He also refused, and, after some hesitation and with 



10. Where is Fori Moultrie (map 2)? Fort Sumter? Give an account of Ander- 
son's movement, why it was made, and what followed. What great battle took place at 
Fort Moultrie nearly ninety years before (p. 160) 'i Describe it. 



When Lincoln 

began his 
Administration 



300 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

reluctance, gave orders to have a steamer, the Star of the 
West, with supplies and troops, sent to Anderson. The 
steamer sailed from New York, but, as she was approaching 
Fort Sumter, she was fired upon by batteries from the shore, 
and driven back (January 9, 1861). 

11. Thus South Carolina began the war. Following up 
her success, the State erected batteries and formed an army 
under General Beauregard [bo-re-gard) to drive 
Anderson away. These preparations were in 
progress when Lincoln set out from his home in 
Illinois to be inaugurated in Washington. Threats that he 
would not be allowed to take the oath of office had been made. 

Secretly traveling the last few 
miles of his journey, he reached 
the city, where, protected by a 
large military force, he was 
inaugurated and began his ad- 
ininistration (March 4, 1861). 
12. In what a sad condi- 
tion was the country ! Seven 
States were united in a Con- 
federacy, of which Jefferson 
Davis was the President, and 
Montgomery, Alabama, the 
capital. Events were mov- 
ing other States to join the 
Confederacy ; and four States, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennes- 
see, and North Carolina, did join before the beginning of 
summer. Southern members of Congress had left their 
seats in that body to aid the secession movement, public 
trusts to a large extent were held by persons in sympathy 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



11. What further was done by South Carolina f What is related of Lincoln's jour- 
ney to Washinglon and his inauguration f 

12. In what condition was the country then f Give tlie facts about the formation 
of the Confederacy. liow is Montgomery situated (map 5) ? 



Surrender 

of 

Fort Sumter. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and JoTinson. 301 

with it, the few vessels belonging to the navy were scattered 
in distant seas, there was no army to depend upon, and the 
treasury was empty. (Eead note 29, Appendix, p. 51. ) 

13. Fort Sumter was still held by Major Anderson, 
though its provisions were nearly gone. Lincoln determined 
to send relief to the suffering garrison. It Avas 
too late. On the 12th of April the South Caro- 
linians opened fire upon the fort. '•'That shot 
was heard around the world."' The defense was feeble, owing 
to the smallness of the garrison and the scanty supply of 
ammunition. More than three thousand shot and shell struck 
the fort. Its upper 

part was knocked 
to pieces, flames 
issued from every 
opening, smoke 
filled every space 
within its walls, 
and its defenders 
had but little more 
ammunition. An- 
derson capitulated 
(April 13). Next day, Sunda}-, the tattered flag of the 
United States was hauled down, and the flag of South Caro- 
lina, a silken emblem made by Charleston ladies, was run 
up in its stead. Anderson and his men sailed for New York. 

14. In Charleston the event caused great rejoicing. Men 
cheered, ladies waved their handkerchiefs, bells were rung, 
and guns were fired. "It was regarded as the I ^^^^ 
greatest day in the history of South Carolina,'' of 
said one of the South's best writers. The news, I ^ ' '^^' 
as it was flashed by telegraph to other parts of the State and 




PORT SUMTER, IN 1S60. 



13. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter and its result. 
occur ? How many years ago ? 

14. How did the news of the event affect the South ? 



\Mien did that 



302 Adminisfrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, arid Johnson. 

to other parts of the South, was everywhere greeted in like 
manner. There was great rejoicing in the South. 

15. Far different was the effect at tlie North. There in- 
dignation, deep and wide-spread, took instant form. Party 
lines for the time were entirely swept away. In ])ublic meet- 
ings men denounced the South as being in rebellion, " We 
are not rebels," came a voice from the South. " We left the 
Union as Ave had a right to do, and formed a Confederacy. 
W^e are Confederates. This war is not between two parts of 
a country ; it is between two countries." (See p. 270.) Lin- 
coln issued a call for troops. The response was quick and 
hearty. Merchants, farmers, mechanics, and professional 
men jumped into the ranks. It was the feeling that the 
Union must be saved at all hazards and at every sacrifice. 
Two days after the call, Davis, by proclamation, offered to 
give authority to privateers to cruise against the commerce of 
the United States. Lincoln then declared the ports of the 
seceding States to be in a state of blockade, meaning that no 
commerce could be legally carried on with them. 

16. The city of AYashington, it was reported at the 
North, was in peril. A raid, so said the report, was about to 

be made against it from Virginia. Troops were 
hurriedly sent for its protection. The most 
direct route to the city from the North was 



First 
Bloodshed- 



through Maryland, where, it was known, the secession feel- 
ing was strong. A body of the advancing troops, a Massa- 
chusetts regiment, was attacked by a mob in the streets of 
Baltimore, and three of its members were killed and others 
injured. This took place on the 19th of April, the eighty- 
sixth anniversary of the battle of Lexington (p. 152). The 
first blood in the great Civil AVar was shed. 



15. How did the new*! affect the North ? How did the South reason ? What Is said 
of Lincohi's call for troops ? Of Davis's proclamation ? Of Lincoln's counter act ? 

16- AVhat report re^pectinj^ the nation's capital was put in circulation ? Give an 
account of what followed. How is Baltimore situated (map p. 254; ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincohi, and Johnson. 303 

17. Meanwhile the Virginians were not idle. An armed 
body marched to get possession of Harper's Ferry (map 7). 
The Union commander there, having heard of 
the movement against the place, blew up or set 
fire to the arsenal and workshops, and fled 



Affairs 

in 

Virginia. 



(April 18).* At Gosport, near the city of Norfolk, there was 
a great naval station. It contained foundries, ships of war, 
cannon, powder, shot, and shells. Troops belonging to the 
Virginia militia paraded in tlie streets of Norfolk. Fearing 
that the naval station, with its worksliops, ships, and war 
material, would be seized by these troops, the Union officer 
in charge set fire to its buildings, and did what he could to 
send the shij^s away or destroy them. One of the ships, the 
Merrimac, a fine steam frigate, he sunk. The Virginians, 
on gaining possession of the place, found that the buildings 
were not much injured, and that most of the war material 
was in good condition. The Merrimac was soon raised with- 
out difficulty (§ 29). In May (1861), Richmond, Virginia's 
capital, was made the capital of the Confederacy. Not all of 
Virginia, however, was willing to join the Confederacy. Its 
western counties opposed secession, and were supported by 
General George B. McClellan, who defeated Confederate 
troops and drove them from the region. The people of the 
counties had an election, chose a legislature, and organized a 
State of their own. This, under the name of West Virginia, 
was admitted into the Union in 1863. 

18. It was believed in the North that the capture of the 
Confederate capital would end the war. " On to Richmond " 



* Harper's Ferry by turns was in the hands of both parties (§ 35). 

17. Where is Harper's Ferry (map 7) ? Norfolk (map 7) ? What was done at both 
places ? What fine ship did the North lose ? What was done by the people of West 
Virginia ? 

18. Give an account of the Battle of Bull Run. Describe the Bull Run Creek" (map 
7) . What influence did the result of the battle have upon the North ? What change in 
commanders was made ? Give the previous history of General Scott (pp. 252, 271, 277). 



304 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

was the daily cry in the newspapers. At last, influenced by 
public opinion. General Scott, the commander-in-chief of the 
Union troops, ordered an advance to be made 
under General McDowell. Xear the little stream 
of Bull Eun, a large Confederate army Avas en- 



Battle 

of 
Ball Ran. 



countered (map 7). At first the advantage was with the 
Northern army, but fresh troops coming to the aid of the 
Confederates, the ranks of the Union men were broken, and 
in a panic they fled. Not till they reached the fortifications 
around Washington did they stop (July 21, 1861). This 
great disaster was a lesson to the people of the North. The 
task before them, it was now seen, was not as easy as they 
had imagined. Consequently they were aroused to greater 
exertion. Congress voted to raise a large sum of money, and 
enlist more troops. The aged Scott retired because of his 
bodily infirmities, and McClellan was promoted to the com- 
mand. 

19. Meanwhile Missouri was a battle-field. The Seces- 
sionists there tried to take the State out of the Union, but 
their plan was frustrated by General Lyon, Avho 
captured their camp near St. Louis, and de- 
feated them at Boonville, west of Jefferson City, 



The War 

in 
Hissoari. 



on the Missouri Eiver (map 5). Near Springfield he was 
confronted by a vastly superior force. Fearing that a retreat 
would be fatal to the Union cause, he made an attack, but 
was defeated and slain (August 10). At Lexington, a little 
more than a month later. Colonel Mulligan, commanding a 
Union force, defended himself during four days against a 
force five times as large as his own, but at last was compelled 
to yield. General Fremont, the chief in command of the 
Union forces at the West, issued an order setting free the 
slaves of persons in arms against the United States. Believ- 

19. Give an account of the war in Missouri. Where is Springfield (map 5) ? What 
action did Fremont take, and with what result ? W' here did we meet Fremont before 
(pp. 277, 278) ? In what direction from St. Louis is Lexington (map 5) f 



Administrations of BucJianan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 305 

ing that the people were not ready for this measure, Lincoln 
would not allow it to go into effect. Said he : "The peojile 
are fighting for the Union, not to abolish slavery." Fremont 
was relieved of his command, but, not long after, was 
apjjointed to another command. 

20. In the South were four or five million bales of cotton. 
This the Confederate Government had taken from the plant- 
ers, giving them paper money in payment.* As 
fast as possible the cotton was sent to Europe. 
For some time the blockade of the Southern ports 



The 
Blockade. 



was far from complete. In the darkness of night fast-sailing 
steamers, called blockade-runners, would manage to get away 
and get back again. In this way the South, during the early 
months of the war, received supplies of muskets, powder, 
clothing, and other needed things. Gradually the blockade 
became more effective; and when the end came, it was found 
that nearly twelve hundred blockade-runners, many of them 
fine steamers, had been captured or sunk. More than seven 
hundred of them had sailed from British ports (§ 23). 



* "Money was so easily got, and its value was so utterly uncertain, that we 
were never able to determine what was a fair price for anything. "We fell into 
the habit of paying whatever was asked, knowing that to-morrow we should 
have to pay more. I bought coffee at forty dollars and tea at thirty dollars a 
pound on the same day. My dinner at a hotel cost me twenty dollars, and for 
some wretched tallow candles I paid ten dollars a pound. A facetious friend 
used to say ' prices were so liigh that nobody could see them. Before the war,' 
he said, ' I went to market with the money in my pocket, and brought back 
my purchases in a basket ; but now I take the money in a ba.sket and bring 
the things home in my pocket.' I believe the highest price, relatively, I ever 
saw paid, was for a pair of boots. A cavali-y otBcer, entering a little country 
store, found there one pair of boots which fitted him. He inquired the price. 
' Two hundred dollars,' said the merchant. A five hundred dollar bill was 
offered, but the merchant, having no smaller bills, could not change it. 'Never 
mind,' said the cavalier, ' I'll take the boots anyhow. Keep the change; I 
never let a little matter of three hundred dollars stand in the way of a trade.' " 
— EgrjleHton^ Rebel Recollections. 

20- What is said of the Sonth's cotton ? The hhjckade ? Money (note) ? 
20 



306 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



21. Before the war the bulk of the South's productions — 
cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar — was sent to the North. If 
the South were an independent power, would not 
its productions be sent to Europe instead ? The 
men who were managing Euroj^e's great business 



England's 
Conduct. 



enterprises were asking that question. They were not long in 
answering it, and their reply was a decided yes. This reply 
met with a favorable response from their governments on the 
Atlantic side of Europe. England was the first to acknowl- 
edge the Confederacy as a belligerent power, meaning a power 
having the right to carry on war (May 13, 1861). France, 
Spain, and Portugal quickly followed the example. These 
acts, it is true, did not give the South a place among nations, 
but they were the first step toward that end.* 

22. Thus encouraged, the Confederate Government ap- 
pointed Mr. Mason and Mr. Slidell commissioners, to go to 
England and France for aid. By means of a blockade-runner, 
the two men succeeded in getting to Havana (map 3). There 
they were taken on board the British steamer Trent. Cap- 
tain Wilkes (wilks), commanding the United States Avar 
steamer San Jacinto {ja-sin'-to), happening to be just then at 
Havana, determined to seize them. This, however, he could 
uot do in a neutral port. He, therefore, sailed away, waited 



* During the war, the French Emperor, Napoleon III., made Mexico an 
empire with Maximilian, an Austrian Archduke, on its throne. On the with- 
drawal ot the French army, the Mexicans gained control, and shot Maximilian. 
Said (Jeneral Grant : " It is the fixed determination of the people of the 
United States that an empire shall not be established on this continent ])y the 
aid of foreign bayonets " (§ 9.5, p. 262). " He regarded the establishment of 
the Empire of Maximilian as a part of the attempt to subvert our own repuh 
lie. The surrender of Lee (§ 54), it was believed, frustrated Napoleon's plan 
in Mexico." — Adam Badcau. 



21. What is said of the course of England, France. Spain, and Portugal ? Repeat 
what, is stated in the note abnut affairs in Mexico and the Monroe Doctrine. 

22. Give all the facts about the capture and release of Mason and Slidell. State how 
Havana is located (map 3). 



Adminisfratio?2S of Bucha)ia)i, Lincoln, and Johnson. 307 

outside the harbor for the Trent, stopped her, and by force 
carried off the commissioners. At the Xorth, Wilkes's con- 
duct was heartily commended. Men said it was right. In 
England it produced anger and resentment : and preparations 
for war were at once begun. The wise Lincoln took the right 
view of the affair. Said he : " Captain "Wilkes undoubtedly 
meant well, but it \y\i\ never answer. This is the rery thing 
British captains used to do. They claimed the right of 
searching American ships and taking men out of them. That 
was the cause of the War of 181'2 (p. '239). Xow, we cannot 
abandon our own principles."' In accordance with this 
sensible decision, the commissioners were given up, and 
England had no cause for war. 

23. The feeling of the Xorth toward England was far 
from friendly. England had acknowledged the Confederates 
to be a war power, and her merchants were sending supplies 
to them. One of her leading statesmen made bold to say : 
"The South is fighting for freedom, the Xorth for power." 
In England fast steamers were built for the Confederates. 
They were intended not only to run the blockade : some 
were built to j>rey upon the commerce of the United States. 
The most destructive was the Alabama. Her commander 
was a Confederate, but •■her crew, her guns, and her gun- 
ners were British, and she found a welcome in British har- 
bors. She never was in Confederate waters, never saw Con- 
federate land, and she used the Confederate flag only when 
in the last act of making a prize '"' (§ 48). 

24. It is right to say that many Englishmen were in 
hegrty sympathy with the Xorth. This friendly feeling ex- 
isted chiefly among the •• middle classes." notably among the 
cotton spinners, who, though depending upon the cotton of 



23. What wa* the feeling of the Xorth toward England ? What reason was there 
for this feeling ? What is said of the Alabama steamer * 

24. What is said of the friendly and unfriendly feeling on the part of Englishmen ? 
What was said by an American statesman ? 



808 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

the South for their daily bread, and at last thrown out of 
employment because Northern cruisers cut off the cotton 
supply, did not abate their sympathy. A few persons in 
high places sincerely shared in this feeling, but their number 
was small. It has been said that ''the contest on the part of 
the North was threefold. It was a military one with the 
Confederates, a diplomatic one with England and France, and 
a financial one with the money powers of Euroi^e." 

25. At the beginning of the new year (1862), five hundred 
thousand soldiers were in the Union ranks. More than two 
hundred vessels, soon increased to six hundred, 
were employed in the blockade. From a point on 
the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo {ka-ro), 



Capture of Forts 

Henry 

and DonelsoD. 



to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance, as measured by the river, 
of a thousand miles, both sides of the stream were in the 
possession of the Confederates (map 5). Great preparations 
were made by both parties, the one to hold the* river, the 
other to gain it. It was also the design of the Unionists, as 
a i)art of their plan, to drive the Confederates from Kentucky 
and Tennessee. The plan required that the two strongholds. 
Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland, sliould be captured first. A combined force, 
consisting of an army under General U. S. Grant, and a fleet 
of gunboats commanded by Commodore Foote, proceeded 
against the forts (map 5). 

26. Fort Henry was attacked by the boats and captured 
(February G). The next task was not so easy. Fort Donel- 
son was besieged by land, and bombarded by the boats from 
the river. At last, after a four davs' contest, the Confeder- 
ates hoisted a white flag and asked for terms. Grant replied : 
" No terms other than an unconditional and immediate 



25. What forces were arrayed against the Confederates ? What is said of the prep- 
arations to control the Mississippi ? Where is Cairo (map 5) ? 

26- Whore was Fort Henry (map 5)? Fort Donelson? State how both were cap- 
tured. 



Battle 
of Shiloh. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 309 

surrender can be accepted." This terse reply gained for its 
author the title of U(nconditional) S(urrender) Grant. The 
fort was surrendered (February 16). 

27. The Confederates, losing the two forts, witlidrew from 
other positions, and, at Corinth, Mississippi, formed a large 
army under the command of General A. S. John- 
ston. Pittsburgh Landing, about thirty miles 
from Corinth, was a steamboat station in Ten- 
nessee, on the Tennessee River (map 5). It was soon occu- 
pied by a large force of Union troops who stretched their en- 
campment in the direction of Corinth, to the right and left of 
a little log-house known as Shiloh Church. Grant was in com- 
mand. On the Gth of April his troops were attacked by John- 
ston, and, though they made a stubborn defense and attacked 
in turn, they were driven to the river's brink. Thus far in 
the battle the Confederates were the victors, but Johnston, 
"the choicest of their soldiers,'' was slain. They could have 
better spared thousands of their other soldiers.- Night came 
on. General Buell* having joined Grant with fresh troops, 
next day the Confederates, under Beauregard, were driven 
back. Twenty years afterward General Grant said: '•'This 
was the most severe battle fought at the West during the 
war." (Read Note 31, App. p. 52.) 

28. On the Mississippi the Union cause was also success- 



* In January of this year Buell was in command of a military department, 
his head-quarters being in Kentucky. On the 19th, at Mill Spring, a division 
of his army under General Thomas defeated a Confederate force commanded 
by General Zollicoffer, who was killed. Six months after the battle of 
Shiloh, Buell and General Bragg fought a stubborn battle at Perryville, and, 
though the result was not decisive, Bragg retreated. A few days later, 
Buell was directed to transfer his command to General Roseerans. 

27. Give the particulars of the battle of Shiloh. By what other name is it known ? 
Ans. Pittsburgh Landing. Where was that battle fought (map 5)? What said Grant 
about it ? 

28. What were Foote's further successes? How was Memphis captured? New 
Orleans ? Where is Island Number 10 (map 5) ? Fort Pillow ? Memphis ? New 
Orlc:ius ? 



810 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

ful. Foote, with his gunboats, in co-operation with General 
Pope, captured Isltmd Number 10 ; and, further down tlie 
river, defeated tlie Confederate flotilla before Fort 
Pillow (map 5). Foote having been wounded. 
Commodore Davis, taking command of the fleet. 



Opening 

of the 

Mississippi. 



attacked the Confederate boats that were protecting the city 
of Memphis. He was successful, and the city, in conse- 
quence, fell into his hands (June G). Near the mouth of the 
river the Union movements were attended wutli like result. 
A fleet, under Captain (afterward Admiral) Farragut, en- 
tered the river from the Gulf of Mexico, bombarded forts, 
ran by them, encountered rams and fire rafts, and, to the 
utter astonishment of the Confederates, anchored before New 
Orleans.* On the first of May the city was occupied by 
Union troops commanded by General Butler. 

29. Meanwhile important operations were going on at the 
East. Expeditions from the North were sent against forts 
and coast towns of the Carolinas and Georgia, 
and a wonderful naval battle was fought between 
two iron-clad ships, the Virginia and the Moni- 



Battle of 

the 
Iron Ships. 



tor. The former vessel was originally called the. Merrimac. 
When the government property at Norfolk fell into the 
hands of the Confederates, she was a part of their gain 
(§ 17). They cut down her hull almost to the Avater's edge, 
covered it and her sides with a thick plating of iron, fastened 
an iron beak to her bow, and gave her the new name. 

30. Steaming out of Norfolk, this iron-clad ram, the 

* "The scene of confusion that ensued in New Orleans when the people 
awoke to the news that the enemy's fleet had passed the forts and was 
actually apj)roaching the city, defies all description. They went to the vari- 
ous cotton-presses, rolled out thousiyids of bales and applied the torch. 
Countless cotton ships were also sunk or fired, and steamboats by the dozen 
were in like manner destroyed." — PbUariVs Lost Cause. 

29. Stale what is said of the iron ship Virginia ? 

30. What 18 said of the iron s^hip Monitor ? Of the battle between the <wo ships? 
Where is Hampton Roads unap 7) ? 



Map No. 7. 



P :e i*r is- s xy l y. 




PART OF 

M A R Y L A N 

AND 
EASTERN PART OF 

VIRGINIA 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 311 

Virginia, attacked the Union fleet in Hampton Eoads, and 
destroyed the Cumberland and the Congress, two of the finest 
ships in the navy (map 7). Night coming on, the Virginia 
retired, intending to continue the work of destruction in the 
morning. That night, however, a newly invented fighting 
ship, the Monitor, arrived from New York. Next day was 
Sunday. As the Virginia, in the early Sunday morning, 
steamed toward the Eoads, her crew discovered the new- 
comer. Some said she was ''a cheese-box on a plank, ^' others 
that she was "a tin can on a shingle."'' On her deck of iron, 
which rose only a few inches above the water, was an iron 
tower containing two heavy guns. "Insignificant as she ap- 
peared, she was at that moment the most powerful war ship 
in the world." The two strange vessels met, and fought des- 
perately. History calls it a drawn battle, but the Virginia, 
in a disabled condition, put back to Norfolk (March 9).* 

31. The result of this combat lifted a load of anxiety from 
the hearts of the Northern people. They had feared that the 
Confederate steamer, the Virginia, would be able to enter 
their ports one after another, and destroy warehouses and 
shipping with little hindrance. The combat marks a notable 
change in the world's naval warfare. The day of wooden 
navies was over. Nations began to build war ships of iron 
and steel, instead of wood. 

32. Under the eye of McClellan a grand army had been 
formed. Its first object was the capture of the Confederate 
capital. " On to Eichmond " was still the cry 
from the North, The troops went by boats to 
Fortress Monroe, whence they marched up the 



McClellan's 

Penmsolar 
C ampaign. 



peninsula, on the one side of which is the York Eiver, on the 



* The Monitor's commander was John L. Worden. The Virginia's, Frank- 
lin Buchanan, was wounded on the 8th, and was succeeded by Catesby Jones. 

31. Of what fear was the North relieved ? What notable change took place ? 

32. How did McClellan begin his campaign in Virginia ? Give an account of its first 
events. What change in Confederate commanders was made ? 



312 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

opposite side is the James River (map 7). At Yorktown the}' 
met their first checli (April 5). The Confederates, after 
suffering a month's siege, evacuated the phice, but at Williams- 
burg were overtaken and attacked (May 5). At night they 
retreated, McClellan took a position on the east and west of 
the Chickahominy River, where he was attacked, but the 
Confederates, after hard fighting, — one day successful, the 
next defeated, — retreated toward Richmond (June 1), Their 
commander. General Joseph E. Johnston, being wounded. 
General Robert E. Lee was appointed in his place. 

33. McClellan, while engaged in these operations, asked 
for more troops, but the President did not comply with the 
request. What was the reason ? In the Shenandoah Valley a 
Confederate army under General T. J, Jackson was threat- 
ening Washington. This brilliant leader had j^erformed 
signal service for the South at the battle of Bull Run. " Look 
at Jackson's brigade \" exclaimed a Confederate oflficer there. 
" It stands like a stone wall."" And " Stonewall "' Jackson 
was the name the j^eople of the South thereafter delighted to 
call him. This skilful general so baffled the efforts of three 
Union generals, and so excited fears for the safety of the 
Federal capital, that no troops, it was thought, could be 
spared for McClellan. Jackson, having done the work re- 
quired of him, joined his forces to Lee's for the defense of 
Richmond. A series of terrible contests, known as the Seven 
Days' Battles, followed. After the last, July 1st, though Lee 
was repulsed, McClellan's movement against Richmond was 
abandoned. 

34. Richmond being now safe from capture, it was in 
Lee's power to menace Washington. A march northward 
and through Maryland was resolved upon. To oppose Lee 

33. What is said of Jackson and his achievements ? Name the three generals 
he baflled. Ans. Fremont, McDowell, and Banks. What is said of the Seven Days' 
Battles ? 

34. Give an account of the battles of Cedar Mounta'ii and the Second Bull Run. 
Where are the two places (map 7) f 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, a^ul Johnson. 313 



Lee's 
First Invasion 
of the North. 



was an army under General Pope, who had been called from 
the West by General Halleck (§ 28), the General-in-chief of 
all the armies of the United States. At Cedar 
Mountain, Virginia (map 7), a division of 
Pope's army encountered a division of Lee's 
(August 9). The result was not decisive. In the latter part 
of the month the Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as 
the Second of Manassas, was fought (August 30). The con- 
test was obstinate, but at length victory declared for Lee. 
More than twenty thousand men were killed or wounded. 

35. Lee's victorious army crossed the Potomac into Mary- 
land, a division of it, before doing so, capturing Harper's 
Ferry (§ 17) with eleven thousand men (Sej^tember 15). 
McClellan, in command of a large army comprising Pope's 
and his own, was sent to opjiose Lee. Severe fighting took 
place at South Mountain, the result being to the advantage 
of the Union troops (September 14), but the two great 
armies in full force did not meet before the 17th of Septem- 
ber (1862). Then, near a small stream that flows into the 
Potomac, called Antietam [an-te -tarn) Creek, one of the most 
desperate battles of the war was fought. Nearly five thousand 
men were killed. Four times that number were wounded. 
The result being in favor of McClellan, it was thought that 
he would continue the contest next day, but Lee recrossed the 
Potomac without being molested. Then Lincoln, confessing 
that ^"'events had controlled him," announced that if the 
seceding States continued the war a hundred days longer he 
would declare their slaves to be free. 

36. Nearly two months passed when Lincoln, anxious to 
have operations against Lee carried on more rapidly, directed 
McClellan to turn over his command to General Burnside. 



35. What is said of the battles of South Mountain and Antietam ? State how both 
places are located (map 7). 

36. Give an account of the battle of Fredericksburg. On what river is Fredericks- 
burg (map 7) ? What is said in the note about the two commissions ? 



314 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



The Union troops then marched southward, their object be- 
ing to attack Lee and capture Richmond. At Fredericksburg 

anotlier of the great battles of the war was fought. 

It lasted from morning till night (December 13). 

Burnside was defeated, losing in killed and 

wounded about eleven thousand men. " Lee was taken to 



Battle 

of 

rredericksbnrg 




PKEPAItEI) FOU THE BATTLE.* 



* The army and the navy were not the only great agents employed during 
the war to sustain the Union cause. Two commissions, the Sanitary and the 
Christian, sent men with litters, stretchers, and ambulances, into every battle- 
field, to care for tlie wounded. These commissions were supported by contri- 
butions from the i)eople. The ladies, by means of fairs, took the lead in the 
noble work. Supplies worth nine million dollars were furnished, beside three 
million dollars in money. One-third of the money came from the Pacific 
States. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 315 

tiisk for not advancing from his defenses, and completing 
the destruction of the army opposed to him. But he believed 
that Burnside would renew the attack, and did not know 
]iow lieavy the Union losses had been, and he was unwilling 
to risk the advantage of position which had already gained 
him so much." 

37. The first day of the third year of the war came (Janu- 
aiy 1, 1863). Remembering his promise, the faithful, patient, 
far-seeing Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proc- 
lamation. This declared all the slaves in the 
seceding States to be free. He had said : " If 
I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do 
it. If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it. 
And if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, 
I would also do that." As a consequence of the Proclama- 
tion, ''black regiments'*' were formed, which did brave work 
for the Union cause. During the war nearly two hundred 
thousand colored men fought in the Union ranks.* 

38. The force that Burnside commanded was called the 
Army of the Potomac. Its next commander was 
General Hooker, known, because of his fearless, 
soldierly conduct, as "Fighting Joe." With 



Emancipation 
Proclamation. 



Battle 

of 

Chancellorsville. 



little delay Hooker set out, fully expecting to caj)ture Rich- 



* " We remember with what fidelity, for four years, the negro guarded 
our defenseless women and children, whose husbands and fatliers were figlit- 
ing against his freedom. To his eternal credit be it said that whenever he 
strucli a blow for liis own liberty he fought in open battle, and when at last 
he raised his black and humble hands that the shacliles might be struck off, 
those hands were innocent of wrong against his helpless charges, and worthy 
to be taken in loving grasp by every man who honors loyalty and devotion." 
■ — From the .ijieech of Henry W. Grady, Editor of the CotistUutioii neiospaper, 
Atlanta, Ga., at the annual batiquet of the New England Society of New York, 
December 22, 1886. 

37. Repeat all that is said of the Emancipation Proclamation. 

38. Who succeeded McClellan in the coinmiind ? Who succeeded Burnside? Who 
succeeded Hooker (§ 39) ? Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. State how 
that place is located (map 7). 



SIQ Administrations of Buclianan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



mond, but at Chancellorsville he was utterly defeated by Lee. 
The slaughter on both sides was terrible. Though the vic- 
tory was with the Confederates, the death of ''Stonewall" 
Jackson, caused by a mistake on the part of his own men, 
was looked upon almost as an offset (May 2, 3). 

39. Lee^s success opened the way a second time for his 
invasion of the North. With one of the largest and best 
armies the Confederacy ever put into the field, 
he crossed the Potomac and marched across 
Maryland into Pennsylvania. The command of 



Battle 

of 

Gettysburg. 



the Union army, which Hooker had given up, was now in 
the hands of General Meade. At Gettysburg (get'-tiz-burg) 
the two armies met, and a three days' battle, "the most stub- 
born in modern times," was fought (July 1-3). More than 
forty-five thousand men were killed or wounded (map 7). It 
proved to be the turning-point in the war. " Meade won the 
credit of defeating his enemy, but he lost the chance of 
destroying him." Lee, defeated, recrossed the Potomac, and 
was soon safe in Virginia.* 



* A little more than four months after, a great concourse of men and 
women met on tliis battle-field of Gettysburg to consecrate a part of it as a 
national cemetery for the remains of the brave soldiers who had fallen. Presi- 
dent Lincoln, addressing the sorrowing assemblage, said : " Fourscore and 
seven j'ears ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, 
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the jtroposition that all men are created 
equal. Now, we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, 
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. "We are met 
on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a ])()rtion of that 
field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that our nation 
might live. It is fitting that we should do this ; but, in a larger sense, we 
cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who striiggled 
here, have consecrated it far beyond anything we can do. The world will 
little note, nor long remember, what we sajj here ; but it can never forget what 
they (lid here. It is for us, the living, rather to dedicate ourselves to the 
unfinished work which they, who fought here, have thus far so nobly 

39. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg. What is said of Meade's lost 
chance ? Of I-ee's retreat ? W^hero is Gettysburg (map 7) ? Wliat took place there four 
months later (note) ? Repeat Lincoln's speech. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 317 

40. Next day, the anniversary of American Independ- 
ence, the telegraph sent news to the North that gave its 
people additional cause for celebrating " The 
Fourth." Lee was defeated ; and Yicksburg, the 
Gibraltar of the West, which had been besieged 



The 

Mississippi 

Opened. 



about two months by Grant, had surrendered on that very 
fourth of July morning. Port Hudson, the only stronghold 
on the Mississij^pi remaining to the Confederates, held out 
five days longer, when it, too, surrendered. AVithin the next 
five days a steamboat, with a cargo of goods, sailed from St. 
Louis to New Orleans. The great river was open from its 
source to the gulf. 

41. In Tennessee the L^nion general, Eosecrans [ro'-ze- 
krance), was in command of a force called the Army of the 
Cumberland. He had won two victories in Mis- 
sissippi, at luka and Corinth ; and had fought 
General Bragg near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 



Battles 

in 

Tennessee. 



and gained possession of that city (map 5). At Chick-a- 
mau'ga he was in turn defeated by that leader, and but for 
the stand made by General Thomas would have been totally 
routed (Sept. 20). Eosecrans then fell back to Chat-ta- 
noo'-ga, where Bragg besieged him. While the siege was in 
progress he was relieved from the command, and succeeded 
by Thomas. Grant, called from the West to take the corn- 
advanced ; to consecrate ourselves to the great task remaining ; and to 
gather from the graves of these honored dead increased devotion to that cause 
for which they gave their lives. Here let us resolve that they shall not have 
died in vain ; that this nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom ; 
and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not 
perish forever from the earth." 

40. What wa? Grant's snecess at the West ? To what did it lead ? How is Vicks- 
burg situated (map 5) ? Port Hudson ? 

41. Give an account of Rosecrans's opeiations. State where luka, Corinth, and 
Murfreesboro are (map 5). What did Thomas accomplish at Chickamauga ? What 
further can you state of that battle ? Ans. It was fought on Chickamauga Creek (map, 
p. 318), the object of the Confederates being to regain Chattanooga. Bragg had previ- 
ously held the town, but on the approach of Rosecrans abandoned it. Give an account 
of the battle of Chattanooga. Where is Chattanooga ? Knoxville ? 



318 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln^ and Johnson. 



niand, on his way telegraphed to Thonuis to "hold Chatta- 
nooga at all hazards/' The j^rompt reply was : " We will 

hold the town till 
we starve." The 
arrival of troops 
under Generals 
Hooker and Sher- 
man put it into 
Grant's power to 
make an attack. 
The Confederates 
occupied positions 
on Lookout Moun- 
tain and Missionary 
Ridge, high hills 
behind the town. 
They also had a 
large force in the 
valley between these 
liills. Sherman be- 
gan the attack in 
the valley, while 
Hooker and Thomas advanced up the hills. With Hooker 
on Lookout Mountain, "it was a battle above the clouds." 
The Confederates were driven from every one of their po- 
sitions and jjursued several miles (November 23-2G). 

42. During the war there were many battles and other 
events, which the scope of this book will not 
permit us to notice. We may call them minor 




Minor Events. 



events, though some were by no means of small import- 



42. What took place at Knoxville ? In the city of New York? In Missouri iind 
Kansas ? In Indiana and Ohio ? How did the raid end ? Ann. After burning saw-mills 
and factories, and killing, wounding, and capturing a great many men, Morgan and his 
force were captured. Give an account of the Red River expedition (note). Into what 
water does the Red River flow (map 5) ? How is Knor\'ille situated (map 6) ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 319 
auce. Burnside repulsed an attack upon him at Knoxville ; 




ESCAPE or THE UNION FLEET.* 

I irregular bands of Confederates 
^^--^/' caused much distress in Missouri 
\^''f^ff and Kansas ; a bold raid was made 
by General Morgan, a Confederate 
partisan, into Indiana and Ohio ; and a riot, in opposition 
to a draft of men for the Union army, occurred in the city 
of New York. These took place in 1863. 



* Earlj'fn the following year a Federal expedition was planned to open the 
Red River region, Louisiana, for trade. To carrj- out the plan, General Banks 
commanded a large body of troops, and Admiral Porter sailed up the river 
with his fleet. Disaster and defeat attended the expedition, its one redeeming 
feature being a device conceived and carried out by Colonel Bailej', a Wiscon- 
sin lumberman. The vessels, in consequence of a fall in the river, were in 
danger of being captured. By means of a series of dams across the rocks in 
the river, the water was raised high enough to let the boats pass over the falls, 
and out of danger. "I do not believe there ever was a case where such diffi- 
culties were overcome in such a short space of time, and without any prepa- 
rations." — Admiral David I). Porter. 



Grant 



320 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

43. General Grant had fought liis way to tlie front. Pres- 
ident Lincoln, the Federal Congress, and the people of the 

North, becoming convinced of his eminent worth, 
the great leader was raised to the position next in 
°'"°°"^'"^- I military rank to that of the President (March, 
1864). His new title was Lieutenant-General. Now, his 
military authority extending over all the Federal armies, he 
controlled a greater number of men than had any other gen- 
eral since the invention of fire-arms. All the war movements 
on the part of the North were thenceforth so united as to be 
in harmony Avitli his plans. His most able antagonist was 
General Lee. In a history of the war written by an officer 
high in rank in the army of the United States, the author 
says: "'Adisi)assionate judgment places Robert E. Lee among 
the greatest generals of modern times." (N. 19, Ap., p. 48.) 

44. At once Grant planned two campaigns, one against 
Atlanta, to be commanded by Sherman, the other against 
Richmond, to be conducted by himself, with Meade next in 
command (map 5). Atlanta, "the Gate City of the South," 
was a great railroad center. It was also a supply depot for 
the armies of the Confederacy. It had foundries and fac- 
tories, from which were sent guns, shot, and shell. 

45. Early in May the t-wo armies were ready to move. 
" Sitting on a fallen tree. Grant telegraphed to Sherman to 

advance." Sherman's march was begun in Ten- 
nessee. It was disputed by General Joseph E. 
Johnston, but in vain. Sherman won battles, 



Sherman 

takes 
Atlanta. 



and drove his adversary from one position to another, till, in 
July, he was not far from Atlanta. The Confederate Govern- 



43. To what position was General Grant promoted ? Why ? Who had held that 
position before ? Am. No one but Wasliington. Scott held it bj' brevet only. Who is 
at the head of the army and navy (Appendix, p. 22) ? Wliat is said of General Lee ? 

44. W'hat plan of action did Granc devise? What is said of Atlanta? How is 
Atlanta located (map 5) ? 

45. Give an account of Sherman's battles and capture of Atlanta. \Vh:it change 
of Confederate commanders took place ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 321 

ment, disliking what was called "'•Johnston's retreating pol- 
icy/' gave his command to General Hood, who at once began 
a series of furious assaults. Again and again Hood was de- 
feated, and finally compelled to abandon the city (September 
2). "Atlanta is ours and fairly won," telegraphed Sherman ; 
and Lincoln, in reply, sent a letter of thanks. "The cam- 
paign against Atlanta/' said Grant, "will rank among the 
most memorable in history." 

46. When Sherman began his march against Atlanta, 
Grant began his against Richmond. The capture of Rich- 
mond was not the first aim of Grant. " His ob- 
ject was to hammer at the Confederate army 
until he broke it to pieces." This, he knew, was 



Grraot against 
Richmond. 



not an easy thing to do. His antagonist was General Lee. 
The Battle of the Wilderness (May 5, 6) began a series of 
terrible battles in which Grant lost about sixty thousand men. 
While these battles were in progress, Grant, not daunted by 
ill-success, wrote to Edwin M. Stanton. Lincoln's Secretary 
of War : "' I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all 
summer." His troops often outnumbered his adversary's, 
bnt the latter "' were on the defensive, and in a country in 
which every stream, every road, every obstacle to the move- 
ment of troops, and every natural defense were familiar to 
them." The end of June found Lee in strong positions be- 
fore Petersburg and Richmond. There, till April of the 
following year, he was ever on the alert to anticipate every 
movement made by Grant. 

47. During all this time, however, Lee was not unmindful 
of opportunities in other directions. The valley 
of the Shenandoah being open, he sent General 
Early to make a raid through it into Maryland and 



Sheridan in 

Shenandoah 

Valley. 



Pennsylvania. He hoped that the expedition would capture 

46. Give an account of Grant's march, his battles, and famous message. 

47- Give an account of Early's invasion and his success in Maryland. Of his en- 
counters with Sheridan. How is Chambersburg located (map 7) ? What took place 
there ? 

21 



322 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

Washington. In Maryland Early defeated a force sent against 
him from Baltimore ; and a detachment of his army, invad- 
ing Pennsylvania, set fire to Chambersburg, and most of the 
town was destroyed (July 30). Eecrossing the Potomac, 
Early met his master. Grant had hurried off troops to the 
valley, placing General Slieridan over them. At Winchester, 
Sheridan routed the Confederates ( September 19 ) ; and, 
three days later, routed them again, pursuing them several 
miles. About a month later Early turned about, and, while 
Sheridan was absent, drove the Union troops from their po- 
sition. Sheridan, who had heard the firing, rode rapidly to 
tlie scene, rallied his men, charged the Confederates, and for 
the third time routed them (October 19). No Confederate 
force after that marched through the valley to invade tlie 
North. 

48. The Alabama steamship, the terror of Northern com- 
merce, commanded by Captain Semmes (semz), had been 
cruising nearly two years (§ 23). She had cap- 
tured about seventy vessels, and destroyed the 
most of them by fire. The steamship Kearsarge 



Naval 
Operations. 



(keer'-sarj), Captain Winslow, went in pursuit of her. Off 
the northern coast of France the two ships met, and in less 
than two hours the Alabama was sunk (June 19). The Con- 
federate captain and forty of his crew Avere taken out of. the 
water by a British yacht. By tlie rules of war it was the 
duty of the yacht to deliver the rescued men to the Kearsarge ; 
instead of doing so she steamed away as fast as possible, and 
landed them on the English coast (§64).* 



* " This Sunday naval duel was fought in the presence of more than fifteen 
thousand spectators, who, upon the heights of Cherbourg {sfiair-boor), France, 
and jjlaces in the vicinity, witnessed the last of the xMabama. An excursion 
train from Paris arrived in the morning, bringing hundreds of pleasure-seek- 
ers, who were unexpectedly favored with the spectacle of a sea-fight." — Jo/i» 
M. Browne. 

48- Ctive an account of the sea-fight near the French coast. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 323 



49. Not manj^ days after, the Union navy scored another 
success. Admiral Farragut attacked the two forts at the en- 
trance of Mobile Bay, forced an entrance 
into the bay, and gained a complete vic- 
tory over a fleet of gunboats and an iron- 
clad ram resembling the Monitor's famous 
antagonist (August 5). During most of 
the fight he stood on the main-top of his 
flag-ship, the Hartford, that he might be 
able clearly to observe and direct the 
movements of his fleet. There he was lashed to the rigging. 
That famous ship, the Virginia, was no more. Fearing that 
she would fall into the hands of her enemies, the Confeder- 
ates blew her up (May 11, 1862). 

50. Sherman remained in Atlanta till the middle of No- 
vember (18G4). He was then ready to begin a march across 
Georgia to Savannah. By his orders every in- 
habitant of Atlanta had been compelled to leave 
the city ; and everything, except the churches 




Atlanta 
Destroyed. 



and a few dwellings, had been blown uj) or torn down. No 
city during the war was so nearly ruined. Now the Con- 
federates could have but little motive for attempting to re- 
capture it. It was worthless for military purposes. Thomas 
had been sent into Tennessee to watch Hood. When Sher- 
man was well on his way from Atlanta, this " Eock of Chicka- 
mauga," Thomas (§ 41), who never lost a battle, waited at 
Nashville for his adversary. At Franklin, Hood overtook 
and attacked General Schofield, commanding a part of 
Thomas's army, but was repulsed with heavy loss 
(November 30). Schofield then joined Thomas. 

Hood following, invested Nashville. Now Thomas 

was ready to strike. The battle began on the 15th of De- 

49- Give an account of Farragiit's success. Where was Farragut during the con- 
test ? What became of the fighting ship Virginia ? 

50. What injury did Sherman inflict upon Atlanta? Give an account of Hood's 
two defeats. How is Nasliville located (map 5) ? Franklin ? 



Battle 

of 

Nashville. 



324 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



cember. It ended in darkness on the IHtli. The Confederates 
were defeated at every point, and their army was destroyed. 

51. Sherman's army marched in four columns, leaving a 
waste track forty miles wide in their rear. It was a march to 

Sherman's I ^^^® ^^"'- ^^^ scouts wcrc Sent to communicate 
March | with the fleet at the mouth of the Savannali. It 

to the Sea. 



was a hazardous enterprise. Hiding in the rice 
swamps by day, and paddling down the river by night, they 

accomplished the task ; and 
thus gave the first direct news 
of Sherman since his departure 
from Atlanta. Fort McAllister, 
which guarded Savannah, and 
in jirevious mouths had resisted 
several attacks from the sea, 
was now carried by assault in 
twenty minutes from the land 
(December 13). The city held 
out a few days. Its defenders 
fearing capture, escaped at 
night, and next morning it 
was occupied by the Union troops (December 21). Sherman, 
sending a ro})ort to the President, said : " I beg to present to 
you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah." 

52. Sherman's next plan was to march northward, so as 
to co-operate with Grant against Richmond. On the 1st of 
February, 1865, he left Savannah. On the 17th, 
Columbia, South Carolina's capital, surrendered 
to him. The news of this reaching Charleston, 




Sherman's 

March 
Northward. 



the Confederate troops there, knowing that they would be 
captured if they did not leave at once, made a hasty retreat. 



51- Give an account of Sherman's march to the sea. Where is Savannah (map 5) ? 
Fort McAllister ? 

52. Give an account of Sherman'.'* marcli northward, its success, and consequences, 
\VTiore is Columbia (map 5) ? Charleston ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 325 

Union soldiers, from an island in Charleston harbor, entered 
the city, and the national flag was raised over the heap of 
stones that still went by the name Fort Sumter. The ruin of 
the fort had been effected the previous year by Union ships 
and batteries. Sherman j^ressed forward, and in North Car- 
olina defeated an army commanded by General Joseph E. 
Johnston (March, 1865). 

63. The end was near. It was evident to Lee that if he 
did not abandon Kichmond, he would be captured. He 
therefore decided to join Johnston. Anticipating 
this. Grant ordered a general movement forward. 
Sheridan's advance led to the battle of Five Forks 



End 
of the War. 



and to a victory for Sheridan (April 1). Two days later, in 
the early morning, a negro ran from Richmond to inform the 
Union troops that Lee's soldiers were leaving the city in great 
haste. Before noon the United States flag was floating over 
the Confederate capital. 

54, The retreating troops were hotly pursued. There was 
no rest for them by day or by night. They had not a mouth- 
ful to eat, except some parched corn and what they were able 
to gather in driblets along the road. They were glad to get 
even the buds of the forest trees. Federal soldiers were on 
their right, on their left, and on their rear. Sheridan's cav- 
alry was near to cut off their advance. If they could gain 
the mountains they could prolong the war and be able to 
command favorable terms for the Confederacy. But they 
were near the end of their efforts. They were overtaken, and 
at Appomattox Court-IIouse their faithful commander. Gen- 
eral Lee, surrendered to General Grant (April 9), and in 
heartfelt words to his brave troops, said : " Men ! we have 

53. Give an account of Lee's retreat. Sheridan's victory, and the fate of Ricii- 
mond. 

54- Give an account of the pursuit of Lee, his surrender, and Grant's terms. Where 
i.s Appomattox Court-IIouse (map 7) ? 

55. What is said of the rejoicing at the North ? Of Lincoln's words ? Who was the 
Secretary of War during most of Lincoln's administration (§ 46) ? 



Death 

of 
Lincoln. 



326 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

fought through this war together. I have clone the best I 
could for you." Not ton tliousand of liis men luid muskets 
in their hands. Desertion, and losses by capture two days 
before, had reduced his army to about twenty-eight thousand 
men. These were paroled. Grant supplied them witli food, 
and, allowing them to keep their horses, remarked: ''They 
will need them for their spring plowing and other farm 
work." * 

55. On every side at the North were signs of gladness. 
Houses were illuminated, flags were waved, bells were rung, 

and guns were tired ; but this great joy was soon 
and suddenly turned into mourning. Lincoln 
had been elected for a second term. Entering 
upon it (March 4, 1865), he said: "With malice toward 
none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, let us 
finish the work wo are in." More than half a million of men 
had laid down their lives in the war, three hundred thuusund 
of them in defending the Union. 

56. Four days had passed since the surrender of Lee. On 
the evening of the fifth day, Lincoln, accompanied by his wife, 
went to a theater in Washington and took a seat in a box 
overlooking the stage. An obscure actor stealthily entered 
the box, placed a pistol at the back of the President's head 
and fired. The assassin then leaped to the stage, and, bi-an- 
dishing a dagger, shouted " Sic semper tyrannis ! the South 
is avenged." So saying, he rushed from the building. The 
dying President spoke not a word. In unconsciousness he 
lingered till morning, and then passed away (April 15, 1805). 

57. The assassin was the leader in a small band of conspir- 
ators, one of whom at the very hour his chief was committing 



* " On this occasion Grant exliibited tlie greatest magnanimity. He de- 
clined to receive Lee's sword, and in his capitulation paroled him and his 
Confederates." — Alex, H. Stepfietis, Vice-President of the Confederacy. 

86. Give the facts connected with Lincoln's death. 

87. Wliut is said of the assassius, then- trial, and fate f 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 327 



the terrible crime in the theater, forced his way into the home 
and to the bedside of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, and 
tried to kill him. The chief conspirator eluded pursuit for a 
few days. Being tracked to his hiding-place and refusing to 
surrender, he was shot. Eight persons Avere charged with 
being in the plot, and tried. The verdict was against four of 
them, including a woman, and they were hanged. 

58. For the third time in the history of the United States, 
the Vice-President, by the death of the President, succeeded 
to the highest office. Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was 
now the President. The peo- 
ple, however, were slow to put 
aside their grief. The image 
of the wise, earnest, kind 
Lincoln was in their hearts. 
During many days their liouses 
were draped in mourning ; 
and though the news of the 
surrender of Johnston (April 
20) and of the capture of Davis 
(May 10) readied them, they 
would not be comforted.* 

59. Congress had i)assed the Thirteenth Amendment to the 

* Davis fled to Georgia, was captured, and, after a long confluement in 
Fortress Monroe, was released. About twenty days before his capture he re- 
ceived a telegram announcing that Lincoln had been assassinated. This is 
what he says: "An influential citizen was standing near rnc at the time. 
After remarking to him in a low voice that I had received sad intelligence, I 
handedthe telegram to him. * * "-* The man who invented the story of my 
having read the dispatch with exultation, had free scope for his imagination. 
* * * In view of its political consequences, it could not be regarded other- 
wise than as a great misfortune to the South." — Davis's Rise and Fall of the 
Confederate Government. 

58. Who succeeded Lincoln in the presidency ? What is said of General Johnston 
and Jefferson Davis ? What information does the note contain ? 

59. What was meant by the Reconstruction of the States ? What was the object of 
the Thirteenth Amendment ? Give its history. 




3^8 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

Constitution, forbidding slavery in the land, and had sent it 
to the States for ratification. In the course of the year it 
was adopted by a sufficient number of States to 
make it a part of the Constitution. Now, the 
war being ended, the new condition of affairs 



Reconstruction 

of 

the Union. 



must be met. As fast as possible the Union must be re- 
stored to its former condition, slavery excepted. This was 
called Eeconstruction. How should this be done ? In a cer- 
tain way, thought Congress ; in another way, thought the 
President. Congress was Republican. As Johnson had 
been elected Vice-President by Republicans, he was supposed 
to be in full accord with them. 

60. Day by day Congress made progress in the direction 
of reconstruction, not, however, without stubborn opposition 
from the President. The latter held that the States in the 
late Confederacy had never been out of the Union, hence 
that representatives sent from them to Congress shoukl be ad- 
mitted into that body at once. Congress, not dis2)uting the 
first i)art of this assertion, insisted as evidence of good faith 
on the part of such States that the negroes, including the 
former slaves, should be citizens of the United States, with 
the same right to vote that other citizens possessed. This 
led to the adoption by Congress and the States of two more 
amendments to the Constitution, the Fourteenth and the 
Fifteenth, and completed the legislation, so far as the Consti- 
tution goes, in relation to slavery. The Thirteenth Amend- 
ment emancipated the slaves, the Fourteenth made them citi- 
zens, and the Fifteenth gave them the right to vote (Appen- 
dix, p. 30). 

61. So opposed was the President to the stand taken by 
Congress that he did not hesitate to call it a Xew Rebellion. 
The breach between him and Congress grew wider until the 



60. Give an account of the dispute between Congress and President Johnson, 
What is said of the three amendments to the Constitution ? 

61. Give an account of the impeachment and trial of the President. 



Grant's Administration. 329 

House of Representatives, believing that he had been guilty 
of acts contrary to law, impeached him. He was tried before 
the Senate, as provided by the Constitution (Appendix, jd. 12). 
At the end of two months a vote was taken on some of the 
charges. A large majority of the Senators, but not two- 
thirds, were in favor of conviction. The Constitution says 
that "no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of the members jjresent." It being evident 
that so many would not vote against the President, the 
Senate as a court adjourned (May, 1868). 

62. While Lincoln was President a part of the territory 
acquired from Mexico in 1848 (map 6) was admitted to the 
Union as the State of Nevada (1864). More than [ J^^^^da 
two years later, Johnson then being President, a Nebraska, 
part of the Louisiana Purchase was admitted as I ^"^ Alaska. 
the State of Nebraska (1867). In the same year the terri- 
torial j)roperty of the L^nited States was increased by the 
purchase of Alaska (maja 8). This vast tract, larger by far 
than the thirteen original States, was bought of Eussia for 
seven million two hundred thousand dollars. At first the 
American people looked upon the far-off region as nothing 
but rocks and ice. In derision, they called it "Seward's Pur- 
chase," Mr. Seward, as Secretary of State, having favored the 
bargain. Soon they began to know that its waters swarmed 
with fish, that millions of seals valuable for their furs re- 
sorted to its islands, and that its forests would furnish tim- 
ber when all the near forests had been exhausted. 

Grant's Administration. 

63. General Grant, nominated by the Republican party 
for President, was elected by a large majority; and, on the 



62. What is said of Nevada ? Nebraska ? Alaska ? What are the boundaries of 
Alaska (map 8) ? 

63. Wliat is said of Grant's election ? Of Ti'xas ? Of Reconstruction ? 



330 



Granfs Administration. 



4th of March, 1869, began his admiuistration. Texas was the 
last State to accept the amendments to the Constitution, and, 
consequently, to be admitted to representation in Congress. 
Tlie Kcconstruction of the Union was then comjjlete (1870). 
64. And now tlie day of settlement with Great Britain 
could no longer be ])ut off. There were several causes for 
Settlement of I ^'^^^^ coni])laiiit, but ovcrsliadowing all others was 
Disputes I the injury doiu; to American commerce by the 
Alabama and other cruisers built in English 
At length a treaty was concluded in the 



with England. 



ship-yards (§ 48) 
city of Washington, hence known as the Washington Treaty, 
for the settlement by arbitration of all causes of difference 
between tlie two countries (1871). Under this treaty, five 
arbitrators — one from each of the countries, Italy, Switzer- 
land, Brazil, Great Britain, and the United States — met in 
Geneva, Switzerland, 1872. They had full authority to ex- 
amine all the claims for losses inflicted by the Alabama and 
her English-built consorts, and to determine the damage. 
Their award amounted to fifteen and a half million dollars; 
and that sum was promptly paid by the British Government. 

Next came the settlement of the 
dispute commonly known as the 
San Juan Question, respecting 
the northwestern boundary line 
(i; G). This line, leaving the 
49th parallel, bends southward 
around Vancouver Island, but 
the exact location of the bend 
was in doubt. The question 
was referred to the Emperor of 
Germany, who decided that the 
claim put forth by the United 
States was perfectly right (1872). 




64. What was the Washington Treaty ? State fully how the Alabama claims were 
settled. The San Juan ilispute. 



Granfs Administration, 



381 



65. To settle the dispute respecting the right to fish off 
Newfouudhind aud its neighboring waters was not so easy. 
In order to understand that dispute we must go back to the 
treaty that ended our first war with England. The decision 
then reached gave to the people of the United States the 
right to fish in "all the sea 
waters" in and about the Brit- 
ish possessions in North Amer- 
ica (p. 201). From that time 
till 1814 there was no dispute 
concerning that right. When 
negotiations Avere carried on in 
1814 to end our second war 
with England, the British com- 
missioners, asserting that " all 
treaties are put to an end by a 
subsequent war between the 
two 2)arties/'' maintained that 
this second war had destroyed 
all the fishing rights conceded 

to us by the first treaty. As the American commissioners 
would not assent to this doctrine no mention whatever Avas 
nuide of the subject in the new treaty (p. 257). 

66. In consequence of this neglect the old controversy was 
soon revived. In 1818 a treaty was concluded which gave to the 
people of the United States the right to fish as formerly, but 
only outside of three miles from the land of the British domain. 
This, we see, was a concession to British demands. Our fish- 
ermen were observing the terms of this new treaty in good 
faith when their vessels in the fishing waters were molested 
and even seized. In 1845 another treaty was made, but, as 
it was not satisfactory to our fishermen, it was terminated 
twelve years later. This brings us to the Washington Treaty 




ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



65. Repeat what is said of the fishery dispute to the close of 1814. 

66. Give the further history of that dispute. 



332 Grant's Administration. 

of 1871, which provided for the formation of a commission of 
three persons to settle the dispute (§ G4). After a delay of six 
years one commissioner was appointed by President Grant, 
one by Queen Victoria, and one by the Emperor of Austria. 
By a majority vote, the American commissioner dissenting, 
it was decided that a treaty should be made for twelve years, 
during which time our fishermen should be allowed to fish as 
formerly ; but that for this privilege the United States should 
pay the sum of five and a half million dollars. This was at 
the rate of nearly four hundred and sixty thousand dollars a 
year. Though the award was known by our government to 
be far too much, the amount was paid (1878), and tlie dis- 
pute set aside for a time. 

67. General Grant was the candidate of the Republicans 
for a second term, his competitor being Horace Greeley, " a 
distinguished journalist and leader of public 
opinion." Grant was elected (1873).* In this 
second term occurred the centennial of the na- 



The 

Nation's 
Centennial. 



tion^s birth (1876). One hundred years before, in Philadel- 
phia's Old State House, the United States were declared to 
be free and independent. It was therefore fitting that in 
the Quaker City the centenary event should receive special 
attention. In that city's great park nearly two hundred 
buildings were erected, in which was held a World's Fair. 
Products from the farm and workshop of every State in the 
Union and from every important foreign country were ex- 
hibited in great profusion. Works of art, and other articles 



* Greeley was nominated by Republicans wlio did not lilie Grant's adnnn- 
istration. He was also nominated by a Democratic convention. Before the 
result was officially known, he died. The death of his wife, at whose bedside 
he had long watched day and night, added to the excitement and strain to 
which he had been subjected during the election canvass, broke him down. 



67. What is said of Grant's second election t What is eaid of Greeley (note) ? Of 
the nation's centennial ? Of the World's Fair ? 



Granfs Administration. 333 

designed to show the world's iirogress in science and educa- 
tion, were also exhibited. The fair was open six months, 
during which time ten million persons visited it. 

68. The growth of the United States in population had 
been truly marvelous. In the first year (177G) the number of 
inhabitants did not reach three millions. Four- I g^^^th ' 
teen years later, when the first census was taken, of 

it was four millions. The census taken in 1870 1 



showed a population little short of thirty-nine millions. 
Many thousands of these had come from Ireland, Germany, 
the British Isle, France, Italy, and other countries of Europe. 
Even far-otf Asia was beginning to send the unwelcome 
Chinaman to our Pacific coast. The original territory covered 
an area of 600,000 square miles. AVith the acquisitions since 
made, we now have 3,600,000 square miles. Colorado, ''The 
Rocky Mountain Sister," has just become a member of the 
Union (map 6), earning for herself the title of the Centennial 
State, and raising the number of States to thirty-eight 
(1876).* 

69. It may justly be claimed that the discoveries of Frank- 
lin were among the important beginnings that led to the 



* There were several Indian troubles during Grant's administration. Tlie 
Modocs, in Southern Oregon, refusing to go to a reservation set apart for 
them, massacred settlers, made war upon United States troops, and killed two 
peace commissioners sent to them. They found protection in the under- 
ground passages, miles in extent, among the lava beds of the volcanic region. 
Not till after a year's fighting were they subdued (187.3). Three years later 
the Sioux (sewz), who had formally been hostile and killed hundreds of 
settlers, and then had become peaceful, renewed hostilities. General Custer, 
with only a cavalry regiment, suddenly came upon the whole tribe in Mon- 
tana, and, rashly making an attack, he and all his men were killed. Other 
troops soon arriving, the Indians were pursued, and the few not captured 
escaped into British America. 



68- What is said of the growth of the nation ? What is said of Colorado ? Of the 
Modoc War (note) ? Of Custer's defeat ? 

69- What is said of Dr. Franklin's discovery ? Of the cotton-gin ? Of the sewing- 
machine ? Of the printing-press ? 



334 



Oranfs Administration. 



electro-magnetic telegraph (p. 204), In 1752 he mudo the 
memorable experiment that immortalized him. "He flew 
his kite to the thunder clouds, practically asking 
the lightning whether or not it was electricity. 



Inventors. 




The ligiitning came down the wetted tAvine to his hand, and 
proclaimed its identity." Tlie cotton-gin, as we have seen, 

was the invention of an Ameri- 
can (p. 223). The name of 
Elias Howe is inseparably 
connected with tlie invention 
of the sewing - m a c h i n e . 
American ingenuity has also 
brought the printing-press to 
its present wonder-work i n g 
condition. In great news- 
paper establishments the cyl- 
inder, Avith its type, face, has 
taken the place of the flat 
plate with its typo form. It 
is not easy to see how the 
great demand for newspapers could be met "without this in- 
vention. The paper to be printed upon comes to the press 
in immense rolls, it being wound on a core just as silk ribbon 
is wouud on a spool. The ribbon of paper is from four to 
five miles long. This the machine unwinds, prints on both 
sides, cuts and folds for mailing — all at the rate of eighteen 
thousand copies an hour. Five newspapers every second ! 

70. In this jubilee year, 1876, eight thousand magazines and 
newspapers are published, beside many thousand books and 
pamphlets. Nearly fifteen thousand books, big 
and little, are entered for copyright. Edgar Allen 
Poe, romancer and poet ; William H. Prescott, a brilliant and 
artistic historian ; J. Fenimore Cooper, author of novels 



ELIAS UIJWE, JIl. 



Writers. 



70- What Is said of magazines, boolvs, and np\vsp:ipers ? Of Edgar Allen Poe? 
Of Prot^cott ? of Cooper ? Of Irving ? Of Hawtliorue ? Of Siimus ? 



Grant's Administration. 335 

intensely American in spirit, scenery, and characters ; Wash- 
ington Irving, " the father of American literature," the earli- 
est classic and most popular American writer of his day ; 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, one of the great modern masters of 
English jirose; and William Gilmore Simms, whose braiu 
produced fifty historic novels in twenty years ; — these, all 
these, Avith others of note, have dropped their pens, and taken 
their places "'in the silent halls of death." (N. 5,Ap.,p. 43.) 

71. We have still with us, in this year of rejoicing, a num- 
ber of winters for whom we may justly claim a place with the 
most celebrated of all countries. Among our eminent his- 
torians are John L. Motley, John G. Palfrey, George Ban- 
croft, and Francis Parkman. Motley is the author of the best 
history of Holland. Palfrey has written the most complete 
History of Neiv England. Bancroft's great work is the stand- 
ard History of the United States. " Parts of it," says an able 
critic, ''may be reckoned among tlie most splendid in all 
historical literature." Parkman's volumes, under the gen- 
eral title of France and England in America, exhibit a 
charming combination of the talents of the historian with 
those of the novelist. 

72. Of our poets we may also be justly proud. William 
C. Bryant's Thanatopsis, the English poet, Wordsworth, 
learned by heart, and often repeated. Henry AV. Longfel- 
low's Evangeline, '/ .- watha, and his minor poems, have, 
it is thought, maao iiini the most popular poet in the 
land (p. 113). "The Quaker Poet," John G. Whittier, 
contends with Longfellow for the palm of popularity. " If 
Garrison may be considered the prophet of anti-slavery 
(p. 275), Wendell Phillips its orator, Mrs. Stowe its novelist 
(§ 73), and Charles Sumner its statesman, there can be no 
doubt that Whittier was its poet." Washington Allston, the 
greatest of American painters, is also a graceful poet. Said 

71. What is said of Motley ? Of Palfrey ? Of Bancroft ? Of Parkman ? 

72. What is said of Bryant ? Longfellow ? Whittier ? Mrs. Stowe ? Allston ? 



336 Administrations of Hayes, Oarfield, and Arthur. 

Edwin P. Whipple, " the best critic America has produced/' 
" We cannot see that the American poet is one whit inferior 
to his accomplished English contemporary in tenderness, 
grace, and ideal charm." (Note 24, App., jj. 50.) 

73. Ealph Waldo Emerson, poet and essayist, " is tlie 
most incisive writer and the most original thinker in Amer- 
ica." Oliver Wendell Holmes, as a writer of songs and 
lyrics, botli humorous and serious, stands in the first rank. 
His novels and his magazine contributions are also of the 
highest order. The works of James Russell Lowell overflow 
witli wit, fancy, and imagination. Harriet Beecher Stowe, 
of whom we have just spoken, is best known by her Uncle 
Tom's Cabin, the most widely circulated novel ever published 
in our country. It was a story of life at the South, intended 
to show the wrongs of slavery. By its ajipeal to the heart and 
imagination of the people, it overturned every argument on 
the other side of the question. It was one of the great agents 
that built up the Republican party and put Lincoln into the 
presidential chair (§§ 1, 2, 8). 

74. The speeches of many of our great orators have not 
been preserved. Of the orations of Otis, which were described 
1 as "^flames of fire," we have only meager reports 

I (p. 144). We judge of the eloquence of Patrick 



Henry by the history of its effects (p. 144). The passionate 
appeals of John Adams, " which moved his hearers from their 
seats," are not in print (p. IGl). Of the great orators of later 
days, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Everett, and others, the 
reporter's skill and the newspaper's enterprise give us the 
means of forming correct opinions. 

Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 
75. The canvass far the next election for President took 
place in the latter half of this centennial year. The Repub- 

73. What is said of Emerson ? Holmes ? Lowell ? TTncle Tom's Cabin ? 

74. What is said of Otis ? Henry? John Adams ? Webster? Clay? Calhoun; 
75- Give an account of the twenty-second election for President. 



Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 337 



licans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. The Dem- 
ocrats j)ut in nomination Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. 
As all the Southern States took part in tlie election, and as 
many Republicans Avere not 
satisfied with their party man- 
agers, the contest was not so 
one-sided as before. 

76. In several States the vote 
was so close as to give rise to 
serious disputes. These Con- 
gress agreed to refer to a com- 
mission consisting of Senators, 
Representatives, a n d Judges 
of the Supreme Court. The 
decision was in f a v o r of 
Hayes, who, next day, March 3, 
1877, took the oath of office. 
The following day was Sun- 
day. On Monday the inaugural ceremonies took place in 
the open air in the presence of many thousand persons. 
The new President had been a general in the Union army 
in the late Civil War, and was afterward a member of Con- 
gress, and Governor of Ohio. One of his first acts as Presi- 
dent was to relieve the South from the presence of Federal 
troops. These had been sent to protect the authorities in 
the work of reconstruction. All the States of the South 
were now in the full enjoyment of their rights as before the 
Civil War. 

77. While that war was in progress, the banks as well as 
the government found that thev did not have i 

" Money Affairs. 

enough gold and silver money to meet the extra- 

ordinary demands upon them. Tliey were, therefore, com- 




ItUTHEKFORlJ 



76. What disputes grew out of that election, and how were they settled ? What was 
one of the firt^t acts of President Hayes ? What did it accomplit^h ': 

77. What is said of the greenbacks, and Huctuative value of paper money ? 

33 



338 Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 

pelled to stop making "specie payments," and, instead, to 
issue ''paper money." These money notes of the govern- 
ment, being printed with green ink, came to be known as 
"greenbacks." Tliey were freely used by the people, for they 
were a "legal-tender," that is, the law made them valid in 
the payment of debts. Gold, however, was regarded as the 
standard of value. Its value,, as compared with the value of 
the notes, became very great. In the darkest hour of the 
war, t.wo hundred and ninety dollars in paper could })ur- 
chase only one hundred of gold. Gradually the difference 
in the two values became less. On the 1st of January, 1879, 
it was nothing, for on that day the government and the banks 
resumed specie payments. A paper dollar again bought as 
much as a gold dollar. 

78. In one respect a great convenience had been secured. 
The government had established a system of National Banks. 
Before the war the bills issued by a bank were generally used 
only in its neighborhood. Nobody at a distance would take 
them, except at a discount. After the National Banks came 
into existence, their bills were received in every part of the 
land, and are so received at the present day. 

79. Not the least important act of Hayes's administration 
was the making of a treaty with China. In California and 

other parts of the West a feeling of alarm had for 
some time existed because of the rapidly increas- 
ing immisfration of Chinese. The new-comers 



Treaty 
with China. 



were employed in building railroads, in working mines, and 
in many other ways. As they worked for small wages, they 
deprived American workmen of employment, except, as was 
asserted, "at starvation rates." Said Americans there: "The 
Chinese injure our country. They come here as seekers after 
the golden fleece. They acquire all the trades, and drive us 
out by underselling. They do not come here to stay. They 

78. E.xplain the money conveniencies now enjoyed. 

79. What treat}' was made with China, why was it made, and what are its effects ? 



Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 339 



do not become citizens. They get what they can and go back 
to their own country to spend it." The treaty with China 
puts it into tlie power of our government to check the emi- 
gration of tlie Cliinese to our shores. 

80. The twentieth President was James A. Garfield, of 
Ohio. This new President, affectionately called the ''Teacher 




JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 



CHESTER A. AKTUUK. 



President,'" was a typical American. His early boyhood was 
spent on a farm. Later, he earned his bread by working in 
a carpenter shop, by chopping wood, and by driving horses 
on the canal towpath. His great ambition was to obtain a 
college education. At the age of eighteen he was a school- 
teacher, at twenty-five a college professor. "Within the next 
six years he came to be in succession a college president, a 
State Senator, a general in the Union army during the Civil 
War, and a member of Congress. Now, on the 4th of March, 
1881, he was the President of the United States.* 

* His election was a Republican triumph. His competitor was General 
Winfield Scott Hancoclv, who won distinction in the Mexican War, and, for 
his good conduct at Gettysburg (§ 39), in which battle he was severely wounded, 
was awarded the thanks of Congress. He died in 1886. 

80, Who succeeded Hayes as President ? Repeat what is stated of Garfield's pre- 
vious Hfe. Of Hancock (note). 



340 Cleveland's Administration. 

81. Less tliiiii four months later he accepted an invitation 
to visit friends in New Eughmd. Witli no thougiit of danger 
he reached the railroad station, when, without the least warn- 
ing, he was shot down by a disappointed office-seeker. The 
wounded man was carried back to the White House, and there, 
more than two months, was tenderly cared for. Then, in the 
liope that a change of air would effect a change for the bet- 
ter in liis condition, he was removed to Elberon, near Long 
Branch, a summer resort in New Jersey, on the Atlantic coast. 
It was all in vain. On the 19th of September he died. Not 
only did the people of his own land mourn. From every 
part of the civilized world came words of sympathy to the 
grief-stricken men and women of America. Never before 
Avas sorrow so universal.* 

82. As provided by the Constitution, the Vice-President, 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, became the President. It 

is recorded of him that he was the only Vice- 
President, who, having succeeded to the presi- 
dency by the death of the President, did not dis- 
appoint those by whom he was elected. Just a month after 
he entered the White House, the centennial of the surrender 
of Cornwallis was celebrated at Yorktown (p. 199). Among 
the distinguished guests who honored the occasion with their 
presence Avere descendants of Lafayette and of other Euro- 
pean soldiers, German as Avell as French, who at that place a 
hundred years before had periled their lives to win freedom 

for America. 

Cleveland's Administration. 

83. The next presidential election was the tAventy-fifth. 

* Guitcau, the assassin, was tried, convicted, and liauged (June 30, 1882). 

81. State all the circumstances attending the death of Garfield. AVhat became of 
the assas^sin (note) ? 

82. Who succeeded Garfield as President ? AA'hat is said of the Yorktown celebra- 
tion ? AA'hcrc is Yorktown (map 7) ? State what took place there a hundred years be- 
fore (]). 109). 

83. AVhat is said of the twenty-fifth presidential election and its result? When did 
Cleveland's term bejrin ? 



Arthur 

as 
President. 



Cleveland's Administration, 



341 



It took place in the fall of 1884. The candidate of the Re- 
publicans was James G. Blaiue, 
of Maine ; that of the Demo- 
crats was Grover Cleveland, 
Governor of the State of Xew 
York. The Temperance, or 
Prohibition party, oj^posed to 
the ••' liquor traffic,'"' had also a 
candidate. Cleveland was 
elected, and, on the 4th of 
March, 1885, began his admin- 
istration. Fifteen months later 
he was married, the ceremony 
being performed in the White 
House. Other weddings had 

taken place in that building, but this was the first there of a 
President. Queen Victoria sent " congratulations and good 
wishes." 

84. In the summer of tliis year, 1885, an event occurred 
which threw the people in every part of the country into 
mourning. This was the death of General Grant.* 
From Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga Springs, 
where the hero died (July 23), his remains were 




GUOVEK CLEVELAND. 



Death of 
(reneral Grant. 



conveyed to the city of Xew York, and, in solemn proces- 
sion, were taken to Eiverside Park, ovei-looking the Hudson. 
The procession numbered not less than fifty thousand men. 
In it were the President and two ex-Presidents of the United 
States, and representatives from every part of the Union and 
from distant lands. "He was a great soldier, a faithful pub- 



* " He passed away quietly without a groan or a shudder, with no one but 
his wife and children and medical attendants by his side. He had done most 
of the great things of his life with calmness and composure, and in the same 
way he entered the long procession in which Alexander and Ciesar and Wel- 
lington and Napoleon had preceded him." — Adam Badeau. 



S4- What is said of the death, funeral, and character of Grautt 



842 



Cleveland's Administration. 



lie servant, a devoted defender of public faith, and a sincere 

patriot." 

85. On Bedlow's Isl- 
and, ill tlie harbor of 
New York, is a Statue of 
Liberty, the largest statue 
in all America if not in 
all the world. It was the 
gift of the people of 
France to tlie people of 
the United States. Its 
" inauguration " took 
place on the 28th of Octo- 
ber, 1886, amid a scene of 
great rejoicing. National 
ships and liundreds of 
other craft encircled the 
little island, and, with 
voice of gun and steam- 
whistle, joined in the 
glad demonstration. In 
the presence of a multi- 
tude of persons gathered 
at the foot of the statue, 
the formal presentation 
was nuide by that enter- 
prising and untiring 
Frenchman, C o u n t de 
Lesseps, the planner of 
the Suez Canal route to India. The gift was accepted for 
the United States by President Cleveland. 
Said one of the orators: "'We dedicate this 
statue to the friendshi]) of nations and the 





STATUE OF LIBEKTY. 



Statue 

of 
Liberty. 



peace of the world. 



85' What is eaid of the Statue of Liberty ? Where is Bedlow's Island f 



The Unwelcome 
Chinese. 



Administration of Benjamin Harrison. 343 

86. Under the treaty made with China in 1880 (§ 79), 
laws were made to check the coming of tlie natives of that 
country to our shores. Still they came in large 
numbers, very much against the wishes of the 
people of California and other western States. 
A more stringent law being demanded, Congress declared 
that "it shall be unlawful for any Chinese person, whether a 
subject of China or of any other power, to enter the United 
States" (September, 1888). From this exclusion, "Chinese 
officials, teachers, students, merchants, or travelers for pleas- 
ure or curiosity," were excepted. These persons, the law said, 
" shall be permitted to enter the United States, they having 
first obtained the permission of the Chinese government or 
other government of which they may at the time be citizens 
or subjects." A supplementar}^ act declares that all Chinese 
laborers, both skilled and unskilled, who have resided in this 
country and left it, shall not be jjermitted to return to it. 

ADiflXISTKATIOX OF BeXJAMIX HaRRISOX^. 

87. The Democratic Convention of 1888 nominated Presi- 
dent Cleveland for a second term, associating with him the 
veteran statesman Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, as „^ t - ixth 
a candidate for the Vice-Presidency. The Ee- Presidential 
publican candidate for President was Benjamin ^^'''"'°- 
Harrison, of Indiana, grandson of the ninth President (p. 
272). He had obtained distinction as a general in the great 
Civil War, and had served as a member of the Senate of the 
United States. Levi P. Morton, of New York, was the 
Eepublican candidate for the Vice-Presidency. The Prohi- 

86. What treaty was made in 1880? What objections were made against the 
Chinese at that time ? What stringent law was passed in 1888 ? How was the law 
afterward mide more stringent ': 

87. How many of the people's elections for President had there been up to the year 
1888 ? How many Presidents had there been up to that time (App., p. 38) ? How do 
you explain the fact that there were fewer Presidents than elections ? What parties 
nominated candidates for President and Vice-President in 1888 ? W^ho were nomi- 
nated ? Wbat can you state of the ancestors of Harrison (pp. 241, 250, 272, App. 6J ? 
What were the leading questions at i&sue in the contist of 1888 ? 



344 Administration of Benjamin Harrison. 

bition Party, opposed to the *' manufacture, importation, 
exportation, transportation, and sale of alcoliolic beverages ; " 
and tlie Union Labor Party, " ojiposed to land monopoly in 
every form," and in favor of the 'limitation of land owner- 
shi])." also had candidates. 

88. The canvass was an unusually exciting one. The 
chief question at issue between the Democrats and the Re- 
publicans concerned the tariff. The 
former favored certain changes 
which the latter opposed as being 
injurious to the Protective System 
(§ 109, p. 2G9). The election by 
the people took place on the 6th of 
November, 1888. Electors were 
then chosen (Ap]!., p. 20). On the 
14th of January, 1889, the electors 
so chosen cast their votes for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President. About 
a month later, February 13th, these 

BENJAMIN IlAnUlSON. . 

votes Avere counted in the hall of 
the House of Rejiresentatives in the presence of both Houses 
of Congress, when it Avas found that of the whole number 
for President, 401, Harrison had received 233, and Cleveland 
168 ; and that of the whole number for Vice-President, 401, 
Morton had received 233, and Thurman 168.* 

* The law prescribing the manner in which the electoral vote shall be 
counted was passed after the election of 1884. It requires that the envelopes 
containing Llie certificates of election from the several bodies of State electors, 
called electoral colleges, shall be opened by the President of the Senate in 
the presence of both Houses of Congress, and the result announced by him. 
The death of Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the United States, and 
President of the Senate, November 25, 188.5, made it necessary for the Sen- 
ate to choose a President pro tern, of that body (App., p. 12), and by him the 
envelopes were opened and the result announced. 

88. 'V\liat i? said about the tariff ? When was the first tariff law under the Constitu- 
tion passed ? (See § 6, p. 215. It was the second law cuactcd undi-r the Constitution, 
and was approved by President Washington on the 4th of July, 1789.) WHiat further 
can you state of the tariff legislation of Congress (pp. 241,269, 271)? Describe the 
process by which Uarnson was elected President and the votes counted for him. 




Administration of Benjaynin Harrison. 345 

89. Though a great rain storm prevailed in Washington 
during Inauguration Day., 30,000 persons stood in tlie open 
space before the east side of the Capitol to witness the inau- 
gural ceremony. In the presence of the people under um- 
brellas Harrison took the oath of office, and delivered an 
address remarkable for simplicity, dignity, and moderation 
(March 4, 1889). 

90. One part of the address had reference to '' a shorter 
way between our eastern and our western sea-boards." Dur- 
ing the preceding seven years a French com- i ' 
pany, with the aged Count de Lesseps, the LonroJDoctrine. 

" Napoleon of the Shovel,'* at its head (§ 85), I , 

had been engaged in the construction of a canal across the 
Isthmus of Darien, or, as it is now often called, the Isthmus 
of Panama. In November of 1888, after the work had cost 
many millions of dollars and less than a fourth of the task 
had been accomplished, De Lesseps and his colleagues, 
being umible to proceed for want of money, applied to the 
French government for aid. The news of this application 
coming to our Congress, the Senate, in the early part of 1889, 
declared ''That the government of the United States will 
look with serious concern and disapproval upon any connec- 
tion of any European government with the construction or 
control of any ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darien or 
across Central America, and must regard any such connec- 
tion or control as injurious to the just rights and interests of 
the United States, and as a menace to their welfare." This 
declaration, as also the language of the new President, was 
intended to reaffirm the Monroe Doctrine (p. 262).* 

*In Februar}', 1889, Congress incorporated the "Maritime Canal Com- 
pany of Nicaragua," for the construction of a canal north of the isthmus, 
the act being based upon concessions made by Nicaragua, througli which 
country it is designed to construct the great waterway. 

89. Give an account of the inauguration of Harrison. 

90. What is said of De Lesseps and his American project? Of the action of the 
Senate in relation to the Monroe Doctrine ? When, by whom, and under what circum- 
etnnces was ttiat doctrine first proclaimed (p. 262, & App. p. 49) ? What is meant by it ? 



346 Administration of Benjamiii Harrison. 

91. Another allusion in the President's message was to the 
Civil Service under the government (App. ]). 'Zd). At the 
beginning of the first jjresidential term, Washing- 
ton, in a letter to an office-seeker, wrote : '*' I will, 
to the best of my judgment, discharge the duties 



Civil 
Service Reform 



of the office with that impartiality and zeal for the public good 
which ought never to suffer connection of blood or friend- 
ship to have the least sway on decisions of a public nature/' 
Said Daniel Webster : '' Offices are public trusts, not pri- 
vate spoils." President Jackson believed that "to the vic- 
tors belong the sjioils" (p. 2G8). The example which he set 
of removing political opponents from office and appointing 
political friends, was followed many years by his successors.* 
For a long time the people had seen that the practice was 
fraught with danger to the country, but not till the death of 
Garfield (p. 340) did they in large numbers demand that a 
better system should be adopted. In 1883 Congress passed 
the Civil Service Act, by authority of which the Presidents 
since have appointed commissioners, under whose direction 
examinations have been made to test the fitness of applicants 
for public service, it being the duty of the President to be 
guided l)y the results uf tiie examinations. Presidents Arthur 
and Cleveland did much to give the new law a trial, and now 
President Harrison expressed the "hope that beyond "his 



* While tlie quarrel between Congress and President Jolmson was in i)rog- 
ress (p. .328), the Tmnrc of Office Bill was passed b_y Congress over the Presi- 
dent's veto. The bill declared tluit i)ersi)ns holding civil offices by consent of 
the Senate should not be removed except by consent of the Senate. Its 
object was to cheek Johnson from removing Republicans and appointing men 
who would support him in liis quarrel with Congress. It was so modilied 
during Grant's administration as to make it of little force. 



91. What do you understand by the tirm Civil Service ? What was Washington's 
attitude towards the service V Webster's? Jackson's? Throngh whose administra- 
tions did the wronsf i)ractice continue in full force ? When was a change for the better 
be<run ? What is said of Arthur. Cleveland, and Harrison in conuection with that 
change? Of liow many niembeis did H:irrison's Cabinet consist? Name the depart 
meuts of which they were the heads (.App. p. 22). 



Centennial 
Celebration. 



Administnitwii of Benjamin Harrison. 347 

" obvious duty/' he would '"'do something more to advance 
the reform of the Civil Service."* 

92. A third alhtsion in Harrison's address was to the near 
apj)roacli of the centennial of the first inauguration of the 
first President of the United States. Congress 
had already declared that this centennial day 

should be a general holiday. On the 5th of April | 

President Harrison, in a proclamation, recommended that on 
" Thursday, Ajiril 30, at the hour of nine in the morning, 
the people of the entire country repair to their respective 
places of Divine worship, to implore the favor of God that 
the blessings of liberty, prosperity, and peace may abide 
with us as a people.'' The recommendation met with gen- 
eral observance ; and the illustrious event was also celebrated 
in all the large cities of the Union. In New York the cele- 
bration was so arranged as to keep in mind the interesting 
scenes attending the original ceremony (p. 214). A fleet of 
steamboats, decorated with flags, escorted President Harrison 
from New Jersey across the harbor of New York ; a crew 
of shipmasters, as skilful with their oars as were their an- 
cestors a century earlier, rowed him in a barge to the his- 
toric landing-place at the southerly end of the city ; white- 
robed school-girls strewed flowers before him as he entered 
the City Hall (April 29) ; aud from the spot where Washing- 
ton took the oath of office just a hundred years before, he 
addressed a mtiltitude of men and women, who, with up- 
turned faces, stood in the streets before and about him (April 
30, 1889). A hundred thousand men and five tliousand 
school-boys marched in procession. 

*Less than a month before the end of Cleveland's term, Congress so 
enlarged the powers and duties of the Department of Agriculture, which had 
been in existence several years, as to make it one of the great exePutive 
departments. Cleveland had the honor of first having in his Cabinet a Secre- 
tary of Agriculture. 

92. When and where was the first presidential inauguration (p. 214) ? State fully 
how that event was celebrated a hundred years later. 



348 Administratio7i of Benjamin Harrison. 



The 

Conemaugh 

Disaster. 



93. A month after these rejoicings, a terrible calamity fell 
upon a district west of the Alleghany Mountains. On a 

mountain slope in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, 
was an artificial lake whose overflow ran into the 
Conemaugh (con'-e-fnaio) Kiver. The dam that 
held the lake in check gave way, and before the people in the 
valley below were fully aware of their danger, the waters 
were upon them. A wave thirty feet high carried everything 
before it. Villages were swept along, and a path of desola- 
tion half a mile wide was cut through the city of Johnstown 
(May 31). At the foot of the valley the accumulated mass — 
ruins of houses, uprooted trees, cattle, and human beings — 
became jammed in a mighty heap against a stone railway 
bridge that crossed the river. Over the bridge, from this heaji, 
projected rafters and timbers. Under these were hot stoves 
that had been carried down in the houses. Suddenly from 
out of the heap burst forth a fierce flame of fire. Soon the 
news of this terrible disaster spread in every direction. Food 
and clothing were speedily sent to the destitute, and helping 
hands hurried to relieve the living and bury the dead. Five 
thousand men, women, and children had perished. 

94. The closing part of this year saw four additions to 
the family of States. Montana, Washington, and Dakota, 

having: outgrown their territorial childhood, as- 
sumed State manhood. From the last-named came 
two States, North Dakota and South Dakota. 



Admission 

of Four 
New States. 



The region covered by the two Dakotas and Montana was once 
a part of the Louisiana Purchase (p. 233). Washington be- 
longed to the Oregon Region that came to us by discovery, ex- 
ploration, settlement, and treaty with Spain (p. 297). Dakota, 
an Indian word meaning a league, was the common name of 
the Sioux tribes. Montana is the Spanish word for mountain. 

93. Give an account of the Conemaugh disaster. Wliere is Johnstown? (Cone- 
maufili River is one of the head branches of the Alle-hany River. See Map, No. 2.) 

94. What new States were added to the Union in 18S9? State wliai you can of 
their previous liistory. Of their names. Of the change as respects the national flag. 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Cause-Events of the Civil War. — At the bieaking out of the war there 
were fifteen slave States, which contained nearly 4,000,000 slaves. The 
South, believing that slavery was right, but that tlie growing sentiment 
against it in the North was imperiling its existence, tried to increase its 
security by increasing the number of slave States from the Territories. The 
North objecting, a conflict of words and acts was carried on, which cul- 
minated in war. 

Fighting-Events of the War. — Before Lincoln took his seat as President 
a Confederacy of Southern States was formed. In the streets of Baltimore 
the first blood was shed. The first deliberate blow was struck in Charles- 
ton harbor. There a few men were holding a fort. Confederate guns 
drove away relief intended for them, and drove them out of the fort. 
In Virginia, in Missouri, along the Carolina coast, and elsewhere, the war 
raged. Eleven States were in the Confederacy. They were the South. 

The North believed that the capture of Richmond, the Confederate 
capital, would bring the war to a close. The thousands of bi'ave men 
left on the battle-fields of Bull Run, Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, and the Wilderness, were terrible evidences of the sincerity 
of that belief. The South believed that the capture of Washington, the 
Federal capital, would bring the North to terms. The thousands of 
brave men left on the battle-fields in Maryland, in the Shenandoah Val- 
ley, and at Gettysburg, testify to the earnestness of that belief. 

In the Mississippi Valley, Grant, Foote, Pope, Farragut, and others, 
contended against A. S. Johnston, Beauregard, Pemberton, and others, 
for the mastery of the great river. The North gained Donelson, Shiloh. 
New Orleans, and Vicksburg, and" thus gained the river. The South be- 
lieved that for their cotton they could get in exchange from Europe ships 
to bring powder, shot, guns, food, and clothing. To prevent this the 
North blockaded Southern ports and captured the supply ships. The 
Confederates built great expectations upon their iron-clad ship Virginia. 
She, they felt certain, would destroy the blockade, and then turn her de- 
structive powers against Northern ports. The ^Monitor spoiled their plan. 
Confederate cruisers, built in English shipyards, drove the ships of 
Northern merchants from the ocean. Not till the Kearsarge sunk the 
Alabama did the scourge cease. 

Sherman's operations and march, compelling the Confederates to aban- 



85-i Constitutional Period. 

don Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, and Charleston, brought Sherman 
within threatening distance of Richmond on the southeast. Grant, after 
desperate fighting, unfaltering determination, and long patience, was 
closing in upon the city from the north, cast, and west. Lee retreated, 
was overtaken, and surrendered. 

Emancipation. — Lincoln's proelanuition at the beginning of the thinl 
year of the war did not set free the slaves of Delaware, Maryland, and 
such other parts of the South as were not in arms against tlie Union. 
Thousands of colored men joined the ranks of the Union army after iht 
appearance of that proclamation. Many of these had been slaves. They 
were now free. Thousands of colored men were yet in bondage. To set 
free every slave in the land the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion was adopted. This was followed by two other amendments, their 
object being to make colored men citizens, with all the rights of otlier 
citizens. 

Death in the White House. — The death of Lincoln by the hand of an 
assassin was the saddest event of the war. The death of Garfield, also by 
the hand of an assassin, sixteen years after, is the only event in tlie liis- 
tory of our country that can be compared to it in sadness. 

Formation of States. — Seven States came into the Union during this 
period. Oregon was from what was previously known as the Oregon re- 
gion. One part of Minnesota belonged to the original domain, the other 
part to the Louisiana Purchase. All Nebraska, and part of Kansas and 
Colorado, were from the Louisiana Purchase ; the other part came from 
Mexico (p. 280). West Virginia was cut off from the mother State 
(p. 30;3). 

Population. — \n 1880 the population was 50,15.'), 783, including (i(),4<*'i' 
Indians, and 105,405 Chinese. 

Treaties. — The most important were those nuide with Russia for the 
purchase of Alaska, with China for the regulation of immigration, and 
with England for the settlement of the Alabama claims and tlie bound- 
ary and fishery disputes. 

Tariffs. — During the Civil War a tariff for revenue and protection was 
in force. Some of its duties were afterward lowered. Taxes wers also 
imposed on incomes and manufactures : and revenue stamps were required 
for bonds, deeds, receipts, and other written instruments. 

Political Parties. — During a period of twenty-four years, up to tlie 
election of Cleveland, the Republicans were in control of the executive 
depai tment of the government ; but both branches of Congress were not 
always Republican. When Cleveland was elected, the Senate was Re- 
publican and the House of Representatives was Democratic. 



CHEONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated President (§ 1) March 4 

The Dred Scott decision was made known (§2) March tj 

1858. Minnesota was adjiitted into the Union (§4) Mtiy 11. 

1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union (§6) Feb. 14. 

John Brown made a raid into Virginia (§3) Oct. 16. 

1860. South Carolina passed a Secession Ordinance (§ D) Dec. 20. 

1861. steamer Star of the West was flred upon (§10) Jan. 9. 

1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jau. 11), 

Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas (Feb. 1), 
ViKGiNiA (April 17), AKKANS.4.S (May 6), Tennessee (May 
7), and North Carolina (May 20), passed Secession 
Ordinances. 

Kansas was admitted into the Union (§7) Jan. 29. 

Confedebate States adopted a Con?titutiom (§ 12) Feb. 8. 

Jefferson Davis iNAroURATED President of Confederacy (§ 12)Feb. 18. 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of U. S. (§ 11) March 4. 

Fort Sumter was surrendered to tlie Confederates (§13) Ai)ril 13. 

Davis offen-d letters of marque and rcijrisul (§ 15) . . . April 17. 

Lincoln proclaimed a bldckade of SoiUhern ports (§ 15) April 19. 

Union troops attacked by mob in Baltimore (§ 16) April 19. 

England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17). and Portugal 
(July 28), acknowledged the Confederate Slates as belligerents (§21; . 

Battle of Philippi. Va.— the South defeated (§ 17) ...June 3. 

Battle of Booneville, Mo.— the South defeated (§19) June 17. 

Battle of Carthage, Mo.— the North defeatid (§19) July 5. 

Battle of Rich Mountain. Va.— the South defeated (§17) July 11. 

Battle of Bull Run. Va.— the North defeated (§ 18) July 21. 

(Manv battles followed, of which only the most important are noted.) 

Mason and Slidell taken from a British steamer (§22) Nov. 8. 

1862. Fort Henry, Tenn., captured— the South defeated i§2(i) Feb. 6. 

Fort Donelson, Tenn., captured— the South defeated i§ 26). . .Feb. 16. 

Fight between thk Virginia and the Monitor (§ 29) March 9. 

Battle of Shiloh. Tenn. — the South defeated (§27) April 7. 

Island Xo. 10, Mississippi River, taken from Confederates .April 7. 

New Oin.EANs was captured BY A Union Fleet (§28) April 25. 

Battle of Williamsburg, Va.— the South defeated (§ 32) May 5. 

Memphis, Tenn., was captured by Union gunboats (§ 28) June 6. 

The Seven Davs' Battles before Richmond (§32) June 25-July 1. 

Battle of Manas-as, 2d of Bull Run— the North defeated (§34) Aug. 30. 

Harper's Ferry, Va., Ciiptuied— the North defeated (§3.5) Sept. 15. 

Battle of Antiftam, Md.— the South defeated (§ 35) Sept. 17. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, Va.— the North defeated (§ 36) Dec. 13. 

1863. Lincoln issued the Emancipation' Proclamation (§ 37). .Jan. 1. 

Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn.— the South defeated (§41) Jan. 2. 

Battle of Chancellorsville, Va.— thk North dkfeated (§ 38). . .May 3. 

West Virginia was admittkd into the Union (§ 17) June 20. 

Battle op Gettysburg— the South defeated (§31)) July 3. 

Vicksburg. Miss., surrendered- the South defeated (§ 40) July 4. 

Port Hudson. La., surrendered— the S' aith defeated (§40) July 8. 

Draft riot occurred in New York Citv ( § 42) July 13-16. 

Battle of Chickamauga, Tenn.— the North defeated (§41) Sept. 20. 

Battle of Chattanooga, Tenn.— the South defeated (§41) Nov. 25. 

1864. General Grant was made LiEUTENANT-GENERAL(i:? 48), .March ■). 

The Red River expedition— the North defeated (note to § 42) March-April. 

Battle of the Wilderness— result not decisive (§46) May 5, 6. 



356 Constitutional Period. 



1864, The Keaksarge fought and sunk the Alabama (§48) June 19. 

Chambersburfj, Pa., was fired by the Confedcraies (§47) Jnly 30. 

Battle in Mobile Bay— the South defciitcd (§ 4'.h Aug. 5. 

Atlanta, Ga., captured— the South defeated (§4.5) Sept. 2. 

Nevada was admitted into the Union (§ (53) Oct. 31. 

Battle of Nashville, IVnii.— the South deleatcd (§ ,50) Dec. 16. 

Savannah captuhed— the South depkatkd (§51) Dec. 21. 

1865. C^olumbia, S. C, surrendered— the South defeated (§ 52) Feb. 17. 

Charleston was occupied by Union troops (§ ,5',') Feb. 18. 

Petersiutug and Richmond suruendkued to Union Troops (§ 53). April 3. 

Lee siirrendered to Grant at Appomatto.x Court-House (§ 54). .April 9. 

President Lincoln was assassinated (§ .56) April 14. 

Andrew Johnson was inaugurated President (§ 58) April 15. 

Thirteenth Amendment to Ci institution was adopted (§ 59) Dec. 18. 

1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union (§ G2) M;irc-h 1. 

Alaska was bought of Russia (§ 62) March 30. 

1868. House of Rep. impeached President .Johnson (§ (51) Fel). 24. 

Johnson, after trial, was not found guilty (§ 6U May 26. 

Fourteenth Amendment to Constitution was adojited (§60) July 28. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated President (§ &). . .March 4. 
1870. Fifteenth Amendment to Constitution adopted (§60) March 30.- 

1871. The AVashinoton Treaty (Alabama Claims) made (§ 64). .May 8. 
Fire in Chicago destroyed 18,000 houses Oct. S-10. 

1876. Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia (§ G7). .May-Nov. 
Colorado avas admitted into the Union (§68) August 1. 

1877. Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President (§ 7fi).. March .5. 
1880. Emigration Treaty was made with China (§ 79) Nov. 17. 

1881. James A. Garfield was inaugurated President (§ 80).Marc]i 4. 

President Garfield was assassinated (§81) July 2. 

Chesteii a. Arthur was inaugurated President (§82) Sept. 20. 

1885. Grover Cleveland was inaugurated President (§ 83). .March 4. 
Death of General Grant (§84) July 2.3. 

1889. Benjamin Harrison was inaugurated ^larcli 4. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Siographical. — Tell who they 
what events they were connected. 

Anderson . . .299, 301 Douglas 

Banks 313, 319 Dred Scott 

Bell, John 298 Early 321, 

Bragg 309, 317 Fremont . . . .295, 

Brown, John ... 296 Foots 308, 

Buell 309 Greeley 

Burnside. . . .313, 319 Hooker 315, 

Butler 310 Hood 321, 

Blaine 341 Hancock 

Davis. . .300, 302, 327 1 Jackson . . . .312, 



were, for what they were noted, and with 



Lesseps 342 

Lyon 304 

McDowell... 304, 312 

Mason 306 

Meade 316 

Pope 310,313 

Porter 319 

Rosecrans...309, 317 

Schofleld 323 

Scott, General.. 304 



Seward 327, 329 

Slidell 306 

Stanton 321 

Semmes 322 

Thomas ....;309, 317, 
318, 323 

Tilden 337 

Whitman 298 

Wilkes 306 

Winslow 322 



Geographical. — Tell wit ere they are located, and with what events they 
were connected. 



Antietam 313 

Appomattox. . . . 325 

Atlanta 320, 323 

Baltimore 302 

Bedlow'8 Island, 342 

Boonville 304 

Bull Run.... 304, 313 
Chambersburg.. 322 
Chancellorsville, 316 
Charleston.. 301, .325 
Chattanooga . . . 318 

Columbia 324 

Corinth 309, 317 

Donelson, Ft. . . . 308 



Elberon 340 

Five Forks 325 

Fredericksburg. 314 

Franklin 323 

Geneva 330 

Gettysburg .316 

Harper's Ferry. 296, 
.303, 313 

Havana .306 

Henry, Ft .308 

Hampton Roads, 311 

luka 317 

Knosville 319 

Lexington .304 



Montgomery . . . :300 

Memphis 310 

Murfreesboro. . . 317 

Mobile Bay 323 

Mt. MacGregor. 341 
McAllister, Ft.. .324 
New York... 319, 341 
New Orleans, 310,317 

Norfolk 303 

Nashville 323 

Petersburg 346 

Pillow, Ft 310 

Port Hudson.... 317 
Richmond.... 303. 325 



Shenandoah Val- 
ley 321 

Sumter, Ft .299, 300, 
301, 325 

Shiloh 309 

South Mountain, .313 

Savannah 324 

Vancouver 1 s - 

land .330 

Vicksburg 317 

Wilderness 321 

Williamsburg .. 312 

Winchester 323 

Yorktown...312, .340 



Historical. — 1. The Oregon region, and the five successive steps by 
wliich the United States acquired a perfect title to it. — 2. Minnesota, its 
territory before it belonged to the United States, when the State was 
admitted into the Union, and other facts relating to it. — 3. Same of 
Kansas. — 4. Of West Virginia. — 5. Nevada. — 6. Nebraska. — 7. Colo- 
rado. — 8. Alaska, its early history and productions, and how and when 
acquired by the United States. — 9. Slavery, where it existed, what it 
produced, and how it brought on the Civil War. — 10. The Southern 
Confederacy, when and by whom formed, its object, names of its Presi- 
dent and two successive capitals. — 11. Particulars of the first two acts of 
actual wax*. — 12. An outline in chronological order of McClellan's con- 
nection with the war. — 13. Same of Beauregard's. — 14. Farragut's. — 15. 
A. S. Johnston's. — 16. J. E. Johnston's. — 17. Sherman's. — 18. Sheridan's. 
— 19. Lee's. — 20. Grant's. — 21, The blockade. — 22. The Alabama steamer, 



358 Constitutional Period. 



her origin, career, and end. — 23. The Alabama claims. — 24. The Moni- 
tor and the Merrimac, their history and fight. — 25. England's conduct 
during the war. — 2G. The Mississippi, how it was closed and opened. — 
27. Emancipation Proclamation, why, when, and by whom issued, and 
with what consequences. — 28. The four successive commanders of the 
Army of the Potomac, their successes and failures. — 29, The three most 
important battles fought by that array, with the commanders on both 
sides, and the results. — 30. The process by war, President, and Congress, 
by which slavery was entirely banished from the United States. — 31. Re- 
construction, and the contest between Congress and the President. — 32. 
The Fishery Dispute. — 33. Compare the death of Lincoln witli the deatli 
of Garfield. — 34. Names of all the Presidents, beginning witli Buclianan, 
to the present time, when the term of each began and ended, and the 
most important event in the term of each.-r-3.j. An account of four im- 
portant events in Grant's administration. — 36. The facts as to Hayes's 
election, and the events of his administration. — 37. Name, in chronolog- 
ical order, all the Presidents from Washington to the present time, stating 
which were soldiers, which died in office, which were killed by assassins, 
and which are still living. — 38. Three great wars in which the United 
States have been involved since the Revolution, their cause, when they 
began and ended, and which one was fought on foreign soil. — 39. How 
many and what wars Washington, Montgomery, Wayne, Scott, Taylor, 
and Harrison were engaged in. — 40. Five Americans who have gained 
distinction as inventors, naming their inventions, and the benefits derived 
from them. — 41. Name seven who have gained distinction as historians. 
— 42. Ten, as statesmen. — 43. Five as poets and five as novelists. Re- 
peat the notable sayings of which the following clews are given, stating 
when, where, by whom, and under what circumstances each was uttered : 
A sharp medicine (50), Here will I build (95), Great Spirit guards his 
life (112), God be praised (116), CiEsar had his Brutus (143), Our last drop 
of blood (151), I am an American (151), In the name of the Great Je- 
hovah (154), The white of their eyes (156), The liberties of the country 
(158), These are the times (161), I have but one life (166), The boy cannot 
escape (171), Molly Stark (178), I will make a lord of him (189), North- 
ern laurels (191), Not for ten thousand (195), The most wonderful work 
(205), Aloof from European wars (226), Not a cent (228), Free trade (244), 
Don't give up the ship (248), We have met the enemy (250), PU try, sir 
(253), War of movements (261), The Union must be preserved (271), Lib- 
erty and Union (271), Never surrenders (277), Rough and Ready (282), 
The white man was bound to respect (296), Unconditional surrender (309), 
Like a stone wall (312), On this line (321). 



TABULATED REVIEWS. 



h 

Z 
P 

o 

cc 

o 

[I. 



£/) 

h 

z 
<: 

H 

S 
<: 

X 

z 

cc 
w 

o 



Voyages. 



Antiquities. 



Indian.s 



Northmen. 



From Africa. 

From Asia. 
i From Iceland. 
I From Norway. 

I Stone Ruins. 
, Eartli Mounds. 
I Other Things. 

Their Houses. 

Domestic Life. 

Employments. 

Disposition. 

Weapons. 

Dress. 

Wars. 

Money. 

Barter. 

Where from. 
Explorations. 

Settlements. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



3 

s 

s 
o 
D 

n 



His early life . . . 



His great theory.. 



His efforts for aid. 



His voyages. 



Closing events . . . 



j When and where he was born. 
( His studies and occupations. 

C Shape of the earth and route to India. 
\ Evidences of the correctness of the theory. 



Attempt to rob him of the honor of discovery. 



C In the republic of Genoa. 
\ With the kings of England and Portugal. 
I With Isabella, Queen of Spain. 



First.... 



Otueus 



His outfit and departure. 
Length of voyage and incidents. 
Land discovered and when. 
Return to Spain and reception. 

How many after the first. 
Lands discovered. 
Wrong idea about them. 



Mistreatment to which he was subjected. 
The time and place of his death. 
The several burials of his body. 
The injustice done to his memorj-. 



Of what country the Cabots were natives. 
Their names and their relation to each other. 



D 



1st voyage. 



P'rom what country they sailed. 
By what motive they were prompted. 
Land discovered and time of discovery. 
Retiu'n to England and reception there. 






r By whom commanded. 

2d voyage j Explorations that were made. 

i. Their importance to England. 



The place of his birth. 

His first business in America. 



m 



1st voyage. 



2d voyage . 



Why he sailed from Porto Rico. 
Land discovered by him and when the discov- 
ery was made. 
Name given to the laud and why so given. 
His further explorations. 

Why he made this voyage. 
His experience in Florida. 
His death, burial, and tomb. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



For Spain. 



z 
o 

h 

<^ J 
PC 

o 

X 

w 



For England. 



For France . . 



By Narvaez. 
By De Soto. 
By Coronado. 
By Cabrillo. 
- By Cortes. 



By Drake. 
By Gilbert. 
By Ralei^^h. 
By Gosnold. 
By Smith. 



' By Cartier. 

By Champlaia. 

By Marquette. 
L By La Salle. 



For Holland . . . 



By Hudson. 
By May. 



Object in View. 
Starting Place. 
Preparations. 
Regions Explored. 
Time of Exploration. 
Important Facts. 
Incidents. 
Direct Result. 
Consequences. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



w 

O 

a 

o 

o 
w 
X 
h 

O 

h 

w 



0. ^ P 

o 

w 
> 
w 
p 

Q 

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New Hampshire. 
New York. 
New Jersey, 
•i i Virginia. 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 
Georgia. 



' Pennsylvania. 
Delaware. 
Maryland. 



' Massachusetts. 
"S ^ Rhode Island. 
Connecticut. 



Kind of goveninient, 

When 

Where 

Why 



Settled. 



Character of settlers. 
Noted persons among them, 
and why noted. 



Religious 

Political 

Indian 

Cause 
Date 
Battles 
Results 

Agricultural 
Mechanical 
Commercial 
Fishing 



Facts about 



Troni)les. 



Of wars. 



Employments. 



Education, 

Tobacco, 

Slavery, 

Servants, 

Population. 



Other important facts. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Remote. 



>» 




u 




rt 


Oi 


a 


♦J 




S 


Fi 


a> i 




> 


2 


M 


Pk 





I 



When, where, consequences. 



War of the Revolution. 

{England's laws of navigation, trade 
and manufacture. 
Writs of Assistance. 
Taxation without representation. 
( Stamp Act. 
^^ear -| Tea Tax. 

The Boston Massacre. 

The Boston Tea Party. 

The Boston Port Bill. ) 

( How composed. 

Where assembled. 

Measures. 

When, 

Where, 

Result and effect. 

Its hero, 

Consequence. 
Election of Washington to command the army, 
r When, 

Battle of Bunker Hill \ ^J'^'^'"^' 

Commanders, 

I Result and effect. 

Montgomery's operations and defeat in Canada. 

Evacuation of Boston by the British. 

{Where fought. 
Forces engaged, 
Commanders, 
Result and effect. 

^ ^ ^ , ( Bv whom, when, and where made. 

Declaration of Independence. - •' ^ ' 

f i Loss of Brooklyn and New York 
1 S 

I Battle of Harlem Heights. 

s 



First Continental Congress. 

Battle of Lexington 

Capture of Ticonderoga. .. 



Battle of Long Island. 



^ Battle of White Plains. 

I Battle of Fort Washington. 

El 

« Execution of Hale. 

I Retreat of Washington. 

{Washington's motive. 
His crossing the Delaware. 
Capture of Hessians. 
Effect of the victory. 
Aid extended Ijy Morris to the cause. 
28 



/ 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Battle of Princeton. 



BurgojTie's 

Invasion. 



a 

> 
n 



Expedition 
against 
Pliiladelphia. 



' Capture of Ticonderoga. 
Battle of Hubbardton. 
Cause Battle of Oriskany. 

events. | Arnold's operations. 

I Battle of Bennington. 
Battles of Stillwater. 
Surrender of BurgojTie. 

Northern part of New York in pos- 
session of the Americans. 
New England freed from isolation, 
l Alliance with and help from France. 
By whom conducted. 
By what route taken. 
At what place landed. 



Result 

events. 



Battle of 
Brandywine. 



Battle of Paoli. 



Where and when, 
Commanders, 
Foreign officers, 
Result. 



Battle of 
German town 



When, where, 

and why fought, 
' and result. 

Washington's army at Valley Forge. 

' Massacres at AVyoming and Cherry Valley. 
Capture of Savannah by the Britisli. 



Alliance 

with 
France. 



Consequence 
of ^ 



British evacuate Philadelphia. 
Battle of Monmouth. 
Battle near Rhode Island. 
Battle to recover Savannah (1779) 
Surrender of Coruwallis (1781). 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Capture of Stony Point. 

Why made, 

Expedition against the Indians. -| By whom conducted 

Result. 
Where, 
When, 

Ships engaged, 
Commanders, 
I- Result. 

French and Americans defeated at Savannah. 

Preliminary events. 
Capture of Cliarleston by tlie 



Victory on the Ocean . 



British. 



Gates's Campaign at the South. 



Commanders, 
W^hen accomplished. 
Result and effect. 



Arnold's Treason. 



Why he turned traitor. 

His correspondence and offer. 

When, where, how, and with 
whom he conferred. 

Andre's route, capture, and exe- 
cution. 

Arnold in Virginia and Connect! 
cut. His after life. 

When and where. 
Battle of Cowpens ^ The commanders. 

Result. 

Retreat from Cornwallis, 

Battle of Guilford C. H., 

Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 
. Battle of Eutaw Springs. 

When and where, 
Forces engaged, 
Commanders, 
Result and effect. 



Greene's Campaign 

at the South 



Surrender of Cornwallis. 



1783. 
1787 



Treaty of Peace. 

Constitution of the United States framed. 



Tabulated Beviews. 



Second War with England 

England's right-of-search claim. 
Impressment of American seamen. 
Seizure of American ships as prizes. 
War declared against England. 

What was 

When was it 

Where was it 

Why was it 

By whom was it 



" Surrender of 
Hull." 



■■ Surrendered. 



Hull's trial and pardon. 
Battle of Queenstown. 

Captures by t!ie Essex. 



Naval victories. - 



By the Constitution 
(first). 



Recovery of 
Michigan 



Battle of Lake Erie . 



Battle of the Thames.. 



Operations at J Capture of York 

Lake Ontario. ] 

L Sackett's Harbor saved. 



' Names of the two ships. 

Tiieir commanders. 

Place of the battle. 

Result and effect. 

When and where. 

Commanders. 

" Don't give up tJie 
ship." 

Perry's dispatch. 
L Result and effect. 

When and where. 

Commanders. 

Indian chief. 

Result. 

whom. 



f When and by 
1^ Pike's fate. 



Action between tlie Shannon and Chesapeake. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Invasion of Can- 
ada. 



Capture of Fort Erie. 



Battle of Chippewa. 



Battle of Lundy's Lane , 



Evacuation of Fort Erie. 



How begun. 
Forces engaged. 
Commanders. 
Result. 
How begun. 
Commanders. 
Forces engaged. 
Miller's act. 
Result. 



Campaign 
against Wash- 
mgton and Bal- 
timore. 



By whom conducted. 
When Washington was captured. 
Excesses of the captors. 
Destruction of buildings. 
Forces against Baltimore. 
Events with the land force. 

Name of fort. 



Bombardment 



Length of attack. 
Result. 
Star-Spangled Banner. 



Jackson's campaign against the Creeks. 
His campaign against the British in Florida. 



British invasion 
of New York. 



Treaty of Peace. 



1815. Battle of New 
Orleans. 



By way of Lake Champlain. 
Commanders on the Lake. 
- Battle in Plattsburg Bay. 
Operations on the land. 
Result and effect. 

Where and when made. 
Names of Peace Commissioners. 
Terms of the treaty. 
Defects of the treaty. 

When. 

Commanders. 
(, Result. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Cause of the War, 



War with Mexico. 

r Annexation of Texas, 
- Invasion of territory, 
I, Mexico's claim to territory. 



Taylor's 

Campaign. 



Battles of Palo Alto and 
Resaca de la Palma. 



When, 

Where, 

Forces engaged, 

Incidents, 

Results. 



Taylor takes possession of Matamoras. 
Taylor captures the city of Monterey. 
When, 



Battle of Buena Vista. . 



Where, 

Commanders, 

How begun, 

Taylor never surrenders, 

Result. 



Scott's Campaign. 



Battle of Cerro Gordo 



How, when, and where he reached Mexico. 

Capture of Vera Cruz. 

f When, 
Where, 
Commanders, 
Incidents, 
Result. 

Occujjation of the city of Jalapa. 

Operations around the City of Mexico. 

The city entered by Scott's army. 



Overland expeditions. 
Operations ou the Pacific coast. 



Treaty of Peace. 



( Where made, 
-j When made, 
I Its terms. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Great Civil War. 



Cause of the War. 



Its ttrst military contest. 



First Battle of Bull Ruu . . 



Capture of Fort Henry 
and Fort Donelson. 



Battle of Shiloh 



Capture of Island No. 10. 



Capture of New Orleans. 



Siege of Vicksburg - 



' Near what city. 

Name of the fort. 

Commanders. 

Length of contest. 
I- Result and effect. 

When and where. 

How begun. 

Commanders. 
. Result and effect. 

Where and when. 

Importance of the forts. 

By whom defended. 

By whom attacked. 

Incidents and result. 

When and where. 

Commanders first day. 

Result first day. 

Reinforcements. 

Commanders second day. 

Final result, and effect. 

Union commander. 
His forces engaged. 
How he proceeded. 
Forces opposed to him. 
The contest and result. 
Union commander in the city 

Location of Vicksburg. 
Commander of its defenses. 
Union commander. 
Incidents of the siege. 
When ended and result. 
Surrender of Port Hudson. 



The war in Missouri. 

McClellan's campaign against Riclimond. 

Rattle between the two iron ships. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Lee's first invasion 
of the North. 



Second Battle of Bull J 
Run. I 

Battle of South Mountain. 
Cai>ture of Harper's Ferry. 



When, where. 
Commanders. 
Result. 



Battle of Antietam 



^ When, where. 
1 Commanders. 

Result. 

Lee's Retreat. 



Battle of Freder- 
icksburg. 



When and where. 
Union commander. 
His object. 

Confederate commander. 
L Result. 



Emancipation Proclamation. 



Battle of Chanccl- 
lorsville. 



Where and when. 
Union Commander. 
His object. 

Confederate commanders. 
Result. 



Lee's second inva- 
sion of the North. 



Battle of Gettv.sburij 



Where and when. 
Commanders. 
Result. 

Importance of result, 
- Lincoln's speech. 



Contest in Tennes- 
see and Georgia. 



Battles of Chickamauga 
and Chattanooga. 



Where and when. 

Commanders. 

Incidents. 

Distinguished officers. 

Result. 

Its importance. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



m 



Sherman's Campaiffn 



Union victories at Franklin and Nash- 
ville. 



f From what place started- 

At what time. 

Its first object. 

Battles. 
I Capture of Atlanta 

Fate of the city. 
■{ March to the Sea. 

Incidents of the march 

Fort McAllister. 

Capture of Savannah. 

Capture of Cohunbia. 

Capture of Charlestoa 
(^ Northward march. 

When, 
Where, 
I Commanders. 



Battle between the Kearsaraje and the 
Alabama. 



Previous history of the Alabama. 
When and where did the battle take 

place. 
Incidents of the battle. 
Result and consequence. 
The Alabama claims. 

Sheridan and Early in the Shenandoah Vallev. 

C When and how begun. 
Object of the campaign.. 

Grant's Campaign in Virginia •{ Battles and incidents. 

Petersburg, Richmond. 
(. Appomattox Court-House 
Closing events of the war. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assemUed, July 4th, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God en- 
title them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That 
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in 
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and 
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab- 
lished, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, 
accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a 
design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is 
their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of 
these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 



Appendix. 



tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world : 

lie has refused his assent to laws the most wliolesome and necessary 
for the public good.* 

lie has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till liis assent sliould be 
obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them.f 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of represen- 
tation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. % 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures, g 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. || 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remain- 
ing, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within.Tf 



* That is, laws passed by tlie Colonial Ai^semblies, in relation to commerce, finance, 
etc. 

+ Some of the Provincial governors endeavored to conciliate the Indian tribes by 
treaties of alliance and other measures ; but the king, fearing that the colonists would 
thus acquire too much strength, and be less dependent upon the British crown, in- 
structed the governors to desist from all such measures till his consent should be 
given ; and failed subsequently to give such consent. 

X In 1774. a bill was passed which took the government of Massachusetts out of the 
hands of the people, vesting the nomination of judges, etc., in the crown. It also 
abridged the privilei;e of popular election. The people then demanded the passage of 
laws for the " accommodation of large districts of people,'" but were told that they must 
first " relinquish the right of representation in the legislature." 

§ This has reference to the passage of the Boston Port Bill, by which the Custom- 
Ilouse, Courts, etc., were removed to Salem ; while the public records were kept at 
Boston. 

II The Colonial Assembly of Massachusetts, in 1768, invited by circular the other 
Assemblies to join it in opposing the urgent measures of Great Britain, and was dis- 
solved for so doing. Other Assemblies were dissolved for similar reasons, and in the 
same arbitrary manner. 

t This was the case in regard to the Assemblies of New York and Massachusetts, 
which were dijsolved by royal authority, and not permitted to reassemble for several 
months, the States in the mean time being in great peril of " invasion from without, and 
convulsions within." 



Appendix. 3 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that 
purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refus- 
ing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the 
conditions of new appropriations of lands.* 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers.f 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. :}: 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. § 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures.! 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. TI 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : ** 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; f f 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States 'fXX 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; §§ 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; |||{ 



* The king dreaded the increasing power of the colonies, as well as the advance of 
democratic ideas in them. The German immigration was especially checked by ob- 
stacles and discouragements. 

t By the act of 1774, Massachusetts was deprived of its own judiciary, the judges 
being appointed by the king. 

t The salaries of the judges were paid under the royal authority, from moneys 
obtained from the people. 

§ The passage of the Stamp Act, and the other similar acts, gave rise to the appoint- 
ment of swarms of tax-collectors, etc. 

I! The armies employed in the French and Indian War were continued in the colonies 
after the treaty of 1763. 

H Thus General Gage, a military commander, was made governor of Massachusetts ; 
and the military were employed to enforce the Boston Port Bill. 

**The Board of Trade was created to act independently of colonial legislation, and 
almost absolute power was conferred on the king. 

tt Large forces were levied and sent over by vote of the English Parliament, to con- 
trol the inhabitants. 

$t In 1768, some mariners were tried in Annapolis, Md., for the murder of tw'o citizens, 
and in the face of clear proof of their guilt were acquitted. Similar instances occurred 
in other places. 

§§ Such had been the result of the Navigation Acts. The British navy was also 
employed to break up the colonial trade with the French and Spanish West Indies. 

UB Such as the Stamp duties, the tax on paper, painters' colors, tea, etc. 



4 Appendix. 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury ; * 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; f 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; X 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; § 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
vested with power to legislate for us in all cases wliatsoever. || 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us.lf 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people.** 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation, f f 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become tlie executioners of 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. |t 

* In trials for violation of the revenue laws, under the Commissioners of Customs, 
the accused were not allowed the benefit of a jury. 

t Persons charged with riot, resistance to tiic magistrates, might, by a law passed in 
1774, be transported to Great Britain or other places for trial. 

+ The law of 1774 (referred to on p. 159) abolished tlie popular legislature in Canada, 
and appointed royal offlcers to make laws for the province, except to raise taxes. 
This gave the British a firm hold of Canada, and enabled them to use it to advantage 
against the colonies during the Revolution: hence the efforts of Congress to gain pos- 
session of that province in 1775. 

§ This was done in the case of the judiciary of Massachusetts, already referred to. 
Other officers besides judges were made dependent on the crown, in opposition to the 
chartered rights < if the people. 

II After the dissolution of the colonial legislatures, before mentioned, several of the 
governors presumed to legislate arbitrarily for the colonies, giving to their proclama- 
tions the force of laws. 

T The king, in 1775, declared the colonies in open rebellion ; and he sanctioned the 
acts of the governors in employing Indian warfare against them. lie also employed 
German mercenaries to war against them. In these acts he abdicated the proper func- 
tions of government, and placed the colonies beyond the pale of his protection. 

** These acts were performed by the naval commanders. Charlestown was burned 
by the British fleet. 

tt This is covered, in a general way, in the article already referred to. 
XX The crews of American ships captured by the British, were, by Act of Parlia- 
ment, treated not as prisoners of -war. but as claveny and were impressed into the king's 
service. 






Appendix. 5 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.* 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in 
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every 
act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned tliem, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
tisurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and cor- 
respondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- 
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, 
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our 
fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the 
following meinl)ers : JOHN HANCOCK. 



* Dunmore. in Virginia, endeavored to excite the slaves to rise against their mas- 
ters. The Indians were, under instructions from the British ministry, instigated by 
several of the colonial governors to attack the colonists. Dreadful massacres were the 
consequence. 

The Declaration was signed by the president (John Hancock) and secretary of Con- 
gress, and so pnblished. The other signatures were afterward appended. 



Appendix. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachmelts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adanif', 
Robert Treat Paine, 
El bridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Slierman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Netv York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 



Thomas Stone, 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

Mrginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hey ward, Jr., 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA. 



Steps that led to the Union of the Colonies. — In 1643, four of 
the New England colonies united to protect themselves against the hos- 
tility of the Indians, Dutch, and French. More than a hundred years 
later, delegates from the seven colonies north of the Potomac met at 
Albany, N. Y. (1754). Their object was to make a treaty with the Six 
Nations of Indians, also to agree upon some concert of action against the 
inroads of the French. A plan for a union of all the colonies, proposed 
by Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, was accepted, but, 
being submitted to them and to the king, was rejected. The colonies 
thought it gave too much power to the king; the king thought it gave 
too much power to the colonies. 

The Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, was followed the same 



Appendix. 7 

year by a Congress in the city of New York, in which nine of the col- 
onies were represented. A Declaration of Rights was adopted, and 
appeals were made to king and Parliament. The wrong measures of 
Parliament, particularly the claim of the right to tax the colonies, were 
followed in 1774 by what is known as the First Continental Congress, in 
which all the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. Philadelphia 
was the meeting place. As before, a Declaration of Rights was adopted, 
and a petition was sent to the king. No redress coming from England, 
but, instead, regiments of the king's troops to overawe the colonists, the 
Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. All the colonies 
being represented, the title of The Thirteen United Colonies began to 
be used (Sept., 1775) ; and ten months later (July 4, 1776), they were 
declared to be The Thirteen United States of America. 

Colonial Forms of Government. — Up to this time the colonies had 
not been ruled alike. When they threw off the king's yoke. New Hamp- 
shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
and Georgia were under the control of governors appointed by the king, 
who did their royal master's bidding. This kind of government was 
called provincial or royal. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, 
having been granted to persons called proprietors, were under proprie- 
tary rule. To Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had been 
given charters which secured to them certain political rights, hence they 
were under charter rule. 

Articles of Confederation. — The Declaration of Independence made 
the colonies States. Eight days after, a committee of Congress reported 
a draft of Ax-ticles of Confederation for the government of the thirteen 
States. These were discussed and amended, but not ajjproved before 
November of the following year (1777), when they were submitted to the 
States for ratification. They could not go into effect without the ap- 
proval of every State. Maryland was the last to meet the requirement, 
and when her delegates signed the Articles, March 1st, 1781, the Confed- 
eracy was complete. 

Defects of the Articles. — The war had been carried on already 
nearly six years. The Articles, it had been expected, would give to 
Congress the necessary power to procure all the money needed to carry 
on the war with vigor. They did not, nor did they give Congress power 
to regulate commerce, or even to punish law-breaking. Several years 
passed, the war was over, when delegates from all the States except 
Rhode Island met in Philadelphia to so alter the Articles as to remove 
their great defects. Discussion soon proved that it would be far better 
to reject the Articles entirely, and in their place adopt something very 
24 



8 Appendix. 

difEerent. The result was the Constitution of the United States, the 
same, with amemlmeiits made in after years, that we now have. 

Adoption of the Constitution. — The Constitution, completed by 
its framers on the 17th of September, 17^7, was at once submitted to the 
States for ratification, the approval of nine States being necessary before 
it could go into operation. It met with stout opposition. Its friends, 
the friends of a strong federal government, were called Federalists. Its 
opponents, unwilling to take certain great powers from the States and 
give them to the general government, were called Anti-Federalists. 
Three of the States, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, adopted 
the Constitution before the end of the year. All the others. North 
Carolina and Rhode Island excepted, adopted it the next year. 

First Congress under the Constitution. — The Second Continental 
Congress, tliough changed from time to time in its membership since its 
first session fourteen years before, was still in existence. After nine 
States had adopted the Constitution, this old Congress ordered an election 
for President and Vice-President, and for members of a new Congress; 
and decided that its own existence should end on the 4th of March, 1789. 
On that day the new Congress ought to have met, but a quorum of its 
members had not arrived. A quorum at length appearing, the electoral 
votes were counted. Washington had received every vote. He was 
declared the President elect. John Adams had received a sufficient 
number to entitle him to the next place. He was declared the Vice- 
President elect. On the 30th of April, 1789, in the city of New Yoi-k, 
Washington was inaugurated. 

The Constitution was Adopted as Follows by: 

Delaware Dec. 7,1787 Maryland April 28, 1788 

Pennsylvania Dec. 12,1787 South Carolina May 23, 1788 

New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787 New Hampshire June 21, 1788 

Georgia Jan. 2,1788 Virginia June 26, 1788 

Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 New York July 26, 1788 

Massachusetts Feb. 6,1788 North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789 

Rhode Island May 29, 1790 



" The inauguration of Washington wa.^ delayed for several days by a question which 
had arisen as to the title by which the President elect was to be addressed. The ques- 
tion had been mooted without Washington's privity, and contrary to his desire, as he 
feared that any title uiight awaken the sensitive jealousy of liepublicans at a moment 
when it was all-importunt to conciliate public good will to the new form of goveinment. 
It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was finally resolved that the address should be 
simply 'the President of the United States.' " — Irving's Life of Washington. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



Preamble. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department. 
Section L Congress in General. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Preamble.— What gives to the Constitution of the United States its supreme impor- 
tance ? Ans. It is tlie foundation law of the United States : no other law can come in 
conflict with it. By whom was it ordained and established ? How is that true ? Ans. 
The men who framed the Constitution, and those wlio voted to adopt it in the State 
legislatures, represented the people. What do we learn from its Preamble ? How many 
and what purposes are named ? What may we therefore infer as respects the discarded 
Articles of Confederation ? 

How many and what are the most common forms of government in the world ? 
Ans. Three : the monarchic, in which the supreme power is in one person ; the aristo- 
cratic, in which the supreme power is in a few persons ; and the democratic, in which 
the supreme power is in the people. Under which form do we live ? Is ours a perfect 
or pure democracy ? Wliy not ? Ans. All the people do not meet in one assembly to 
make and execute the laws. What particular form of government is ours ? Aiu. It is 
called a democratic-republic, the supreme power being in the hands of persons chosen 
by the people. By what name is our government commonly called ? Ans. The Federal 
Government. Why is it so called ? Ans. Because several States are federated or united 
into one union under it. By how many and what great departments is the Federal Gov- 
ernment carried on ? Ans. Three : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 
What are their duties? Ans. The legislative department makes the laws, the executive 
puts them into execution, and the judicial decides cases in dispute under them : the 
Articles of Confederation had no executive or judicial departments. 

ARTICLE I.— Sec. I. By what name do we call the legislative department of the 
United States ? Of how many and what parts does it consist ? Whom do they repre- 
sent? Ans. Both represent the people; the Senate in addition represents the States. 
Are we in the habit of saying the Senate and the House of Representatives when speak- 
ing of the two bodies ? Ans. We oftener say the Senate and the House. What is the 
object of having two houses rather than one? Ans. To prevent hasty legislation. Of 
how many houses did Congress consist under the Articles of Confederation? Ans. 
Only one. 



10 Appendix. 

Section II. House of Representatives. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, 
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2d Cluuse. No person shall be a Representative who shall not liave 
attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Zd Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several States vvliich may be included within this Union, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by add- 
ing to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- 
vice for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths 
of all other persons. (See Article XIV". of the Amendments.) The 
actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meet- 
ing of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
sand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 
entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six. New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 
Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 



Sec. II. — \st Clause. Of whom is the House of Representatives composed ? What 
do you understand by an elector ? What qualifications give him the right to vote for a 
member of the House ? 

2(i Clause. What three qualifications must a Representative possess ? 

Zd Clause. How were Representatives apportioned before the Constitution was 
amended ? By what rule was the apportionment then determined 1 State, again, who 
were and who were not included. What was meant by "all other persons'"? Ans. 
Slaves. How do you understand the count as regards the slaves? Ans. Five of them 
counted as three free men. Why was that so arranged? Ans. Though slave-owners 
called their slaves " property," ihcy were unwilling to lose representation in Congress : 
the three-fifth arrangement was a compromise. Is that now the law ? (See the 14th 
Amendment.) Wliat change did the 14th Amendment effect? When was the first 
census taken ? The second ? How often is the census taken ? When will the next be 
taken ? With what objects is it taken ? How does the census, as last taken, help the 
people ? Can a State be deprived of representation in the lower house of Congress ? 
What is the exact law on that i)oint ? How many members were in the first House ? 
Which State sent the largest number ? Which the smallest ? How many members are 
in the present House ? 



Appendix. 11 

4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

5ih Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker 
and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section III. The Senate. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the 
expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of 
the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and 
if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then 
fill such vacancies. 

3d Clause. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 
to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

Ath Clause. The Vice-President of the United States shall be presi- 

4th Clause. In what manner are vacancies in the House filled ? 

bth Clause. How does the House get its presiding officer? By what title is he 
known ? Ans. The Speaker. What are his duties ? What sole power does the House 
possess ? What is meant by impeachment ? Ans. The act of accusing an officer of mis- 
conduct in office. Who are subject to impeachment ? Ans. The President, the Vice- 
President, and all civil officers of the government. What notable impeachment case can 
you recall ? (History, p. 329.) 

Sec. III. — \st Clause. How many members compose the present United State? 
Senate ? How do you know that ? Who sent them to the Senate ? For how long are 
they sent ? How does the process of choosing a Senator differ from the process of 
choosing a Representative ? What difference is there in their terms of office ? What 
right has a Senator as respects voting ? 

2d Clause. Did every Senator chosen for the first Congress serve six years ? Ex- 
plain what was done, and give the reason. How are vacancies in the Senate filled ? 
Explain how the Senate is a continuous body. 

Zd Clause. W^hat is required as to the age of a Senator ? His citizenship ? His resi- 
dence ? How do these requirements compare with those for a Representative f Why 
should they be greater in one case than in the other ? 

Ath Clause. What connection has the Vice-President of the United States with Con- 
gress ? When may he vote ? 



12 Appendix, 

dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
divided. 

^th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a pi'esident pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he 
.shall exei'cise the office of President of the United States. 

Wi Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all inipeach- 
uients. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or 
affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief- 
justice shall preside; and no person sliall be convicted without the con- 
currence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Tfh Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
enjoy any office of honor-, trust, or profit under the United States ; but 
the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indict- 
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section IV. Both Souses. 

1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of liolding elections for 
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. The Houses Separately. 
1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 

hth Clause. Has he a right to vote in the Senate when he acts as President of the 
United States ? Who then tal<es his place in the Senate ? How long can the Senate's 
presiding officer, so elected, occupy the place ? Aiis. He may be removed any time by a 
vote ol' the Senators. Now state how under three difEerent circumstances the presiding 
officer of the Senate is elected. 

Uh Clause. What is the Senate's position respecting impeachment ? What prelimi- 
nary act must the Senators perform ? How many votes are necessary to a conviction 1 
How is the Senate organized when the President of the United States is on trial ? (His- 
tory, p. 329). 

"Uh Clame. What punishment maybe inflicted by the Senate in impeachment cases ? 
What further punishment may be inflicted ? 

Sec. IV.— Lf/ Clau.te. How is the power of Congress limited in the matter of choos- 
ing Senators ? Wiiat has Congress done in respect to the election of Representatives ? 
Atu. The election is now by districts in every State and Territory on the first Tuesday 
after the first Monday in November of every " even year." 

2d Clause. How often must Congress meet ? On what particular day ? What is 
said about changing the day ? 

Sec. v.- 1«< Clauce. Of what is each House the judge as respects its members ? 



Appendix. 13 

and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
absent members, in such manner and undei- such penalties as each house 
may provide. 

2d Clause. Bach house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a member. 

M Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their 
judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

Uh Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section VI. Privileges and DisahiliHes of Members. 

\st Clause. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2d Clause. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 

How many members are a quorum ? What power does a quorum possess ? What two 
things may a less number do ? What is the difference between a plurality and a 
majority ? 

'id Clause. What power does each House possess over its rules and members ? 

3d ClauM. What is the duty of each house as respects its journal and vote of its 
members ? 

Ath Clause. What restriction is imposed respecting adjournment ? 

Sec. VI.— 1*'< Clause. What pay does a member of Congress receive ? Ans. $5,000 a 
year ; he also receives mileage, that is, a certain sum per mile for his travelling expenses 
to and from Congress. Who pays him ? What special privileges has he ? In what 
cases has he no such privileges ? What is treason ? (See Art III., Sec. III.) What is 
felony? Why have members of Congress those privileges ? Ans. That the people who 
elected them may not be deprived of their services. How far are they responsible for 
what they say in Congress ? Why is this ? Ans. That they may be perfectly free to 
say what they think ought to be said. 

2«i Clause. How are they shut out from other office ? What check is imposed upon 
national office-holders ? 



14 Appendix. 

of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person 
holding any otfice under the United States, shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws. 

1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represen- 
tatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten days (Sun<lays excepted) after 
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
ner as if he had signed it, iinless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence 

Sec. VII.— 1^«< Clause. May a revenue bill be started in the Senate ? What is the 
law on the subject ? Why is this so ? Ans. Because the House represents the people 
more directly. What control hiis the Senate over revenue bills ? Wliat is meant by 
revenue bills ? 

2d Clause. After a bill has been passed bj' Congress, what is done with it at once ? 
Why is it sent to him ? Is he compelled to sign it ? How does his signature affect the 
bill ? Can a bill become a law without his signature ? Name the two events. If the 
President returns a bill to Congress with his objection, what is the act called ? Ans. A 
veto. If he permits it to die after the adjournment of Congress without act on his part, 
what is his course called ? Ans. A pocket veto. Now state the difference between 
a veto and a pocket veto. Describe the proceedings of Congress when a vetoed bill is 
considered. State fully the three ways in which laws are made. In what ways may 
bills passed by Congress fail to become law ? Which has the higher authority, the Con- 
stitution or the laws enncted by Congress? Why ? 

Zd Clauxe. What papers of Congress besides law bills are sent to the President ? 
What further is done with them? Why should such papers be sent to the President ? 
Ans. To prevent \vrong legislation : Congress might pass a law calling it an order, 
resolution, or vote, and so put it beyond danger of being vetoed. What act of Congress 
need not be referred to the President for his approval ? 



Appendix. 15 

of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on 
a question of adjournment) sliall be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved 
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section VIII, Poivers granted to Congress. 

The Congress shall have power — 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to 
pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare 
of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

'6d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Alh Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of for- 
eign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

Sec. VIII.— 1.«< Clause. What is a tax ? Ans. A duty laid hy the government, for 
its use, on persons, or on the property or income of persons. Why are the words 
taxes, duties, iinpmts, and excises used in the Constitution ? Ans. To cover all the 
usual methods of taxation. What power has Congress in this matter? How many 
kinds of taxes are there? Ans. Two ; direct and indirect. What do we commonly 
mean when we use the word taxes ? Ans. Direct taxes, such as are laid on persons, 
the same being called poll-taxes, and on property and incomes. Duties? Ans. Indirect 
taxes, meaning such as are laid on goods imported or exported. (See Sec. IX., 5ih clause.) 
Imports ? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. Excises ? Ans. Taxes on goods pro- 
duced and used in this coui^try. How were taxes paid in Virginia in the early colonial 
times? (See p. 123.) How are taxes now imposed by the United States Government ? 

2d Clause. What power has Congress in respect to borrowing money ? 

3d Clause. In respect to regulating commerce ? 

4f/4 Clause. In respect to naturalization ? What is meant by naturalization. Ans. 
The act of giving to aliens the rights and privileges of citizens. Who are aliens? Who 
are citizens of the United States ? (See 14th Amendment, p. 30.) When may an alien 
become a citizen of our country ? Ans. After he has lived here five years. Now, state 
fully how a foreigner may become a citizen. What power has Congress in respect to 
bankruptcies ? What are bankruptcies ? Ans. Cases in which persons are not able to 
pay their debts ; by the action of a bankrupt law, a bankrupt, on giving up all his prop- 
erty to his creditors, is discharged from the payment of his debts. 

5th Clause. What power has Congress as to the coinage and value of money, and 
over foreign money ? How has Congress exercised this power ? Ans. In place of the 
awkward system of pounds, shillings, and pence, we now have in every part of our land 
the convenient decimal system of dollars and cents : no State can coin money. What 
Is a mint f Ans. The place where money is coined. Is coin the only money we have ? 



16 Appendix. 

Gth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and cun-ent coin of the United States ; 

7th Clause. To establish jjost-offices and post-roads ; 

8th Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries; 

9th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; 

10th Clatise. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas, and ofiEences against the law of nations ; 

lUh Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

\2th Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of 
money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

I'ith Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

\Uh Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
land and naval forces ; 

15/A Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

16</t Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 

Ans. United States notes, national bank notes, State bank bills, and other currency 
used in buying and selling come under the term money. What may Congress do in 
respect to weights and measures ? 

6<A Clause. What, in respect to counterfeiting ? 

7lh Clause. In respect to post-offices and post-roads ? What is a post-road ? Ans. 
One over which the mail is carried : by law all railroads are post-roads. 

%th Clause. In what way does Congress help science and useful arts ? What are 
the laws for that purpose called ? Ans. Copyright Laws and Patent Laws. How is an 
author encouraged ? Ans. A copyright gives him the sole right to print and sell his 
work in the United States for a period of twenty-eight years, at the end of which time 
he can have it continued fourteen years longer. How is an inventor encouraged ? 
Ans. His patent secures to him the sole right to make, use, or sell his invention in the 
United States for a period of seventeen years, and, if renewed, for the additional period 
of seven years. 

9th Clause. What may Congress do in respect to inferior courts ? 

10th Clause. Wliat is said about piracy, felony, and other offences ? What is 
piracy ? Ans. Robbery on the high seas. What is understood by the term high seas ? 
Ans. The ocean to low water-mark. 

Wth Clause. What is said about war, letters of marque, and captures ? What are 
letters of marque and reprisal ? Ans. Letters granted by the government during war, 
giving authority to the ships named in them to prey upon the enemy's conmierce : such 
ships, not belonging to the government, are called privateers. By whom is war 
declared ? 

12('A to \Wi Clause. What is said about armies and appropriations for them ? About 
a navy? Rules for army and navy? Employing the militia? Fitting and governing 
them? What is the ordinary way of securing men for both services? Ans. By volun- 
tary enlistments. When there is not a sufficient number, what may Congress do ? 



Appendix. 17 

militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
service of the United States, I'eserving to the States respectively the ap- 
pointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia accord- 
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

nth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all eases whatsoever, 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the 
government of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which 
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock- 
yards, and other needful buildings ; — and 

18^ ^ Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or 
in any department or officer thereof. 

Sectiox IX. Powers denied to the United States. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such iinportation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each person. 

Ans. Order a conscription or draft. What can you state of a draft made during the 
great Civil War ? (See the History, p. 319.) What wise restriction enables C'ongrtss to 
keep control of the armies ? What is meant by the militia ? Ans. Soldiers enrolled by 
State authority for service in emergencies only. To what extent does the power of 
Congress extend over the militia ? What rights are reserved to the States ? Who is 
the head of the army and navy ? (Art. IT., Sec. II., 1st Clause.) Did President Lincoln 
exercise such command during the Civil War ? Why not ? 

Vitfi Clause. What is the capital of the United States ? How is it located ? Where 
is the District of Columbia ? Why was it so named ? Ans. In honor of Christopher 
Columbus. Give its early history. Ans. At first it comprised two plots of land, one on 
the north side of the Potomac, that had been a part of Maryland, the other on the south 
side, that had been a part of Virginia ; Maryland ceded her part to the United States in 
1788 ; next year Virginia ceded her part. The District was then a square, each side of 
which was ten miles long ; in 1846, the part south of the Potomac was ceded back to 
Virginia. What large city is in the District ? What control has Congress over the 
District ? Over what places has Congress like authority ? Before government can 
acquire land in any of the States, what process is necessary to make the title good ? 

l%th Clause. What general law-making power does Congress possess? 

Sec. VS-.—lst Clause. What was meant in this clause by the term such persons .? 
Ans. Slaves. What was the object of the clause ? Ans. To put an end to the importa- 
tion of slaves. What did Congress do to give effect to it ? Ans Passed an act pro- 
hibiting the importation of slaves after the 1st of January, 1808 Was not this legisla- 
tion another compromise ? 



18 Appendix. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
may require it. 

3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in 
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be 
taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles export(,'d from 
any State. 

(ifh Clause. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- 
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 
vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

7th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in con- 
sequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
account of the receipts and expenditures of all pul)lic money shall be pub- 
lislicd from time to time. 

8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by tlie United States; 
and no person holding any office of jjrofit or trust under them, shall, 
without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

2fl Clause. What is the meaning of the term habeas corpus ? Ans. Yon may have 
the body. What says the Constitution on this subject ? What is eminently true of the 
writ ? Ans. It is the most famous in the law. What is its great object ? Ans. To 
bring to a speedy end illegal imprisonments of every kind. How does it operate ? 
Ans. Under it a person restrained of his liberty is taken before a court of justice, and if 
it is found that he is wrongly imprisoned, he is set free. When may a prisoner not 
be able to avail himself of the writ ? 

?>d Clause. What is said of a bill of attainder ? Of an «a; post facto\?i\\ ? What is 
a bill of attainder ? Ans. An act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, 
without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. What is an ex ^w.'.Y 
facto law ? Ans. A law that makes an act punishable which was not punishable before 
the law was passed. 

4t/i Clause. What is a capitation tax ? Ans. A poll-tax. How is Congress restricted 
in the matter of direct taxes ? 

5^/j Clause. In respect to export duties ? (See Sec. VIII., Ist Clause.) 

Wl Clause. In respect to port favoritism ? In respect to vessels bound from one 
State to another 1 

Wi Clause. What check is put upon payments of money ? What is required as 
respects receipts and expenditures '; 

8tA Clause. What is said about titles of nobility ? About presents to oflice-holders ? 
Why are these restrictions imposed? Ans. To prevent distinctions of rank such as 
exist in many countries, also undue foreign influence upon our officials. Under what 
circumstances miglit an oftice-holder accept a gift from a king, prince, or foreign power ? 



Appendix. 19 

Section X. Powers denied to the States. 

\st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills 
of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment 
cf debt ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay 
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- 
lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall 
be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

^d Clause. No State sliall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into 
any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. The Executive Department. 

Section I. President and Vice-President. 

1st Clause, The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 

United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 

four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same 

term, be elected as follows : 

Sec. yi.—\st Clause. How are the States restricted respecting treaties, alliance*", and 
confederations ? Respecting letters of marque and reprisal ? Coining mone}' ? Bills of 
credit? Legal tender for debt ? Bill of attainder ? Expostfac(o\&\\'»'i Obligation of 
contracts ? Title of nobility ? What are bills of credit ? Am. Notes issued as money. 

2d Clauss. What duties may a State lay on ^'oods ? Does not this interfere with 
the power of Congress ? (See Sec. VIII., 1st Clause.) "How burdensome are the State 
duties ? Aiis. Only sufficient to pay for the inspection of such commodities as flour and 
meat. What is the object of the State inspection laws ? Ans. To protect purchasers 
from deception. How may the abuse of this power be checked ? 

Zd Clause. What restriction is imposed upon the States in the matter of tonnage 
duty ? As to the keeping of troops? As to war ships? Agreements or compacts? 
War operations ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A duty on ships reckoned on the 
number of tons of freight they can carry. 

ART. II.— Sec. l.—\st Clause. Who is the chief executive officer of the United States ? 
What is the length of his term of office ? Can he serve only one term ? Ans. The 
Constitution does not limit the number of terms. Who was the first President of the 
United States? How many terms did he serve ? Why did he not serve longer ? (See 
History, p. 224.) What has been the eflect of his example ? Mention the Presidents 
who have served two terms each. (See Table.) One term. Who is now the President ? 
Who Vice-President ? How and when was the Vice-President elected ? Whose term is 
the longest, the President's, a Senator's, or a Representative's ? What is the difference ? 



20 Appendix. 

2d Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legisla- 
ture thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number 
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the 
Congress; but no Senator or Kepresentative, or person holding an oflice 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.* 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct 
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis- 
tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of ail persons voted 



* The former Method of Electing a President.— The original clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the President and Vice-President were to be 
elected, was repealed in 1804, and the twelfth amendment (as given above) was adopted 
in its place. By the original clause, the electors voted for two persons without naming 
their choice for the higher position, " the person having the greatest number of votes " 
being declared President, and the next, Vice-President. Washington, John Adams, and 
Jefferson (for first term) were so elected. 

2d Clause. What is the duty of the States in the matter of appointing electors ? 
How many electors are appointed ? W^hat do we understand as the meaning of the 
word appoint in this case ? Ans. At first, some of the State legislatures appointed or 
chose electors : now, by law of Congress, all the electors are elected by the people. 
When does the election take place ? Ans. On the Tuesday next after the first Monday 
of November, in all the States. Who are then elected ? Ans. The Presidential elect- 
ors. What persons cannot be such electors ? 

12th Amendment. — \st Clause. When do tlie Presidential electors meet ? Ans. On 
the first Wednesday of December. W^here? At what place in Kew York? Ans. 
Albany, the capital of the State. Describe their jjiocess of voting, for whom they vote, 
the lists ihey prepare, and how the lists are made valid and disposed of. What restric- 
tion is imposed upon the electors as to the two persons for whom they vote ? May the 
electors of one State, as Ohio, vote for two inliabhants of another State, as New York ? 
What docs tlie President of the Senate do with the electors' certificates? How, then, is 
the result ascertained ? When does the House of Representatives choose the President? 
How are tlie votes then taken, and how many Stales and votes are necessary to a 
choice ? What length of time is given the House for the purpose ? What follows in 
the event of the House making no choice ? When and why was the 12th Amendment to 
the Constitution adopted ? Ans. In 1804, to take the place of the original clause which 
compelled the electors to vote for two persons without naming their choice for either 
position : the one who received the largest number of votes, .such number being a ma- 
jority, was declared the President elect: the person who received the next largest, such 
number being a majority, was declared the Vice-President elect. AVhich of the Presi- 
dents were elected by the first method ? Ans. Washington, twice ; John Adams, once ; 
and Jefferson, once. Give the particulars of the two elections made by the House. 
(See the Hist. pp. 230, 266.) In what emergency can another such election occur f 



Appendix. 21 

for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the 
president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes sliall then be counted; 
the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
tliirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of 
the President. 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the two higliest numbei's on the list, the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds 
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. 

'id Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the oiiiee of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

Ath Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day 
shall be the same throughout the United States. 

tith Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of 
the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible 

2d Clause. Describe the manner of electing the Vice-President. 

Zd Clause. How do tlie qualifications for President and Vice-President compare ? 

Alh Clause. What may Congress do as to the time for choosing electors, and the 
electors' time for voting ? What uniformity as to the voting day must be observed ? 
What has Congress done in that respect ? (See above.) 

5th Clause. What are the three requisites to make a person eligible to the office of 
President ? How do they compare with those for Vice-President ? United States Sen- 
ator ? Representative ? Alexander Hamilton was born on one of the West India 
islands ; could he have been elected President ? Give the reason. 



22 Appendix. 

to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

Qth Clause. In ease of the removal of the President from office, or of 
liis death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the 
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what 
officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

1th Clause. The President shall, at stated times, receive for liis ser- 
vices a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which lie shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or alfirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section II. Powers of the President. 

Ist Clause. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, 
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require 
tlie opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in efich of the executive 

ftlh Clause. Wliat four causes are named, any one of which would be sufficient to 
vacate the office of President ? If there should happen to be no President or Vice- 
President, who would act as President ? Ang. The succession passes to and through 
the cabinet in the following order: 1. Secretary of State ; 2. Secretary of the Treasury ; 
^. Secretary of War ; 4. Attorney-rJeneral ; 5. Postmaster-General ; G. Secretary of tlie 
?favy ; and 7. Secretary of the Interior. How long would such officer continue to act ? 

Wi ClmiKe. What is said about the President's salary and his other gain ? What is 
liis salary ? Ans. $50,000 a year, together witli the use of the " White House " and its 
furniture. What is the Vice-President's salary ? Ans. $8,000 a year. 

9ith Clause. By what solemn obligation is the President bound ? Repeat it. 

Sec. II. — 1x1 Clause. What is the President's relation to the army and navy? To the 
State militia ? What may he require of the heads of departments ? Is he compelled to 
be governed by such opinions f What executive departments are referred to ? Ans. 
The seven established by Congress, namely : Of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the 
Post-Office, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agriculture ; the heads of these, with 
the Attorney-General, compose the President's Cabinet. By whom are these heads 
appointed ? .4//.s-. By the President, witli the advice and consent of the Senate. Why 
were those great departments created ? Ans. To aid the President in the performance 
of his duties. What power has the President in respect to reprieves and pardons ? 
What is the limit of his power t 



Appendix. 23 

departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest 
the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the 
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3cZ Clause. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section III. Duties of the President. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary oc- 
casions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive am- 
bassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 

Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 

2(/ Clause. By whom are treaties made ? Why are they made ? Arts. For peace, 
promotion of commerce, transportation of the mail, return of escaped criminals, and for 
other objects. Name some important treaties. (See pp. 287,288.) How are ambassa- 
dors appointed ? What other officers are in like manner appointed? How are inferior 
officers appointed ? Who are public ministers ? Ans. Officers sent to foreign courts to 
represent their government. Who are consuls ? 

id Clause. What may the President do as respects vacancies ? How long do such 
appointments hold ? 

Sec. III. What is the President's duty in respect to information and recommenda- 
tions for Congress ? To the reception of foreign ambassadors ? To the execution of 
the laws? To the granting of commissions? In what way does the President give 
information and advice to Congress ? Ans. By means of written messages. What was 
the previous practice ? Ans. Washington and John Adams read their messages in the 
presence of both houses of Congress. Jefferson commenced the practice of sending 
written messages. 

Sec. IV. What is meant by the term Civil Service? Ans. It includes all the persons 
25 



24 Ajjpendix. 

States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction 
of, treason, bribery, or other high ci-iraes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. The Judicial Department. 
Section I. The United States Courts. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more 
States; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of 
different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, 
and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

in the employ of the United States, except those in the army and navy. Senators, 
Bepresentatives, and Territorial Judges are also excepted. When must a civil officer 
be ri'moved from his position ? 

ART. III. — Sec. I. Which of the judicial courts is the highest in our land ? What 
other national courts have we ? Ans. Circuit Courts and District Courts. By whom 
were these courts established ? How lon<:; do the judges remain in office ? Can they 
not be removed in any event whatever ? (Art. II.. Sec. IV.) What is said about their 
compensation? Of how many judges does the Supreme Court consist? Ans. Nine, 
one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. What compensation do they get ? Ans. 
The Chief Justice gets $10,500 a year ; the others get $10,000 each. By whom are they 
appointed? (Art. II., Sec. II.) What can you state of the inferior courts ? Ans. The 
District Courts, of which there are about sixty, are the lowest in grade ; they hear the 
smaller cases : there are nine Circuit Courts. Appeals are taken from the District 
Courts to the Circuit Courts, and thence to the Supreme Court. What amendment has 
been made to the clause of the Constitution that we are considering ? Ans. The 
eleventh. Repeat it (page 30). 

Sec. II. \st Clause. To how many kinds of cases does the judicial power of United 
States Couits extend? Ans. Nine. Name them? What is admiralty jurisdiction? 
A71S. It belongs to cases arising at sea, or in connection with ships : piracy and collisions 
between ships come under this head. 



Appendix. 25 

2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

'id Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said 
crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any 
State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by 
law have directed. 

Section III. Treason. 

1st Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the 
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or 
forfeiture except during the life of the person littainted. 

ARTICLE IV. Miscellaneous Provisions. 

Section I. State Records. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, 
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress 
may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

2d Clause. In what cases does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction ? Ap- 
pellate jurisdiction ? Ans. But few cases have their beginning — original start— in the 
Supreme Court: most cases come from the Circuit Courts on appeal, hence the term 
appellate jurisdiction. 

3d Clause. How are impeachments tried ? (See before.) How are all other crimes 
tried ? What is required as to the place for trial ? 

Sec. m.—lst Clause. How is treason defined in the Constitution ? How is a person 
accused of treason tried ? (.See before.) What advantage respecting testimony does the 
accused have ? 

2d Clause. What is the punishment for treason ? Ans. Death, or, if the Court so 
decide, imprisonment and fine. What is meant by " No attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood " ? Ans. Guilty persons only shall be punished, not their 
innocent relatives. 

ART. IV.— Sec. I. How are a State's acts, records, and court proceedings treated 
outside the State ? Repeat the law. 



26 Appendix. 

Section II. Privileges of Citizens. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on 
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, l)e de- 
livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

'id Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be 
due. (See Article XIII. of the Amendments.) 

Section III. New States and Territories. 

1st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- 
tion of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two 
or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be 
so construed as to prejudice any (•hums of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Section IV. Guarantees to the States. 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a 
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when 
the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

Sec. U.—Ut Clause. To what State privileges are citizens of any State entitled ? 
What is the object of this provision ? Ang. That the citizens of every State may as 
citizens be on an equality in every part of the land. 

2(1 Clause. What is said about fugitives from justice ? 

3d Claiuie. Wliat can you say of ihis clause ? Ans. It referred to slaves : under its 
authority, a law for the capture of runaway slaves was passed in 1850. (See 13th Amend 
meut to the Constitution, p. 30.) 

Sbc. III.— 1.sY Clause. In what two ways shall not new States be formed ? Has not 
this provision been violated? (See the Histouv, p. 303.) Give the particulars of that 
case. How many States belong to the ITnion now ? 

2d Clause. What control has Congress over United States territory ? Over other 
United States property ? What other property is meant * 

Sec. IV. What guarantee is given respecting the State forma of government? 
What protection is each State entitled to ? 



Appendix. 27 

ARTICLE V. Powers of Amendment. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall 
be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when 
ratiiied by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by con- 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, Oath 
OF Office, Religious Test. 

1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be 
the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be 
bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the 
contrary notwithstanding. 

3d Clause. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and 
the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall 
be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ART. v. In how many and what ways may the first steps be taken to amend the 
Constitution ? In how many and what ways may iimendments be ratified ? Now state 
fully how the Constitution may be altered. How is a State protected in its Senate 
rights ? 

ART. Vl.—\st Clause. What old debts and engagements are referred to ? How 
were they protected ? 

2d Clause. Wliat is the supreme law of the land ? If a State law should be passed 
contrary to it, what duty is imposed upon judges ? What is the highest duty of every 
judge ? 

Sd Clause. By what act or form are judges so bound? What other officials are 
bound in like manner ? What is said about religious te^ts? What is the object of that 
provision ? Ans. To secure to every citizen the full enjoyment of religions liberty. 



28 Appendix. 

ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the establislinicnt of this Constitution between the States so ratifying 
the same. 



I 



AMENDMENTS, 

rnOPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BT THE H;GISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ART-ICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

Article I. Freedom of Religion. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press; or tlie right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. Rigid to Bear Arms. 
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of tlie people to keep and bear arms sludl not be infringed. 

Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Article IV. Search- Warrcmts. 
Tlie right of the peojjle to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 

ART. Vlf. If eight States only had ratified the Constitution, what would have been 
the conscquonct' ? What ratifications were necessary to its establishment ? 

AMENDMENTS. What binding force have amendments to the Constitution ? Ans. 
When accepted by three-fourths of the Stati s. they are binding on all. When were 
tlie first amendments made ? A?is. The first ten, in ITfll, the eleventh in 1798. What 
alterations did they effect? Ans. None : they only made more clear the rights of the 
people and the States. 

ART. I. What is made certain respecting religion and church worship ? Freedom 
of speech ? Of the press ? People's assemblages ? Eiglit of petition ? 

ART. II. The right to have and use arms ? Repeat the article. 

ART. III. The quartering of soldiers in private houses ? (See Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, Appendix p. 3.) 

ART. IV. Unreasonable searches and seizures? When only shall warrants issue f 
What is a search-warrant ? Ans. A paper issued by a court, directing a person's 
premises to be searched, usually for stolen goods. 



Appendix. 29 

oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. Trial for Crime. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article VI. Rights of Accused Persons. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article VII. Suits at Common Law. 

In suits at common law, where the value in conti'oversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otlierwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. Excessive Bail. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ART. V. What protection Is at first given to persons accused of infamous crimes ? 
Wlien may sucli protection be witliheld ? How many times may an accufcd person be 
tried ? What is the meaning of that ? Ans. After a person has been legally tried and 
acquitted on a criminal charge, he shall not be tried again on the same charge. When 
may a witness be excused from giving testimony? What protection is given to life, 
liberty, and property ? What is said about talcing private property '! By what term 
is such government right known ? Ans. The right of eminent domain. 

ART. VI. In respect to a jury, what are the rights of an accused person ? What 
information is he eutitled to ? What are his rights in respect to witnesses ? Respecting 
counsel for his defence ? 

ART. VII. In what civil cases is the right of trial by jury secured ? What is the 
eflfect. of a jury's verdict when reviewed in other courts 1 

ART. VIII. What is said about excessive bail ? Excessive fines ? Cruel and 



80 Appendix. 

Article IX. Rights Retained by the Feujjle. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by tlie people. 

Article X. Reserved Rights of the States. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the people. 

Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 
subjects of any foreign state. 

Article XIII. Slavery. 

Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party sliall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
diction. 

Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

Article XIV. 

Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject lo the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and 
of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of tlie United 
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property 
witliout due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdic-tion 
the equal protection of the laws. 

unusual punisliments ? What is meant by bail ? Aiis. Security for the prisoner's 
appearance in court. Why should not the hail be very large ? An/i. Innocent i)ersons, 
not being able to get large bail, might suffer long imprisonment. What rights belong 
to every citizen not a criminal ? 

ART. IX.-XII. What was the object of the !»tli .imendmcnt ? Is not the lOth a repe- 
tition in effect of the 9ih ? What is the meaning of the 11th ? (For the 12th, see p. 20.) 

ART. XIIL When was the 13ih adopted? Ans. In 18&4. What does it assert? 
How far did the force of Lincoln's famous i)rorlaniation extend ? (History, p. 344.) 

ART. XIV.- Sec. I. WTien was the 14th amendment adopted ? ^«,s. In 1868. What 
does it assert as to who are citizens ? As to laws respecting the rights of citizens ? As 
to their life, liberty, and property ? Their protection under the laws ? 



Appendix. 31 

Sec. II, Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of 
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right 
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive 
and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of represen- 
tation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such State. 

Sec. III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having 
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of 
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress 
may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- 
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in sujjpressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal 
and void. 

Sec. V. The Congress shall have power to enfoj-ce, by approjiriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Sec. II. How were Representatives in the lower House of Congress formerly appor- 
tioned ? (Art. I., Sec. II., 3d clause.) What is the present method ? What is the differ- 
ence between the two methods ? In what event shall the basis of representation be 
reduced? What persons did the Ist and 2d sections of this amendment particularly 
aim to help ? Am. Colored persons, including all formerly in slavery. What impor- 
tant end has in consequence been accomplished ? Ans. A citizen of the United States 
is a citizen of any State in which he may reside. Caste is abolished. 

Sec III. What disabilities are put upon insurgents and rebels ? Who are included 
among such great offenders ? How may they recover their former rights and standing ? 

Sec. IV. What is said about the validity of certain public debts ? What debts are 
meant ? What debts are declared to be illegal and void ? What particular claims can 
never be paid ? 



32 Appendix. 

Article XV. 

Section I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

ART. XV. When was the 15th ainendinent adopted ? An.^. In 1870. What does it 
declare ? What was its main purpose ? An-g:. 'I'o give to all colored men who are 
citizen's the unquestioned right to vote in the Stales in which they reside. Does the 
article declare positively that they sliall have that right under all circumstances ? Ans. 
No, but it puts them on the same footing with other citizens : if a State sliould adopt an 
educational, property, or other test, its law would exclude all tlie men in it, white as 
well as colored, who could not comply with the test. 

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. 

1. Mention two particulars in which a limited monarchy differs from a republic. 
8. What is the difference between a republic and a pure democracy ? 3. What is a 
nation ? 4. Why are laws necessary in socieiy ? 5. From what source does the United 
States Government derive its authority ? 0. Which has the higher authority, the Consti- 
tution of the United States or the laws passed by Congress, and why ? 7. Write the 
preamble of the Constitution. 8. Give the distincticm between the legislative and judi- 
cial departments of government. 9. Mention the three branches of the United States 
Government, and show why they should be separate and distinct. 10. Name the seven 
executive departments of the government that make up the President's Cabinet, stating 
how their heads are chosen, and for what length of time. 11. Give the conditions of 
eligibility to the Presidency in regard to age, citizenship, and time of residence in the 
United States. 12. Describe the usual process by which a person ii? elected President, 
and state by what other process he may be elected. 13. Mention the qualifications for a 
citizen entitled to vote for presidential electors, as to sex, age, residence, and character. 
14. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court appointed, how long do they 
hold office, what is their compensation, and how many are there ? 15. State how Con- 
gress is organized, for how long the Senators and Representatives are elected and by 
whom, what is their compensation, and how the jirosiding officer of each house is 
chosen. 16. Why is a Sen;Uor's term of otlice longer than a Representative's ? 17. 
Name the three clas.^es of persons who cannot vote for presidential electors, stating 
why. 18. In which house of Congress must hills for revenue origi late, and why was 
this provision made ? 19. Mem ion three ways in any one of which a bill passed by both 
houses may become law. 20. To what cases does the judicial powtr of the United 
States extend ? 21. Wliat powers are vested in the Prejident ? 22. Under what circum- 
stances is the general government authorized to interfere in the domestic concerns of a 
State ? 23. Explain how the Senate is a continuous body. 24. Name five personal rights 
guaranteed by the Constitution. 25. Explain the process by which treaties are made 
with other nations. 26. How war may be declared. 27. When does the official year of 
the government begin ? 28. Mention two prohibitions enjoined upon a State by the Con- 
Plitution, and two things which it guarantees to each State. 29. Explain the writ of 
haf)ea« <-orp!/.<. and give a case that will show its application. 30. State how the Constj- 
tation may be altered. 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. 







Settled. 








When. 


Where. 


By whom. 




1 


Virginia 


1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1682 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 
1660 
17(19 
1846 
1811 
1850 
1774 
1850 
1810 
1858 


Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor. . . 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 

Chowan River. . 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River. .. 
Philadelphia . . . 

Savannah 

Fort Dummer. . 
Boonesboro'. . . . 
Fort Loudon . . . 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Mobile 


English 

Dutch 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

Swedes 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

French 

French 

French 

French.. ... 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

Spaniards 

Spaniards 

English 

French 

Spaniards 

Americans . . 
Americans . . . 
Americans . . . 

English 

Americans . . . 
Americans . . . 
Americans . . . 


a 

^^ 

%.% 

' o 
eg] 

s. 

1791 ) 

1792 V 
1796) 
1803 
1812 1 
1816 (■ 
18171 
1818 
1819 1- 
1820 
1821 J 
1836) 
1837 i 
1845 
1845, 
1846 [■ 
1848) 
1850 
185S) 
1859 1 
1861) 

1863 1 

1864 1 
1867 
1876 




o 






3 
4 
5 


Massachusettf" 

New Hampshire 




fi 




3g 


8 


Rhode Island 


5." 
1 


9 
10 


North Carolina 

New Jersey 


5" 

B 


11 
12 

13 


South Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 


^ 


14 


Vermont 




15 


Kentucky 


Washington 


16 


Tennessee 


17 


Ohio 




18 


Louisiana 




11 


Indiana 


Madison. 


90 


Mississippi 




SI 


Illinois 




22 


Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arliansas 


Monroe. 


23 


Bristol 




24 

25 


St. Louis... . 
Arkansas Post . 

Detroit 

St. Augustine.. 

San Antonio 

Burlington 

Green Bay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 




2fi 




Jackson. 


27 


Florida 


Tyler. 


28 


Texas 




29 




Polk. 


30 
31 


Wisconsin 

California 




32 


Minnesota 




33 


Oregon 




34 
35 
36 


Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 


Leavenworth... 
Wheeling 


Lincoln. 


37 


Nebraska 


Bellevue 

Denver 


Johnson. 


38 


Colorado 


Grant. 


39 
40 
41 

42 
43 







Ohio.— In the case of every State except Ohio, Congress has passed a distinct and 
definite act of admission, or lias provided for an admission on the issue of a proclama- 
tion by the President. The people of Ohio elected delegates to a convention, by whom 
a Constitution was formed (1802), which, in January, 1803, was submitted to Congress for 
ratification ; and on the 19th of the following month the President approved the first act 
which recognized the new State. 



THE STATES. 

THE ORIGIN OF THEIR NAMES, AND THEIR PET NAMES. 



Virginia was so called by Queen Elizabeth because it was discovered 
during the reign of the virgin queen. (See the History, p. 48.) Its pop- 
ular name is the Old Dominion, the origin of which has not been deter- 
mined. It is also called the 3Iother of States, because from its extensive 
original domain a number of States were formed, in whole or in part. 
The name Mother of Presidents is likewise given to it, because so many of 
the early Presidents were born in it. 

New York. — The name was bestowed in compliment to the Duke of 
York (p. 89). This, the Empire State, is the most populous and the 
wealthiest in the Union. It is also known as the Excelsior State, the 
motto Excelsior being on its coat of arms. 

Massachusetts. — " The name probably arose from the name of a tribe 
of Indians formerly at Barnstable, or from two Indian words, mas, signi- 
fying an Indian arrow-head, and wetuset, a hill." Massachusetts, before 
the Revolution, was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony (p. 73), hence 
its popular name of the Bay State, or the Old Bay State. 

New Hampshire. — The province was named after the county in Eng- 
land, Hampshire, in which John Mason lived (p. 73). New Hampshire is 
known as the Granite State, its mountains being largely composed of 
granite. 

Connecticut. — This was the Indian name of the river, meaning the 
long river. Connecticut is often alluded to as the Laivd of Steady Habits, 
in allusion to the staid deportment of its inhabitants. Also, the Nutmeg 
State, ' ' the inhabitants of which have such a reputation for shrewdness 
that they have been jocosely accused of palming off wooden nutmegs on 
unsuspecting purchasers, instead of the genuine article." 

Maryland. — In the charter granted by Charles I. the province was 
named Terra Mari(B, Mary's Land, in honor of his wife, Henrietta Maria 
(p. 82). 

Rhode Island. — The island itself, says one authority, "was so called 
from a fancied resemblance to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean 
Sea." Another authority says that, in consequence of the reddish appear- 



Appendix. 35 

ance of the island, it "was soon known by the Dutch as Roode, or Red 
Island. From this is derived the name of the island and State." Rhode 
Island is called Little Rhody, it being the smallest of the States. 

Delaware. — This State takes its name from Lord De la Ware, one of 
the governors of Virginia (p. 56). It is sometimes called the Diamond 
State, from its small size and great importance. Also, the Blue Hen State, 
an officer in the war of the Revolution, commanding a Delaware regiment, 
having asserted that no fighting cock could be truly game whose mother 
M^as not a blue hen. 

North Carolina. — The name Carolina was given to the region in 
honor of King Charles {Carolus, in Latin) II. (p. 46). "When we hear any 
one speak of the Old North State we know that North Carolina is meant. 
It is also called the Turpentine State, immense quantities of turpentine 
being produced there. 

South Carolina is called the Palmetto State, ' ' from its arms, which 
contain a picture of a palmetto tree." 

New Jersey derived its name from the Island of Jersey (p. 90). The 
pet name applied to its people is the Jersey Blues. 

Pennsylvania. — The word means Penn's ivoods or Penn^s forest (p. 
94). Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State, " from its having been 
the central State of the Union at the time of the formation of the Consti- 
tution. If the names of the thirteen original States are arranged in the 
form of an arch, Pennsylvania will occupy the place of the keystone." 

Georgia. — The colony was so called in honor of the king, George II. 
(p. 104). Georgia has been spoken of as the Empire State of the South, 
but the term more properly belongs to Texas. 

Vermont. — When the French were in possession of the St. Lawrence 
Valley they called the Green Mountains Vermont, vert meaning green, 
and tnunt, mountain (p. 217). This is the Green Mountain State, and 
its male inhabitants are the Green Mountain Boys. 

Kentucky. — An Indian word, " signifying, " says J. H. Trumbull, "at 
the head of a river." The popular name of the State is the Corn-cracker 
State ; its inhabitants are often called Corn-crackers. 

Tennessee. — An Indian word signifying river of the big bend. Ten- 
nessee has been called the Volunteer State, from the fact that during the 
war of 1812, and the wars against the Seminoles, it furnished large num- 
bers of volunteer soldiers. 

Ohio. — An Indian word, meaning beautiful. Ohio is called the Buck- 
eye State, from the buckeye tree, which abounds there ; and its inhabit- 
ants are called Buckeyes. 

Louisiana was named in honor of Louis XIV., of France (p. 43). It 



36 Appendix. 

is called the Creole State, the descendants of the original French and 
Spanish settlers being a large part of the inhabitants. 

Indiana. — This name was first applied in 17(58 to a grant of land north 
of the Ohio River, which a company of traders obtained from the Indians. 
Indiana is known as the Hoosier State, and its inliabitants as Iloosiers. 
"The word is said to be a corruption of hiisher, formerly a common term 
for a bully throughout the West." 

Mississippi. — An Indian name, signifying the great and long river. 
Because of its numerous bayous or creeks, Mississippi is known as the 
Bayou State. 

Illinois. — The first part of tliis word, signifying ^ncn, is of Indian 
origin; the other part, ois, meaning tribe of men, is from the French. 
This State, in allusion to its wide-spread and beautiful prairies, is known 
as the Prairie State. 

Alabama. — An Indian word, said to signify here we rest. 

Maine. — Authors do not agree as to how Maine received its name. 
One writer says : " It was called the Main land, to distinguish it from the 
islands along the coast, which were valuable for fishing purposes." Var- 
ney, in his History of Maine, says : "In 1639 Gorges procured a royal 
grant of land extending from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec. The 
name of the territory under the new charter was changed to 3Iaine, in 
honor of the queen (Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.), whose patrimo- 
nial estate, as Princess of France, was the French province of 3Iayne." 
Maine is the Limiber State, the inhabitants being largely engaged in cut- 
ting and rafting lumber. 

Missouri. — Tliis Indian name, signifying muddy, was first applied to 
the river. 

Arkansas. — Kansas, an Indian word, signifies smoky water. The pre- 
fix ar {arc), meaning a bow, is French. Because of the number of bears 
that infested its forests, Arkansas is often called the Bear State. 

Michigan. — Trumbull says : " The word is Indian, signifying a weir 
for fish. '' Michigan is known as the Lake State, it bordering on four 
great lakes ; also as the Wolverine State, because of the great number of 
wolverines formerly abounding there. The inhabitants are sometimes 
designated as Wolvei-ines. 

Florida was discovered on Pascua Florida day, hence its name (p. 
30). Its pet name is the Peninsula State. 

Texas. — "The name was derived from a small tribe of Indians that 
inhabited a village called Tehas, meaning friendly." Another authority 
says that, " wlien the first Europeans landed on its shores, the Indians 
met them saying, Tekas, meaning welcome. By easy transition, Tekas 



Appendix. 37 

became Texas." Texas is called the Lo7ie Star State, the Texas flag, be- 
fore the admission of the State into the Union, having a single star. 

Iowa. — This, according to Trumbull, is " the French form of an In- 
dian word signifying the drowsy or the sleepy ones." Iowa is called the 
Ilawkeye State, after an Indian chief (note on p. 2(J2). 

Wisconsin. — This State takes its name from a tributary of the Missis- 
sippi discovered by Marquette, and called by him Masconsin {wild, rush- 
ing channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin, and finally to 
Wisconsin. Owing to the great number of badgers that were formerly in 
the State, it became known as the Badger State. 

California. — A romance was published in Spain, in 1510, in which 
the word California, applied to an imaginary island, for the first time oc- 
curs. Cortes had read the book, it is supposed, and when he sailed along 
the west coast of Mexico, in 1535, he called the country California. It 
has been suggested that the root of the word is Arabic, meaning caliph. 
California is known as the Golden State, it being the most important 
gold-producing region in the world. 

Minnesota. — This name is from two Indian words, signifying sJcy- 
colored water. The familiar appellation of Minnesota is the North Star 
State. 

Oregon. — "This name," says Trumbull, "comes from an Indian lan- 
guage, with which the traveler Carver had been for many years familiar, 
and it is the accurate translation into that language of the name by 
which, as Carver had reason for believing, the ' Great River of the West ' 
was designated by the tribes that lived near it." Owing to a peculiarity of 
the climate of Oregon — dry months in the summer and early autumn, and 
excessive rain in the winter — the State, particularly that portion lying 
west of the Cascade Mountains, has been called the Web-foot Country. 
The inhabitants are called Web-foots. 

Kansas. — An Indian word, signifying smoky water. The name Gar- 
den of the West is often given to this State. 

West Virginia. — West Virginia, because of its grand mountain 
scenery, is called the Switzerland of America. The term is also applied 
to New Hampshire. 

Nevada. — This State was named from the mountain range on the west 
of it, called the Sierra Nevada. The two words, Sierra Nevada, are Span- 
ish, the former meaning serrated or saw-toothed, the latter, snowy. 

Nebraska. — The word is of Indian origin, signifying shallow water. 
It was first applied to the Platte River, which runs through the State. 

Colorado. — This word is Spanish, meaning red or ruddy. Colorado 
is called the Centennial State (p. 383). 



88 



Appendix. 



THE PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



No. 


Presidents. 


Residence. 


Inaugurated. 


Vice-Presidents. 


1 


George Washington . . 


Virginia 


April 30, 


1789.. 


John Adams. 


9 


John Adams 


Massachusetts — 
Virginia 


March 4, 
March 4, 


1797.. 
180W 


Tliomas Jefferson. 


S 


Thomas Jefferson. . . . 


Aaron Burr. 






George Clinton. 


4 


James Madison 


Virginia 


.March 4, 


1809 -| 


George Clinton.* 






Elbridge Gerry.* 


^ 


James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 




Marcli 4, 
March 4, 


1817. . 
1825.. 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


e 


Massachusetts. .. 


John C. Calhoun. 


7 


Andrew Jackson 


Tennessee 


March 4, 


1829 -j 


John C. Calhoun. t 
Martin Van Buren. 


8 


Martin Van Buren 


New York 


March 4, 


1837.. 


Richard M. Joluison. 


P 


William H. Harrison * 
John Tyler 


Ohio 


March 4, 
April 6, 
March 4, 


1841.. 
1841 


John Tyler. 


10 




11 


James K. Polk 


Tennessee 


1845.. 


George M. Dallas. 


12 


Zachary Taylor* 


Louisiana 


March 5, 


1849. 


Millard Fillmore. 


13 


Millard Fillmore 


New York 


July 10, 


1850. . 




14 


Franklin Pierce 


New Hampshire. . 


Marcli 4, 


1853.. 


William R. King.* 


15 


James Buchanan 


Pennsylvania 


March 4, 


1857. . 


John C. Breckinridge. 


Ifi 


Abraham Lincoln* . . . 


Illimis 


March 4, 


imi\ 


Hannibal Hauiliii. 






Andrew Johnson. 


17 


Andrew Johnson 


Tennessee 


April 15, 


1805. 




18 


Ulysses S. Grant 




March 4, 


1809 ■] 


Schuyler Colfax. 






Henry Wilson.* 


19 


Rutherford B. Hayes. 
James A. Garfield*.. . 
Chester A. Arthur 


Ohio 


March 5, 
March 4, 
Sept. 20, 


1877.. 
1881.. 
188] . . 


William A Wheeler 


20 


Ohio 




21 


New York 




22 


Grover Cleveland 


New York 


March 4, 


1885.. 


Thomas A. Hendricks.* 


23 


Benjamin Harrison... 


Indiana 


March 4, 


1889.. 


Levi P. Morton. 


24 












25 












26 












27 













* Died iu office. 



t Resigned. 



Appendix. 



39 



THE PRESIDENTS. 



Names. 


When and 
where born. 


When and 
where died. 


Sobriquets. 


Washington. 


1732, Virginia 


1799, Virginia 


Father of his Country.' 


John Adams. 


1735, Massachusetts... 


1836, Massachusetts.... 


Colossus of Debate. 2 


Jefferson 


1743, Virginia 


1836, Virginia 


Sage of Monticello.3 


Madison 


1751, Virginia 


1836, Virginia 


Monroe 


1758, Virginia 


1831, New York City.. 




J. Q. Adams 


1767, Massachusetts.. . 


1858, Washington City. 


Old Man Eloquent."* 


Jackson 


1767, North Carolina. . 


1845, Tennessee 


Old Hickory.* 


Van Buren.. 


1783, New York 


1863, New York 


Sage of Kinderhook.' 


Harrison 


1773, Virginia 


1841, Washington City. 


Hero of Tippecanoe.^ 


Tyler 


1790, Virginia 


1862, Virginia 




Polk 


1795, North Carolina.. 


1849, Tennessee 


Young Hickory.!" 


Taylor 


1784, Virginia 


1850, Washington City. 


Old Rough and Ready." 


Fillmore .... 


1800, New York 


1874, New York 


2d Accidental Pres't.>» 


Pierce 


1804, New Hampshire. 


1869, New Hampshire. 




Buchanan... 


1791, Pennsylvania.... 


1868, Pennsylvania 


Bachelor President." 


Lincoln 


1809, Kentucky 


1865, Washington City. 


Honest Old Abe. 1* 


Johnson .... 


1808, North Carolina.. 


1875, Tennessee 


3d Accidental Pres't.i^ 


Grant 


1823, Ohio 


1885, New York 


Unconditional Surrender.'" 


Hayes 


1832, Ohio 




Garfield 


1831, Ohio 


1881, New Jersey 


Teacher President." 


Arthur 


1830, Vermont 


1886, New York City.. 


4th Accidental Pres't.'- 


Cleveland . . . 


1837, New Jersey 








1833, Ohio 




Hoosier President. 











1. See the History, p. 228.-2. Hist., p. 162.— 3. Hist., p. 240.^. Hist., p. 206.— 5. After 
his presidential term he was a member of Congress, where his eloquence in favor of the 
" right of petition " gained him the title. For a long time Congress refused to have 
read petitions for the abolition of slavery.— 6. So called by the soldiers under his com- 
mand in the second war with England. At first they said that he was as " tough as 
hickory."— 7. He was born and he died at Kinderhook, N. Y.— 8 Hist., p. 343.-9. Hist., 
p. 273 —10. It was said that he looked and acted like Old Hickory (Jackson).— 11. A 
term of affection applied to him by his soldiers in the Me.xican War (p. 282).— 12. Hist., p. 
283.— 13. He never was married.— 14. Hist., p. 398.— 15. Hist., p. 337.— 16. Hist., p 309. 
-17. Hist., p. 339.-18. Hist., p. aiO. 
26 



ACQUISITION OP TERRITORV. 

(See Map 8.) 

Original Territory. — The territorial limits of the United States at the 
close of the lve\olution extended to the Mississijjpi on the west and the 
great lakes on the north, but not to the Gulf of Mexico (p. 200). 

The Louisiana Purchase. — The first acquisition was a vast domain stretch- 
ing from the ^Iissi.-^sippi to the Rocky Mountains, purchased of France in 
1803 (p. 2'oS). All the present States of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Iowa, Nebraska, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, with the 
greater part of Minnesota and Kansas, and a small portion of Colorado 
and Wyoming, belonged to it. The part of Minnesota east of the Mis- 
sissippi belonged to the originid territory. 

Florida. — The second acquisition was Florida. This was made in 
1819-31, by purchase from Spain (p. 262). 

Oregon. — The region west of the Rocky Mountains, north of California, 
was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States and 
Great Britain. The claim of the United States had for its basis discov- 
ery, exploration, settlement, and a title acquired from Spain (p. 297). In 
1846 Great Britain abandoned her pretensions to all soutli of the 49th 
parallel (p. 298). This region, from that parallel to California, includes 
the States of Oregon and Wasliington, and the Territory of Idaho. 

Texas, California, etc. — Texas was acquired by annexation (p. 275), and 
the immense tract now belonging to the United States between that State 
and the Pacific, was afterward acquired from Mexico by conquest and pur- 
chase (pp. 280, 285). All the present States of California and Nevada, 
and the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, with such por- 
tion of Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming as was not included in the 
Louisiana Purchase, belonged to the region acquired by annexation, or by 
conquest and purchase, from Mexico. 

Alaska. — This territory, formerly known as Russian America, was pur- 
chased of Russia in 1867 (p. 829). 



Territory. 


Acquired. 


Extent 

in 
sq. m. 


Cost. 


Who was 
President. 


When. 


How. 


From 
whom. 


1. Original 

2. Louisiana 

3. Florida 

4. Texas 

5. Oregon 

6. California, Ne- ( 

vada, etc 1 

7. Gadsden Tract.. 

8. Alaska 


1783 
1803 
1819 
1815 

i 1789 
"j 1846 

1846 
1S48 
18.53 
1867 


Conquest... 

Purchase. . . 

Purchase. .. 

Annexat'n . 

Explorati'n, 
occ'p'ncy, 
etc . 

Conquest & 
purchase . 

Purchase... 

Purchase.. . 


England . 
France... 

Spain 

Texas 

[ 

j- Mexico. 

Mexico... 
Russia . . . 


833,744 

925,269 

59.268 

274,-356 

251,562 

636,760 

45,.535 
577,390 


(See p. 200.) 

$15,000,000 

5,000,000 

(See p. 262.) 

J (See p. 1 
1 297.) f 

$18,000,000 

10,000.000 
7,200,000 


Jefiferson. 
Monroe. 
Tyler, Polk. 

Washington 
to Polk. 

Polk. 

Pierce. 
.Tohnson. 









NOTES 



[The references refer to the pages of the history. '\ 

1. The City of Mexico, when Cortes entered it, in 1519 (p. 30), con 
tained about 60,000 iiouses and 500,000 inhabitants, and was supplied with 
pure water by means of "an aqueduct tliat was carried over hill and val- 
ley for several miles on huge buttresses of masonry." One of the houses, 
a palace of stone, was large enough to hold the entire army of the Span- 
ish conqueror. The most remarkable building was a religious temple, 
five stories high, coated with hewn stones. Its roof was a large area paved 
with uniform flat stones. On it were two great towers. The Mexicans 
were then very skilful in easting metals, engraving, carving, and weav- 
ing cotton cloth. They also made beautiful garments of the feathers of 
birds. From the curious little insect, the cochineal, they procured a rich 
crimson dye for their cotton fabrics. In their market-place in the city of 
Mexico, where their fairs were held every fifth day, were displayed 
bananas, maize, ornaments of gold, carved vases of gold and silver, ves- 
sels made of an alloy of tin and copper, knives and scissors of this alloy, 
sculptured images, utensils of earthenware, cups of painted wood, and 
many other things. Their traffic was carried on partly by barter and 
partly by money in the shape of quills filled with gold dust, of bits of tin, 
and bags of grain. It is not to be suj^posed that Cortes, with his Span- 
ish soldiers alone, conquered the Aztecs, the ruling Mexican power. He 
was aided by tribes of Indians who hated the Aztec rule. 

2. Montezuma (p. 30). — Pretending to be friendly, Cortes, with some of 
his officers, went to Montezuma's palace and treacherously made a cap- 
tive of him. The monarch was kept a prisoner seven months till his 
people, maddened by the wrongs to which they were subjected, rose 
against the Spaniards. Cortes thought that if the excited people could 
see their monarch, and hear his words advising them to disperse, the out- 
break would be brought to an end. Accordingly, Montezuma was in- 
duced to come out of his prison, and from its battlement address his 
subjects ; but his appeal in behalf of the white men maddened them still 



42 Notes, 

more. They threw stones at him, one of which strucii him on the head 
with so much force as to knock him senseless to the fioor. He was car- 
ried back to his prison apartment, but as he persisted in tearing o5 the 
bandages that were applied to his liead, and would take neither medicine 
nor food, he died after lingering a few days (June, 1520). 

3. King Charles (referred to on page 36) was crowned King of Spain, 
as Charles I., in 1516, and Emperor of Germany, as Charles V., in 1520. 
By the latter title he was generally known, even in Spain. On his 
mother's side, he was the grandson of Isabella (p. 21) ; on his father's 
side, of Maximilian, Emperor of Germany. He was the most powerful 
monarch of his time in Europe, his rule being over Germany, Austria, 
Spain, the Netherlands, and a boundless empire in America. He boasted 
that the sun never set on his dominions. Depressed by illness and dis- 
appointed in his plans, in 1556 he abdicated the throne of Germany and 
resigned all his kingdoms, to end his days in a monastery in Spain. 
There he died in 1558. Before his death he had all the ceremonies of his 
funeral performed, "he being, during the ceremonies," says Robertson, 
"in the coffin which had been prepared by his orders for his body after 
his death." 

4. Florida. — St. Augustine was captured by Drake in 1586, but he 
held it only a few days (p. 47). More than a hundred and fifty years 
later, the Spaniards of Florida being in the habit of giving shelter to 
runaway slaves from the English colonies, Oglethorpe tried to capture 
St. Augustine, but its garrison was strong and he was repulsed (p. 1051. 
In 176;J Florida was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, 
which the English had then recently taken. Soon after, the region was 
divided into East and West Florida, the Appalachicola River being 
the boundary between the two Floridas. A treaty made in 1783 re- 
turned the whole of the Florida region to the keeping of Spain, thus 
restoring to Spain the entire control of the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. 
By our treaty that year with Great Britain (p. 200), .the boundary between 
Florida and the United States began on the Mississippi River at the 31st 
degree of latitude, and ran eastward on that line of latitude to the Chat- 
tahoochee River (maps 4, 5), thence down that river to its junction with 
the Flint River, thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and 
thence down the St. Mary's to the Atlantic Ocean; and this boundary 
was confirmed by our treaty with Spain two years later. Under the 
treaty of 1803 (p. 233) the United States claimed the region west of the 
Perdido River (map, p. 263), also a large part of what is now the State of 
Texas, but by the treaty of 1819 (p. 262) the claim as regards Texas was 
abandoned. It has been asserted that Texas was then given up in ex- 



Notes. 43 



change for Florida, but we have seen that the United States paid $5,000,- 
000 for Florida (p, 261). 

5. Hudson and the Dutch Governors. — Hudson's explorations of New 
Netherhxnd (p. 62) were made for the Dutch East India Company. In 
1621, another company, the Dutch West India Company, was chartered 
by Holland, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indians and 
planting colonies in New Netherland. Peter Minuit, the first Governor 
of New Netherland appointed by this new company, was in office from 
1635 to 1631. It was during his administration that Manhattan Island 
was bought of the Indians (p. 03), and a large ship carrying thirty guns 
was built. Being deprived of his office, he went to Sweden, offered his 
services to the government there, and returned to America as the leader 
and guide of the Swedes in their movement to begin the colony of New 
Sweden (p. 63). The rule of Van Twiller, Minuit's successsor as Gov- 
ernor of New Netherland, lasted only four years. AVith him came 
"Dominie" Bogardus, the first clergyman in the colony. The Dutch 
called their clergymen "dominies." Bogardus did not like Van Twiller, 
whom he described as a " child of the devil." The rule of Van Twiller 
gave to our Washington Irving the opening chapters of his burlesque 
History of New York from the Beginning of the World, a satire that 
greatly offended the Dutch families of Irving's time. The third gov- 
ernor, William Kieft, waged war for two years against the Indians, dur- 
ing which sixteen hundred red men were killed and many homes of the 
whites were destroyed. Being removed from office, Kieft sailed for Hol- 
land on the ship Princess, carrying with him $160,000, which he had man- 
aged to gain by hard bargains. The money never bought for him as 
much as a pipe of tobacco. On the coast of Wales the Princess was 
dashed to pieces, and Kieft, with " Dominie " Bogardus, and eighty others, 
was drowned. Stuyvesant succeeded Kieft as governor. 

6. The Boundary Line between New Netherland and Connecticut, the 
treaty of 1050 (p. 64) said, should not approach the Hudson River nearer 
than ten miles. Massachusetts would not agree to this, because her 
charter extended her domain west to the Pacific Ocean. Connecticut 
obtaining a i-oyal charter afterward (p. 97), which also extended her 
limits to the Pacific (1662), repudiated the treaty made in 1650, and 
claimed not only all the land on the west of the colony as far as the Hud- 
son, but all Long Island as well. Under the grant to the Duke of York 
(p. 88), Long Island was declared to belong to New York, as was also the 
entire region as far east as the Connecticut River. So much of the re- 
gion as now belongs to Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont (p. 217) 
was afterwards given up by New York. When first seen by the Dutch, 



44 Notes. 



Long Island contained thirteen tribes of Indians. Dutch families began 
to make homes on it, at Brooklyn, as early as 1632. Eight years later 
a few English families went to tlie east end of the island (p. 90). 

7. New Hampshire's connection with Massachusetts (p. 72). — During the 
greater part of a hundred years New Hampshire was united with Massa- 
chusetts. The first iinion took place in 1042, by the voluntary act of the 
New Hampshire settlers. This was done because of the vexatious claims 
put forth hy the Eev. John Wheelright and others to New Hampshire lands. 
The connection continued until 1680, when by act of the king (Charles 
II.) it was dissolved, and New Hampshire was made a royal province, 
the first in New England (p. 97). Again and again, for a few years, 
New Hampshire was annexed to Massachusetts ; and, later, though the 
colony had a legislature of its own, it was under the same governor as 
Massachusetts, during a period of more than forty years, until 1741. 
Then a separate governor was appointed over each colony. 

8. Delaware, as granted to Penn, comprised the " three lower counties 
on the Delaware," embracing New Castle and twelve miles around it, 
with "the land to the south as far as the sea (p. 94)." In the diffi- 
culty of tracing the circle around New Castle (see map No. 2) was the 
origin of the work of Mason and Dixon (note, p. 264). For twenty years 
Delaware was governed as a part of Pennsylvania. Its people becoming 
dissatisfied with the connection, Penn granted them a legislative assem- 
bly of their own, but until the Revolution they were under the same 
governor as tbe people of Pennsylvania. (See note 23). 

9. The Tuscaroras, according to tradition, separated from the tribes 
of New York at an early period, and went to North Carolina (p. 107). 
There they became involved in hostilities with the white settlers, and in 
two battles lost about a thousand warriors. Most of the survivors made 
their way to New York, and were formally admitted as a sixth nation 
into the Iroquois league (1715). In the year 1887 four hundred and fifty 
of their descendants were living on their reservation in the State of 
New York. The other nations of the Iroquois were the Mohawks, the 
Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas (see map 1). 

10. Battle of Long Island (p. 164).— Washington had assigned to 
Greene the task of defending Long Island, and that general constructed 
a line of intrenchments and redoubts about a mile from what was then 
the village of Brooklyn. The main works were on a hill. This hill is 
now known as Port Greene. It is a part of Brooklyn's Washington 
Park. A few days before the battle (p. 164), Greene became ill of a rag- 
ing fever, and his place was at first given to Sullivan, and then, after 
the British had landed on the island, to Putnam. Putnam's rank was 



Notes. 45 



second to Washington's. Some writers have thought that if Putnam 
had fully understood Greene's plan of defence and been familiar with 
the surrounding country, he would not have been defeated. Bancroft 
says that " the extent of the disaster was due to the incapacity of 
Putnam." The battle was a series of terrible skirmishes. Sullivan, 
after a combat of two hours, was taken j^risonei". General Stirling, com- 
monly known as Lord Stirling, commanding two regiments, one from 
Maryland, the other from Delaware, fought with obstinate bravery, but 
was compelled to surrender. 

11. Battle of Oriskany (p. 176). — "The patriots fell back to better 
ground, and renewed the fight against superior numbers. There was no 
chance for tactics in this battle of the wilderness. Small parties fought 
from behind trees or fallen logs ; or the white man, born on the banks of 
the Mohawk, wrestled single-handed with the Seneca warrior, like him- 
self the child of the soil. Herkimer was badly wounded below the knee, 
but he remained on the ground, giving orders to the end. The battle 
raged for at least an hour and a half, when the Americans repulsed their 
assailants. In the opinion of Washington, ' Herkimer first reversed the 
gloomy scene of the northern campaign.' Before Congress had decided 
how to manifest their gratitude, the hei'o of the Mohawk Valley died of 
his wound." — Bancroft. 

12. France and Franklin (p. 180). — In the summer of 1776, about 
$200,000 were contributed from the treasury of Prance for the patriots 
in America. Part of this money bought a cargo of powder, which was 
sent to Boston. Later in the year Congress selected Dr. Franklin, 
Arthur Lee, and Silas Deane to ask the French king for his alliance and 
support. Franklin reached France in December. On a house at Passy, 
then a suburb of Paris, in which he lived nine years, he put up the first 
lightning-rod in Europe. No other American was ever so popidar in 
France. At an entertainment given to him, " the most beautiful woman 
of three hundred was selected to place a crown of laurels upon the white 
head of the American philosopher, and two kisses upon his cheek." 
Thousands of medallions of him were made, which found ready purchas- 
ers. "Some were set in the lids of snuff-boxes, and some were so small 
as to be worn in rings." The money that Franklin's wonderful influence 
drew out of the king's treasury for his struggling country reached into 
millions of dollars. Unfortunately, the money was soon needed by 
France herself in her war with England, and in her terrible Revolution. 
That Revolution, indeed, may be regarded as " among the first fruits of 
the Revolution in America." The struggle of the Americans excited the 
admiration of the French, and the people of "Sunny France" also de- 



46 Notes. 

sired to be independent of kingly rule. One revolution began (p. 225) 
six years after the other ended (p. 200). 

13. The National Flag. — Before it was adopted (p. 180) the colonies in 
revolt against Great Britain used a variety of flags, on which, generally, 
were patriotic mottoes. It is not known what flag, if any, was hoisted 
by the patriots in the Battle of Bunker Hill. The armed vessels of Mas- 
sachusetts at one time used a " white flag with a green pine tree," and 
flags like it were for a time carried by national vessels. The first flag 
used by Washington in the war (p. 158) was like our present flag, except 
in place of the stars were the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. 
Esek Hopkins, commonly known as Admiral Hopkins, before he was ap- 
pointed to command the American fleet (Dec, 1775), displayed on a ship 
commanded by him a yellow flag on which was painted a rattlesnake in 
the attitude of striking, with the motto "Don't tread on me." The na- 
tional flag adopted in 1777 (p. 181) was, it is supposed, first carried across 
the Atlantic by Paul Jones (p. 187). In 1795 the flag was made to con- 
sist of 15 stripes and 15 stars, to correspond with the number of States (15) 
then in the Union. In 1818, Congress decided that the flag should have 
13 stripes, one for each of the 13 original States, and should also have as 
many stars as there were States in the Union, a new star being added 
on the 4th of July next succeeding the admission of each new State. 

14. Greene and Whitney. — After the surrender of Cornwallis (p. 199), 
Greene retired to a plantation in Georgia, which the State had presented 
to him as a mark of gratitude for his services during the war, but he 
lived to enjoy it less than a year. While Avalking one hot day in June 
(1786), he was prostrated by the heat. A few days later he died. His 
widow becoming acquainted with Eli Whitney, and seeing that the young 
man was sickly and needed rest, offered him an asylum in her Georgia home 
(p. 223). There Whitney made toys for the widow's children and an em- 
broidering frame for the widow ; and there he invented his cotton-gin. 
A rude log hut was built for the machine, in which it was placed. 
Rumors of the great invention quickly spread in every ilirection, and the 
leading men of the State hurried to examine it. One dark night the log 
house was broken open, and the gin was carried away. Without regard 
to the inventor's rights, the stolen machine served as a model for the con- 
struction of thousands of like machines. The wronged man, poor in 
purse, returned to New England, and directed his attention to the mak- 
ing of improvements in fire-arms. From his factory in Connecticut he 
sent supplies of guns to the government arsenals and the army, and 
reaped a fortune for his reward. 

15. New York's claim to Western Lands rested mainly upon a treaty 



Notes. 47 

raade in 1684 between the English and the Iroquois, and upon the money 
(near $3,000,000) spent by the colony to enforce the English claim to 
such lands (p. 218). By the revolt from Great Britain the State succeeded 
to the rights of the crown within her borders, and naturally to the control 
of the Iroquois and to the vast territory west of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains which the Iroquois had conquered, and over which they held sway. 
The claim was supported by the unanimous report of a committee of 
Congress, which declared that the " sole title to the lands in question 
was in New York (1792)." The claims to western lands put forth by 
Virginia, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, were based on charters which 
had been annulled. New charters had been accepted by these three col- 
onies in place of their former charters. 

16. The Ordinance of 1787 (p. 218).— In the year 1786 a number of 
persons, mostly former soldiers of the Revolution, met in Boston, and 
formed the Ohio Company. Its object was to plant a colony north of 
the Ohio — a colony without slavery. Its chief directors were Manasseh 
Cutler, Rufus Putnam, and Samuel H. Parsons. Cutler was a clergy- 
man. Putnam and Parsons had fought in ';he French and Indian War 
and the War of the Revolution, and each was a general. These three 
men, acting for the company, applied to Congress for the purchase of a 
tract of land. The application quickened Congress to pass The Ordi- 
nance of 17S7, for the government of the Northwest Territory and to 
pass it with the clause against slavery (July 13). In October, all the 
land sold that year, nearly 5,000,000 acres, was sold by act of Congress, 
1,500,000 acres being taken by the Ohio Company. Marietta (p. 219) was 
the first child of the company. 

17. Western Migration (p. 219). — A noted migration started from the 
eastern part of Tennessee near the close of 1779. It comprised nearly 
400 persons, 200 of whom, all men, under the lead of James Robertson, 
went by land ; the rest, mostly women and children, under the care of 
John Donelson, spent four months in flat boats and canoes going down 
the Holston and Tennessee I'ivers and up the Ohio and Cumberland, a 
thousand miles, on some waters never before navigated by white men 
(map 5). With Donelson went his daughter, who (in 1791) became the 
wife of Andrew Jackson. Thirty-one of Donelson's party were left by 
the way, butchered by Indians. The two parties united began the set- 
tlement of Nashville. Next year 600 immigrants in 300 flatboats, went 
down the Ohio, and made a settlement to which the Virginia Legislature 
gave the name " The Town of Louisville at the Palls of the Ohio," in 
honor of Louis XVI. of France, whose soldiers were then (1780) aiding 
the Americans to gain their independence. In that same year two block 



48 Notes. 



houses were built on the north side of the Ohio, around which grew the 
town of Losantiville, the name of which was changed by St. Clair (p. 175) 
(first governor of the Northwest Territory) to Cincinnati, in honor of 
the Cincinnati Society (p. 302), of which Washington and his associate 
officers of the Revolution were members. Chicago, in 1831, contained 
only 12 families, beside the garrison of its fort, Dearborn. 

18. Troubles with France (p. 227). — After the French had captured a 
number of American vessels our government authorized the commanders 
of our war ships to capture French cruisers wherever they might be 
found (July, 1798). Privateers were also authorized to prey upon French 
commerce. During the hostilities, which continued about three years, 
the United States frigate Constellation had two stubborn fights. The 
first was with one of the finest frigates in the French navy, which the 
Constellation fairly captured. The second fight, a night contest, lasted 
five hours. The Constellation was again victorious, but just in the mo- 
ment of victory her mainmast fell, and her antagonist, a large and pow- 
erful frigate, was tbus enabled to escape. When hostilities were ended, 
it was found that more than fifty well-armed French privateers, besides 
national ships and merchantmen, had been captured and brought to the 
United States. 

19. First in War (p. 228). — On the death of Washington, Henry Lee, 
a member of the House of Representatives from Virginia, prepared reso- 
lutions, which were adopted by the House. As adopted, they read : 
" First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citi- 
zens.'" They were afterwards changed by Lee (as given on p. 228), in an 
address delivered by him before Congress. Lee was one of the most 
active and successful soldiers of the Revolution, ranking with Marion, 
Sumter, and Pickens (p. 190). Because of his rapid and daring move- 
ments as the leader of a partisan corps, he was often called " Legion 
Lee" and "Light Horse Harry." His Memoirs of the War are among 
the most valuable and interesting records of the Revolution. He was 
the father of Robert E. Lee (p. 3'30). 

20. The Lewis and Clarke Expedition (p. 234) started in 1803, intend- 
ing to winter at the highest settlement on the Missouri River. At St. 
Louis, in December, Lewis and Clarke took command of the expedition, 
but the Spanish governor there would not let it proceed. He said that 
he had not been officially informed that the tci'ritory had been sold to the 
United States. (Jefferson's message, proposing the expedition, was sent 
to Congress in January, 1803. The treaty by which France sold the ter- 
ritory was signed in Paris, April 30, 1803.) licwis and Clarke, with 
their men, crossed to the cast side of the Mississippi (Illinois), whence 



Notes. 49 



they began to ascend the Missouri on the 14th of May, 1804. All that 
summer they sailed, poled, and dragged their boats up the swift stream. 
On the 22d of September, 1806, they arrived at St. Louis, having fin- 
ished their task. They had travelled more than 9,000 miles. Meanwhile 
Lieutenant Pike explored the sources of the Mississippi. In a second 
expedition (1806-7), Pike explored the region from the mouth of the 
Missouri to the upper waters of the Rio Grande. 

21. Old Ironsides (p. 246), as the frigate Constitution was fondly 
called, was launched at Boston in 1772. For along time, both before and 
after the Civil War (p. 300), she was a school ship, attached to the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis, Md. During the Civil War she continued to be 
a school ship, but was stationed at Newport, R. I. In 1876 she was 
anchored in the Delaware River, where she was visited by thousands of 
persons during the nation's Centennial (p. 332). Two years later she 
was sent across the Atlantic with contributions from American exhibitors 
for the World's Fair in Paris. She is now (1889), at the Portsmouth, N. 
H., Navy Yard, where she is used as a receiving ship, meaning a ship in 
which the crews of our national vessels live while their own vessels are 
undergoing repairs. 

22. The Monroe Doctrine (p. 262). — The United States had kept out of 
the quarrels of Europe, and meant to continue that policy. In return, 
the powers of Europe were asked not to interfere with the affairs of the 
American governments. Mexico and the countries of South America, 
that had so long been ruled for the sole benefit of Spain's kings and aris- 
tocracy, had just succeeded in throwing off the oppressive yoke (p. 274). 
They were no«v free, and the powers of Europe were admonished not to 
attempt to deprive them of their freedom. Any attempt on the part of 
those powers " to extend their system to any part of this hemisphere would 
be regarded," so Monroe declared, as " dangerous to our peace and safety," 
and would therefore be resisted. Existing colonies, or dependencies of 
foreign powers, would be tolerated, but no new ones would be permitted. 

23. Mason and Dixon arrived from England in 1763 (p. 264). They 
had been employed there to go to America and settle the dispute be- 
tween Lord Baltimore and William Penn respecting the boundary line 
between the domains of the two proprietors. The two surveyors. Mason 
and Dixon, protected by an escort of Iroquois, ran the line to the distance 
of 244 miles from the Delaware River, 36 miles short of the task assigned 
to them, when they were compelled to stop in consequence of the opposi- 
tion of the Indians. They had planted a stone at the end of every fifth 
mile, graven with the arms of the Penn family on one side and of Lord 
Baltimore on the other. The intermediate miles were marked with 



50 Notes. 



smaller stones, having a P on one side and an M on the other. All the 
stones were sent from England. Afterwards other surveyors ran the 36 
miles left unfinished by Mason and Dixon. 

24. The Abolitionists (p. 275), with James G. Birney as their candidate 
for Prusident, for whom they east 62,300 votes, were known as the Lib- 
erty Party (1848). A few hundred Abolitionists, under the lead of Gar- 
rison, did not vote. They asserted that the features of the Constitution 
respecting slavery were compromises (p. 288), that these compromises 
were immoral, and that in consequence it was sinful to support the C'on- 
stitution or to hold office or vote under it. They declared that the 
union of the States was "an agreement with hell and a covenant with 
death." Wendell Phillips was their most eloquent orator (p. 335). He ad- 
vocated disunion as the only road to freedom for the slaves. During the 
Great Civil War he changed his course, and supported the government, 
believing that the success of the North would be the death of slavery. 

25. The Mormons (p. 285). — Smith declared that " an angel appeared 
to him and informed him that God had a work for him to do, and that a 
record written upon gold plates was deposited in a particular place in the 
earth." This record, as translated by Smith, is the Book of Mormon. It 
purports to be an addition to the Bible. Smith was born in Vermont (1805). 
The first church of the Mormons was in Manchester, N. Y. (1830). Their 
largest church, " The Tabernacle," is in Salt Lake City. It has seating 
room for 15,000 persons. In Nauvoo, Smith had a " revelation," so he 
asserted, in favor of jwlygamy, meaning the doctrine that permits a man 
to have more than one wife. Afterwards the Mormons avowed, defended, 
and practiced polygamy ; and this brought them in conflict with the general 
sentiment of the American people and with laws of Congress, and oper- 
ated against the admission of Utah as a State into the Union. Smith 
was succeeded by Brigham Young. The present head of the church is 
Wilford Woodruff (1889). 

26. John Brown, in Kansas, was accompanied by four of his sons, ona 
of whom and others of his adherents were killed in the strife there (p. 
287)., Near Ossawattomie, Kansas, though he had less than 20 men 
with him, he resisted a force of 500 men, inflicting severe loss in killed 
and wounded, and gaining for himself tbe sobriquet of " Ossawattomie 
Brown." At Harper's Ferry he compelled six or eight negroes to join 
his standard (p. 296). One negro who refused was shot as he was in the 
act of escaping. Several prominent citizens were killed or wounded by 
Brown's party in the contest. The song, "Old John Brown," was a 
favorite of the Union Army during the Civil War. In it occur the words: 
' ' John Brown's body lies a-mold'ring in the grave, his soul is marching on." 



Notes. 61 

27. Northwestern Boundary (p. 298). — By treaty between the United 
States and Great Britain in 1818, it was agreed that the 49th parallel of 
north latitude, from the Lake of the Woods (between Minnesota and 
Canada) to the Rocky (then called Stony) Mountains, should be the 
boundary line between the possessions of the two parties. The region 
west of the mountains being in dispute, the treaty declared that it 
should be "free and open for ten years to the vessels, citizens, and 
subjects of the two powers." In 1827 this agreement as to the joint 
occupation of the disputed territory was renewed, to continue indefinitely 
with right to terminate it on notice of one year by either party. By the 
treaty of 1846 the boundary line was continued westward on the 49th 
parallel " to the middle of the channel which separates the continent 
from Vancouver Island, and thence southerly through the middle of said 
channel and of Fuca's Straits, to the Pacific Ocean '" (pp. 298, 330). 
Vancouver Island (about twice as large as Massachusetts), which Spain 
had surrendered to Great Britain in 1792, was thus left by the treaty in 
possession of the English (map, p. 330). 

28. The Confederate States of America (p. 299).— The first meeting of 
the delegates took jilaee February 4, 1861. They adopted a provisional 
Constitution (February 8), and elected Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
to be President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, to be Vice- 
President (February 9), before the delegates from Texas arrived. On the 
18th, Texas being then represented, the inauguration of Davis took 
place. Next month (March 11) a permanent Constitution was adopted. 
Montgomery, Alabama, was then the capital. The change to Richmond 
was made about four months later. Delegates from thirteen States, 
including Missouri and Kentucky, were admitted to the Confederate 
Congress, though the two States named did not pass secession ordi- 
nances. 

29. First Events of the Great Civil War (p. 301). — While Buchanan 
was President, the seven States that were then the " Confederacy " 
(p. 299) seized arsenals, custom-houses, navy yards, and forts within 
their borders, — all this property belonging to the general government, — 
without any efl:ort being made by Buchanan to prevent the seizures. 
Only Fort Sumter, Fort Pickens at Pensacola, Florida, and two forts on 
Florida islands, remained in the hands of the Unionists. In their efforts 
to get possession of Fort Pickens, the Secessionists were foiled by Lieu- 
tenant Slemmer. Twenty-five hundred troops in Texas, about half the 
military force of the United States, were surrendered by their com- 
mander to the State of Texas, without giving them an opportunity to 
strike a blow (February 18, 1861). 



52 ' Notes. 



30. The Dred Scott Decision, as announced by Chief-Justice Taney, did 
not meet the approval of two of his associate justices (p. 296). They 
stated, in substance, that when the Constitution was adopted, colored 
men had as much right to vote in five of the States as white men. Being 
then citizens of some of the States, and thus a part of the people of the 
United States, the colored men were among those by whom, for whom, 
and for whose posterity the Constitution was ordained and established 
(Appendix, p. 9). At the outbreak of the Revolution, of the three persons 
kUled by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre, one was a negro (p. 148). 
In the Battle of Bunker Hill, no men fought with more daring and cour- 
age against the king's troops than nine negroes (p. 155). More than 
seven hundred negroes, including a number of Virginians, helped Wash- 
ington to victory at Monmouth (p. 182). A negro pointed Wayne to 
victory at Stony Point (p. 186). Maryland sent black soldiers into regi- 
ments with white soldiers. New York raised two regiments of blacks. A 
Hessian officer writing of the Americans in 1777, said : " There are no 
regiments to be seen in which there are not plenty of negroes." 

31. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing (p. 309). — "With a sud- 
denness we had not learned to guard against, Johnston falls upon our 
army. The onset is full of fire. It bears our lines back. We have been 
taken unawares. Grant is, for the moment, absent. Sherman struggles 
to hold Shiloh Church, but it is wrenched from his grip. Our Prentiss, 
with his four regiments, is surrounded and captured. Sherman, with 
McClernand to back him, fights desperately. Johnston is killed. Suc- 
cess has demoralized the Confederate ranks. All is not lost. We have 
massed a number of heavy guns at the Landing. The advance brigade 
of Buell's army puts in an appearance. Every fifteen minutes during 
the night our gun-boats drop a shell within the Confederate lines. The 
second day dawns. Buell is able to put his fresh and hardy Army of the 
Ohio in array against the wearied Confederates. An order for a general 
advance is given. "Victory shifts to the Stars and Stripes." 

32. Destructive Fires (p. 333). — In October, 1871, Chicago was the 
scene of one of the most destructive conflagrations of modern times ; and 
at about the same time a fire swept over a great part of Michigan and 
the eastern part of Wisconsin. Hundreds of human beings, and prop- 
erty worth f 200,000,000, were destroyed. Villages and even whole town- 
ships were swept bare. In Chicago alone near 18,000 buildings were 
burned (note 17). A little more than a year later Boston, in the business 
part of the city, was visited by a conflagration that destroyed about eight 
hundred buildings, many of which were of granite five or six stories high. 
The loss was about $80,000,000. 



INDEX. 

[For Topical Study and Becitation 



Ab'er-crom-by, 114. 

Abolitionists, 275, 284. 

A-ca'di-a, 51, 102, 112. 

Adams, John, 151, 163, 200, 214, 225, 2G6. 

Adams, John (^uincy, 260, 265. 

Adams, Samuel, 151, 205. 

Al-a-ba'ma, 262, 299. 

Alabama Claims, 330. 

Alabama, steamer, 307, 322, 330. 

A-las'ka, purchase of, .329. 

Al'ba-ny, 62, 03, 89, 174. 

Al'be-marle Colony, 93. 

Al-giers', war against, 257. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 229. 

Allen, Ethan, 154, 216. 

Allston, W., 335. 

Amerigo Vespucci {ah-ma-re'go ves-poot'- 

chee), 27. 
Anderson, Major, 299, 301. 
Andre (an'drd). Major, 193, 195, 196. 
An'dros, Sir Edmund, 97. 
An-nap'o-lis, 202. 

Antietam {an-te'-iam), battle of, 313. 
Ap-po-mat'tox Court-House, 325. 
Ar-i-zo'na Territory, 287, App. 40. 
Ar-kan'sas, 274, 300. 
Arnold, Benedict, 133, 154, 159, 176, 192, 193, 

195, 198. 
Arthur, Chester A., 340, App. 39. 
Articles of Confederation, 180, 202. -^ 
Astor, John Jacob, 234. 
As-to'ri-a, 234. 
Astrolabe, 20, 21. 
At-lan'ta, 320, 321,323. 
Atlantic Cable, 244. 
Augusta, Ga., 185. 

B 

Bacon's Rebellion, 87. 
Bainbridge, Captain, 356. 



Bal-bo'a, 31, 106. 

Bal'ti-more City, 180, 254. 

Baltimore, Lord, 81. 

Bancroft, George, 335. 

Bank of the U. S., 216, 268, 887. 

Banks, General, 312, 319. 

Beauregard (bo're-gard). Gen., 300, 309. 

Bell, John, 298. 

Bem'is Heights, 179. 

Ben'ning-ton, battle of, 178. 

Berk'eley, Lord, 90. 

Berkeley, Sir William, 87, 88. 

Black Hawk War, 262. 

Blaine, James G., 341. 

Books, 133, 334. 

Boone, Daniel, 219. 

Boston, 74, 148, 149, 159, 160. 

Braddock, General, expedition of. 111. 

Bradford, William, 70. 

Bragg, General, 309, 317 

Brandy wine, battle of, 171. 

Breckinridge, John C, 298. 

Breed's Hill, battle of, 155. 

Brooklyn, 164, 165, 195. 

Brown, General, 247, 252, 256. 

Brown, John, 287, 296. 

Bryant, William C, 47, 191, 335. 

Bu-chan'an, James, 295-300. 

Buell, General D. C.,309. 

Buena Vista (bwa'nah vees'tah), battle of, 

277. 
Bull Run, battles of, 304, 313. 
Bunker Hill, 155. 
Burgoyne, General, 174, 179. 
Bumside, General, 313, 314, 319. 
Burr, Aaron, 135, 230, 235. 
Butler, B. F., General, 310. 

C 
Cab'ot, John and Sebastian, 28, 29. 
Cabrlllo (cab-reel'yo\ 33, 44. 



54 



Index. 



Calhoun', John C, 266, 268, 270, 271, 275. 

Cal-i-for'ni-a, 33, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284. 

Cal'vert, Leonard, 82. 

Campbell, Colonel, 196, 212. 

Cambridge, 131, 133, 158. 

Canada, 39, 117, 159. 

Canals, 267. 

Ca-non'i-cus, 70. 

Cape Cod, dis'covery of, 50, 62. 

Capitals of the U. S., 180, 213, 225. 

C'ar'te-ret Coloiiy, 93. 

Carteret, Sir George, 90. 

Cartier {car-te-a'), 39. 

Carver, John, 68, 70. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 313. 

Census of the I'. S., 289, 333. 

Centennial Anniversarj', 3.32. 

Cerro Gordo (sdr'ro gor'do), battle of, 279. 

Chad's Ford, battle of, 171. 

Chambersbnrg, burning of, 322. 

Cliamplain {sham-plane'), 39, 60, 108. 

Champlain, Lake, battle of, 253. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 316. 

Charleston, 93, 160, 189, 301, 325. 

Charlestown, 150. 

Charter Oak, 98. 

Chat-ta-noo'ga, battle of, 317. 

Chemung [ahe-mung'). battle of, 183. 

Cherry Valley, massacre at, 183. 

Chesapeake Bay, exploration of, 52, 55. 

Chesapeake, frigate, 239, 248, 256. 

Chicago, 346. App. 48. 

Chick-a-mau'ga, battle of, 317. 

China, treaty with, 338. 

Chip'pe-wa, battle of, 252. 

Christian Commission, ,314. 

Churches, early, 54, 57, 129. 

Cincinnati, map 4, App. 48. 

Clarendon Colony, 93. 

Clark, General G. R., 184. 

Clay, Henry, 271, 275, 2S2, 2^!5. 

Clayborne, William, rebellion of, 83. 

Cleveland, Grover, 341. 

Clinton, De Witt, 267. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, 160, 174, 178, 181, 189. 

Coddington, William, 80. 

Colleges, in the Colonies, 132. 

Colorado, 333. 

Columbia, S. C, capture of, 324. 

Columbia College, 132. 

Columbia U., 221, 234, 298. 



Columbus, Christopher, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 

27, 106. 
Concord, battle of, 152, 153. 
Confederate States, organization of, 299. 
Confederation, Articles of, 180. 
Congress, colonial, 1)5; first Continental, 

150; second Continental, 157, 161. 
Connecticut, 75, 80, 97. 
Constitution of the LT. S.,205. 
Constitution, frigate, 243, 245, 246, 256. 
Cooper, Ashley, 92. 
Cooper, novelist, 334. 
Corinth, 309, 317. 

Cornwallis, Lord, 166, 170, 190, 197, 198, 199. 
Coroiiado (ko-ro-nah'do)^ 14, 44, 47. 
Cor'tes, ,30, 106,221. 
Cotton, 24, 221. 
Cotton-gin, 223. 
Cowpens, battle of, 196, 212. 
Creeks, war with the, 251. 
Crogan, Mnjor, 247, 265. 
Crown Point, 175. 
Custer, General, 3.33. 

D 

Da Gama, 26. 

Dakota, North and South, 348, App. 40. 

Davenport, John, 80. 

Davis, Jefferson, 300, 327. 

De Ayllone {ile'yone), 120. 

De-ca'tur, 2.56, 259. 

Declaration of Independence, 161. 

Deerfield, attack on, 102. 

D'Estaing (des-tang'), Connt, 185, 186. 

De Kalb, Baron, 191. 

Delaware, Lord, 56. 

Delaware, 63, 94, 126. 

De Leon', Ponce, 29, 106. 

De Soto, expedition of, 35, 106. 

Detroit, 184, 227, 244. 

Dicskau {de-es-ko'). Baron, 111, 114. 

Din-wid'die, Robert, 108. 

Dorr Rebellion, 274. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 298. 

Dover, N. H., 72. 

Draft Riot in New York. 319. 

Drake, Sir Francis. 33, 47, 49. 

Dred Scott Decision, 296. 

Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 236, 

Dustin, Hannah, 99. 

E 
Early, General, 321, 322. 



Index. 



55 



Eaton, Theophilus, 80. 

Education in the Colonies, 131. 

Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, 281. 

Eliot, John, 132. 

Elizabeth town (now Elizabeth), 90. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 315. 

Embargo, the, 240. 

Emerson, R.W., 336. 

Erie, Lake, 249. 

Eutaw Springs, battle of, 197, 212. 



Faneuil (fan'-el) Hall, 147. 
Far'ra-gnt, Admiral, 310, 323. 
Federalists, 205-2G0. 
Field, Cyrus W., 281. 
Fillmore, Millard, President, 283. 
Fishery Question, 50, iiOl, 331. 
Five Forks, battle of, 335. 
Flag of U. S., adoption of. 180. 
Flamboro' Head, battle of, 188. 
Florida, 29. 47. 261,299. App. 42. 
Foote, A. H., 308, 310. 
Fort Amsterdam, 62. 

Carol us, 46. 

Donelson, 308. 

Duquesne {dukane), 111, 115. 

Griswold, 198. 

Henry, 308. 

McAllister, 324. 

McHenry, 255. 

Meigs, 247, 256. 

Mims, 251. 

Moultrie, 160, 299. 

Necessity, 111. 

Orange, 63, 89. 

Oswego, 114. 

Pillow, 310. 

Pitt, 115. 

Schuyler, 176. 

Sumter, 299, 325. 

Ticonderoga, 114, 154, 159, 175. 

Washington, 166. 

William Henry, 114. 
France, treaty with, 180: hostilities of, 226. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 108, 146, 151, 162, 180, 

187, 200, 2a3, 333, App. 6, 45. 
Fredericksburg, battle of, 314. 
Free Soil Principles. 281. 
Fremont, John C, 277, 295, 304, 312. 
Frenchtown, 247, 256. 



French and Indian War, 106. 
Fugitive Slave Law, 284. 
Pulton, Robert, 237. 

G 

Gadsden Purchase, 286. 

Gage, General, 149, 151, 154, 159. 

Gaspee, capture of the, 148. 

Garfield, James A., 339, 340. 

Garrison, W. L., 275, 335. 

Gates, General, 157, 178, 191, 197. 

Georgia, 91, 103, 104, 106, 299. 

Gerniantown, settlement of, 97 ; battle of, 

172. 
Getty.*burg, battle of, 316. 
Ghent, Treaty of, 257. 
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 47. 
Gold, excitement in Virginia, 55; discovery 

of, in California, 282. 
Gor'ges, Ferdinando, 72. 
Gos'nold, Bartholomew, 50, 53. 
Grant, Ulysses S., 308, 317, 320, 321, 325, 

326, 329-341, 278. 
Gray, Captain, 221. 
Great Meadows, battle of, 110. 
Greeley, Horace, a32. 

Greene, Nathaniel, Gen., 154, 157, 181, 197. 
Greenville, 220. 
Gua-da-lu'pe Hi-dal'go, 280. 
Guerriere igm^e-e-are'), capture of, 246. 
Guilford Court-House, battle of, 197, 212. 

H 
Hale, Nathan, Captain, 165, 19,5. 
Halleck, General, 313. 

Hamilton, Alexander, 203, 205, 215, 216, 235. 
Hamilton, Governor, 184. 
Hancock, John, 142, Appendix 5. 
Hancock, W. S., General, 339. 
Harlem Heights, battle of, 166. 
Harper's Ferry, 296, 303, .313. 
Harrison, Benjamin, .343, Appendix 39. 
Harrison, Wm. H., 241,272, 273, App. 39. 
Hartford, 75, 244. 
Harvard College, 131. 
Haverhill, 99. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 100, 335. 
Hayes, Rutherford B., 337. 
Hayne, Robert Y., 270, 271. 
Hendricks, Thomas A., Appendix 38. 
Henry, Patrick, 123, 143, 150, 205. 



56 Index. 



\ 



Her'ki-mer, General, 176. 

Hessians, 163, IM, 183. 

Hobkiik's Hill, battle of, 197, 212. 

Holmes, O. W., 246, 336. 

Hood, General, 321, 323. 

Hooker, Joseph E., General, .JIS, 318. 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 75. 

Houston (hii'stiin), Samuel, 274. 

Howe, Elias, 334. 

Howe, Sir Wm., 1,56, 150, 103, 171, 181. 

Hubbardton, battle of, 175. 

Hudson, Henry, 60, 62. 

Huguenots, 45. 

Hull, Captain, 245, 256. 

Hull, General, 244. 

Hutchinson, Mrs., 80. 

I 

Iceland, discovery of, 16. 

Idaho Territory, Appendix 40. 

Illinois, 184, 263. 

Impressment, 239, 243. 

India, route to, 19, 26. 

Indiana, 185, 260. 

Indians, 13, 14, 15. 

Indian War in Virginia, 87 ; with the Pe- 
quods, 76 ; with King Philip, 77 ; in 
New Netherland, 64 ; during the French 
War, 99; with Pontiac. lis ; daring the 
Revolution, 183 ; on the Western Fron- 
tier, 220, 262, 333 ; in the South, 251, 261 ; 
in Florida, 261, 262. 

Inventions, 289. 

Iowa, 281. 

Iroquois (iiv'-quah), 14, 107, 106. 

Irving, Washington, 3a5. 



Jackson, Andrew, 251, 261, 268-271. 

Jackson, T. J.. General, 312, 316. 

Jamestown, 52-88. 

Japan, expedition to, 287. 

Jasper, Sergeant, 160. 

Jay, John, 200, 205, 215, 225, 227. 

Jefferson, Thomas, 162, 205, 215, 230-26C. 

Johnson, Andrew, 327, 328, 329. 

Johnston, A. S., General, 309. 

Johnston, J. E., General, 312. 320, 325, 327 

Joliet (zho-le-d'), 41. 

Jones, John Paul, 187. 



K 

Kansas, 286, 287, 298. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 286. 

Kaskaskia, 184. 

Kearny (kur'ne), General, 277. 

Kennebec River, 52. 

Kentucky, 219. 

Key, Francis S., 255. 

Kidd, Captain, 91. 

King George's War, 10.3. 

King Philip's War, 77. 

King WDliam's War, 98. 

King's College, 132. 

King's Mountain, battle of, 196, 212. 

Knox, General, 202, 215. 

Knoxville, battle of, 319. 

Kosciusko (kos-se-us'ko), Thaddeus, 179. 



La Fayette (lah fa-yet'), 171, 181, 199, 265. 

Lancaster, 180. 

La Salle (.<a/), 42. 

Lawrence, Captain, 248, 256. 

Ledyard, Colonel, 198. 

Lee, Charles, General, 157, 166, 180, 181, 182. 

Lee, Richard Henry, 151, 161, Appendix 6. 

Lee, Robert E., General, 312, 314, 316, 320, 

325, 326. 
Leisler (lice'le?'), Jacob, 99. 
Lexington, battle of, 152. 
Leyden, 67, 70. 

Lewis and Clarke, exploration by, 234. 
Liberty Bell, 162. 
Liberty Tree, 145. 
Lincoln, Abraham, 298-326. 
Lincoln, General, 186, 189. 
Livingston, Robert R., 162, 2.33. 
Locke, John, 92. 
London Company, 51. 
Longfellow, Henry W.. 15.3, 3S6. 
Long Island, battle of, 164. 
Lookout Mountain, battle on, 318. 
Louisburg, 103, 115. 
Louisiana, 43, 247, 299. 
Louisiana Territory, 232. 
Lowell, J. R., 3.36. 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 2.52, ZHt'i. 
Lyon, General, 304. 

M 

McClellan, Geo. B.. General, .303, 311, 313. 



Index. 



57 



McCrea {kra). Miss, 175. 

MacDonough, Commodore, 253. 

McDowell, General, 304, 412. 

Macomb (ma-koom'), (General, 254, 256. 

Madison, James, 203, 205, 240-260. 

Magellan {ma-Jel'lan), 32. 

Maine, 52, 264, 274. 

Man-hat'tan Island, purchase of, 63. 

Marietta, 219. 

Manner's Compass, 20. 

Marion, General, 190, 191. 

Marquette {tnar-ket'), 40. 

Marshall, John, 229. 

Maryland, 81, 83, 84, 302. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 264. 

Mason and Slidell, seizure of, 306. 

Mason, John, 72. 

Massachusetts, 56, 68-103. 

Mas-sa-soit, 70, 78. 

Mat-a-mo'ras, taking of, 276. 

Mather, Cotton, 101, 133. 

Mayflower, sailing of the, 6S. 

Meade, George G., General, 316, 320. 

Memphis, taking of, 310. 

Mercer, General, 170. 

Merry Mount, 72. 

Mesilla {ma-seel'yah) Valley, 285. 

Mexico, 30, 274-285. 

Mexico (city), occupation of, 280. 

Michigan, 244, 274. 

Miller, Colonel, 253. 

Minnesota, 297. 

Mississippi, 262, 299. 

Mississippi River, 35, 38, 41, 42, 308, 317. 

Missouri, 232, 264, 304. 

Missouri Compromise, 264, 286. 

Mobile, 255, 323. 

Money, 123, 211, 337. 

Monitor, the, 310. 

Monmouth, battle of, 181. 

Monroe, James, 233, S60-266. 

Montcalm {monl-karii'), 114, 116. 

Montana, 348, Appendix 40. 

Monterey (mon-ta-7-d'), battle of, 276. 

Mon-te-zu'ma, 30. 

Montgomery (city), 300. 

Montgomery, R., General, 115, 157, 1.59. 

Montreal, 159. 

Morgan, General Daniel, 159, 196, 197. 

Mormons, 285. 

Morris, Robert, 168, 169. App. 6. 



Morristown, 170. 
Morse, Professor, 281. 
Motley, John C, historian, 335. 
Moultrie, Colonel, 160. 
Mound Builders, 12. 
Mount Vernon, 202. 
Murfreesboro, battle of, 317. 

N 
Narvaez (nar-vah'-eth), 14, 35. 
Nashville, battle of, 323. 
Navigation Act, 126, 141. 
Nebraska, 329. 
Nevada, 329. 
New Albion, 34. 
New Amsterdam, 62, 89. 
Newbnrgh, 201. 
New England, its name, 56, 65. 
Newfoundland (nu'fund-land), 29, 48, 50. 
New France, 51, 115. 
New Hampshire, 72, 154. 
New Haven, 80. 
New Jersey, 63, 90, 91, 125. 
New Jersey, College of, 132. 
New London, burning of, 198. 
New Mexico, 14, 277, 284, 287. 
New Netherland, 02, 88 ; customs in, 129. 
New Orleans, 247, 255, 310. 
Newport, 80. 

Newport, Christopher, Captain, 53, 55. 
Newspapers, 133, 334. 
New Sweden, 63, 64. 
New York, 60, 88, 145, 16.5, 201, 213, 319. 
Norfolk, 303. 

Normans, or Norsemen, 16. 
North Carolina, 48, 93, 140, 216, 300. 
Northwest Territory, 218. 
Nova Scotia, 39, 51, 112. 
Nueces (nwa'seez) River, 275. 
Nullification, 271. 

O 
Oglethorpe (jo'gl-thorp), James, 103, 120. 
Ohio, 2.32. 

Ohio Company, 107. 
0-kee-cho'bee, battle of, 262. 
Oliver, Andrew, 145. 
Oregon, 220, 297, Appendix 40. 
Oregon River, exploration of, 221, 234. 
O-ris'ka-ny, battle of, 176. App. 45. 
Os-ce-o'Ia, 262. 
Otis, James, 144, 336. 



58 



Index. 



Pacific Ocean, discovery of the, 31, 33. 

I'aine, Thomas, ICl. 

Pakenhiim (pak'n-am). Sir Edward, 255. 

Palfrey, John G., hi.«torian, 18, 335. 

Palo Alto ( pah'lo ahl'to), battle of, 276. 

I'alos {puh'los), 22, 25. 

Paoli (pd-o'-le), battle of, 172. 

Paris, treaty of, 117. 

Parkman, Francis, historian, 335. 

Pa-troons', 64 

Paulding, John, 194. 

Penn, William, 91, 93, 95, 127. 

Pennsylvania, 93. 

Pennsylvania, I^niversity of, 132. 

Pen-sa-co'la, 255, 261. 

Pequod War, 76, 1£0. 

Perry, M. C, expedition to Japan, 287. 

Perry, Oliver H., Captain, 249. 

Petersburg, 34b. 

Petroleum, 128. 

Philadelphia, 96, 127, 150, 157, 161, 172, 180> 

181, 225, 332. 
Philip, war with King, 77, 120. 
Phillips, Wendell, 335. 
Pickens, Colonel, 186, 190. 
Pierce, Frai.klin, President, 285. 
Pike, General, 247, 256. 
Pilgrims, the, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75. 
Pinckncy, Charles C, 228. 
Pitcairn, Major, 152. 
Pitt, William, 115, 145. 
Pittsburgh, 110. 

Pittsburgh Landing, battle of, 309. 
Plattsburg, battle of, 253. 
Plymouth, settlement of, 69; council of, 71. 
Plymouth Company, 51. 
Po-ca-hon'tas, 55, 59. 
Poe, Edgar A., 91 (note), 334. 
Polk, JaTiies K., 275-281. 
Polo, Marco, 19. 
Pontiac's War, 118. 
Pope, General, .310, 31.3. 
Porter, Captain, 245, 256. 
Porter, D. D., Admiral, .319. 
Port Hudson, 317. 
I'ort Royal, 39, 51, 100. 
Portsmouth, N. H., 72. 
Pow-ha-tan', 55. 
Prescott, Colonel, 155. 
Prescott, W. U., historian, 334. 



Prevost, General, 256. 

Princeton, 132 ; batiks of, 168, 170. 

Printing, 133, 3^. 

Providence, 7'J. 

Pueblo {jnva'-blo) Indians, 14. 

Pulaski {pu-las'kee), 171, 186. 

Puritans, the, 65, 73, 85. 

Putnam, Israel, General, 154, 157, 164. 

Q 

Quakers, the, 85, 94. 
Quebec, ;«, 115, 117. 
Queen Anne's War, 102. 
Queenstown, 345, 256. 

R 

Rjiilroads, 266. 

Raleigh (raw'le), Sir Walter, 47, 49, 50, 124. 

Randolph, Edmund, 205, 215. 

Randolph, Peyton, 150. 

Rawdon, Lord, 197, 212. 

Reconstruction of the Union, 328. 

Red River Expedition, 319. 

Resaca de la Palina (rd-sah' -kah da lah 

pa/il'-mah), batile of, 376. 
Rhode Island, 79, 216, 274. 
Ribault, (7-e-bo'), 45. 
Rice culture, 120. 
Richmond, 198, 237, .m3, 325. 
Rio Grande (le'-o grahn'da), 275, 280, 
Roanoke Island, 48. 
Robinson, John, 67, 70. 
Rochiimbeau (ro-sham-fx>'), 199. 
Rolfe, John, 59. 
Rosecraus, General, 309, 317. 



St. Augustine, 47, 92. 

St. Clair, General. 175, 220. 

St. Lawrence River, discovery of, 39. 

St. Leger (lej'er), 174, 176. 

St. Louis, 233, 304, 317. 

Salem, 73, 78. 

Salem Witchcraft, 100. 

Sani'o-set, 70. 

Sanders Creek, battle of, 191. 

San Francisco, 33, 283. 

Sanitary Commission. 314. 

San Juan Question (boundary), 330. 

Santa Anna, 277, 279. 

Santa Fe, 47, 377. 



Index. 



59 



Saratoga, battle of, 179. 

Savannah, 104, 185, 3^4. 

Say brook, 75. 

Sche-uec'ta-dy, massacre at, 99. 

Schofleld, General, 323. 

Schools, in the Colonies, 131. 

Schuyler, General, 157, 159, 175, 178. 

Scott, Winfield, Gen., 252, 271, 277, 285, 304. 

Sem'i-noles, war with, 261, 263. 

Semmes (eemz), Captain, 322. 

Sew'ard, W. H., 327, 329. 

Sewing-Machlne, 334. 

Shays, Daniel, rebellion of, 203. 

Shen-an-do'ah Valley, 321. 

Sheridan, Philip H., General, 322, 325. 

Sherman, Roger, 162. 

Sherman, W. T., General, 318, 320-325. 

Shiloh, battle of, 309. 

Simms, W. G., novelist, 335. 

Slavery, 119, 218, 223, 264, 275, 280, 283, 284, 

286, 288, 295, 296, 315, 328. 
Smith, John, 53, 56, 59, 69. 
Smith, Joseph, 285. 
South Carolina, 45, 93, 271, 299, 300. 
South Mountain, battle of, 313. 
Stamp Act, 143. 
Staten Island, 163, 171. 
Standish, Miles, 70, 72. 
Stanton, E. M., 331. 
Stark, General, 154, 178. 
Star-Spangled Banner, song, 255. 
State Rights, 230, 271, 299. 
Statue of Liberty, 342. 
Steamboats, 237, 266. 
Steuben, Baron, 182. 
Stillwater, battles of, 179. 
Stony Point, capture of, 186. 
Stowe, Mrs., a35, 336. 
Stuyvesant (sti've-sant), Peter, 64, 88. 
Sullivan, General, 183. 
Sumter, General, 190, 313. 
Snnbury, 185. 
Swedes, settlement by, 63. 



Tallmadge, Major, 195. 

Tariff Law, 315, 241, 269, 271. 344. 

Tarleton, Colonel, 197, 212. 

Tarrytown, 194. 

Taylor, Zachary, 363, 376, 277, 283, 283. 

Tea, tax on, 147. 



Te-cum'seh, 241, 242, 244, 251. 

Telegraphs, 281. 

Telephones, 381. 

Tennessee, 319, 300. 

Texas, 43, 274, 275, 299, 339. 

Thames (temz), battle of, 250. 

Thomas, Geo. H., General, 309, 317, 32a 

Tilden, Samuel J., 337. 

Tip-pe-can-oe', battle of, 242. 

Tobacco, 123, 124. 

To-ho-pe'ka, battle of, 251. 

Tories, 160, 178, 183, 201. 

Traveling, in the colonies, 134. 

Trenton, battle of, 167, 214. 

Trip'-o-li, war against, 257. 

Tunis, war against, 257. 

Tyler, John, 273, 274, 275. 

U 
Useful Inventions, 289. 
Utah Territory, 284, Appendix 40. 



Valley Forge, 173. 

Van Bu'ren. Martin, 271, 273. 

Van Wart, Isaac, 194. 

Vera Cruz (krooz), taking of, 378, 279. 

Vermont, 154, 175, 178, 216. 

Verrazzani (ver-rat-lsafi'ne), voyage of, 61. 

Vicksburg, 317. 

Vincennes, 185. 

Vinland, 17. 

Virginia, 33, 48, 52, 56, 71, 87, 300. 

Virginia and Monitor, battle between, 311. 

W 

Wampum, 124. 

Ward, General, 154, 157. 

Warner, Seth, 178, 216. 

Warren, General, 167. 

Washington, George, first public employ- 
ment, 108, 110, 111, 112, 151; Commander- 
in-Chief, 157 ; at Boston, 159 ; at Long 
Island, 164; at Trenton, 168; at Princeton, 
170; at Brandywine, 171; at Germantown, 
173 ; at Monmouth, 181 ; at Yorktown, 
199 ; after the war, 201 ; in Constitutional 
Convention, 203 ; President, 211-225 ; 
death of, 238. 

Washington (city), 330, 254. 

Washington (State), 348, Appendix 40. 

Wayne, General, 172, 181, ISO, 220. 



60 



Index. 



Webster, Daniel, 265, 271, 273. 
Wesley, John aud Charles, 105. 
West Point, 193. 
West Viigiuia, 303. 
Wethersfleld, settlement of, 75. 
Whipple, E. P., 336. 
Whisky Insurrection, 225. 
White, John, 49. 
White Plains, battle of, 166. 
Whitefleld (JiwU'-feeld), George, 105. 
Whitney, Eli, 223. 
Whittier, John G., 335. 
Wilderness, battle of the, 321. 
WUkes, Captain, 306. 
Williamsburg, battle of, 312. 
William and Mary College, 133. 
Williams, David, 194. 



Williams, Roger, 70, 78. 
Wilmington, Del., 63, 127. 
Wilmot Proviso, 280. 
Winchester, battle of, 322. 
Windsor, 75. 
Winslow, Captain, 323. 
Winthrop (2), John, 73, 75. 
Wisconsin, 281. 
Witchcraft, Salem, 100. 
Wolfe, General, 115. 
Wy-o'ming, massacre .it, 183. 
Wyoming Territory, Appendix 401 

Y. 
Yale College, 132, 165. 
York, 180, 247, 256. 
Yorktown, 199, 312, 34a 



Press of J. J. Little & Co, 
Astor Place, New York. 



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